This summary provides the key points about laminated bamboo lumber made from Dendrocalamus sericeus bamboo:
1) The study investigated the surface properties and gluability of D. sericeus to determine its suitability for making laminated bamboo lumber (LBL).
2) LBL samples with different layer structures were produced and tested. Results showed the layered structure significantly affected properties like modulus of rupture, elasticity, and thickness swelling.
3) Analysis found D. sericeus to have a pH of 6.08, high buffering capacity, and wettability similar to common wood species, indicating its suitability for use in adhesive bonding applications like LBL.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
A Bathtub making procedure by natural fibre based compositeImran Hossain
This slide is about fabrication of natural fibre based composite and its performance test. This also describe why we use natural fibre instead of conventional materials. This slide also tells you about how to fabricate a bathtub by natural fiber.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
A Bathtub making procedure by natural fibre based compositeImran Hossain
This slide is about fabrication of natural fibre based composite and its performance test. This also describe why we use natural fibre instead of conventional materials. This slide also tells you about how to fabricate a bathtub by natural fiber.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Fabrication of Particle Board from Indigenous Agricultural & Household WastesMd. Mydul Islam
Mainly a research project idea and background work. This project is under supervision of Dr. Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
STUDIES ON METAKAOLIN BASED BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This paper investigates the effect of using high reactivity metakaolin on the properties of
Banana fiber reinforced concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength, and Impact resistance test were investigated. HRM content used in this study was 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of Banana fibers by volume of concrete.
The results indicated that the reference reinforced concrete with 2% Banana fibers by volume
showed a significant increase in Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
and impact resistance, the percentage increase after 28-day relative to reference concrete were
29.6% , 30.7% and 179% respectively.
The results also showed that the incorporation of 15% HRM as a partial replacement by weight
of cement with 0.5% Banana fibers showed considerable improvement, the percentage increase in
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength and 2% of Banana fibre
showed improvement of Impact resistance test after 28-day compared to reference concrete were
12.3% , 46.8% , and 46.5% respectively .
Key words: Metakaolin, Compressive strength, Banana fiber, reinforced concrete
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHE...IAEME Publication
In recent years natural fibers appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fiber. Natural fibers like sisal, banana, jute, oil palm, kenaf and coir has been used as reinforcement in thermoset composite for applications in consumer goods, furniture, low cost housing and civil structures. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to explore the potential of using PALF as reinforcement and investigate the effect of fiber length on mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
Employment in rural areas is generated when byproduct
from the natural materials is used in construction
industry. The extent of usage of coir fibres in construction
industry is restricted by the fact that it is biodegradable. Though
use of natural materials such as coir fibers is well established. In
this view, the objective the present study is to surface treat the
coir mats, making it hydrophobic. Model footing tests using
model footing of 50mm diameter resting on Surface treated coir
mat of different opening size were conducted. The results
indicate that the surface treatment of coir products is beneficial
in increasing the strength of reinforced soil when compared with
untreated coir mats
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Fabrication of Particle Board from Indigenous Agricultural & Household WastesMd. Mydul Islam
Mainly a research project idea and background work. This project is under supervision of Dr. Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
STUDIES ON METAKAOLIN BASED BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This paper investigates the effect of using high reactivity metakaolin on the properties of
Banana fiber reinforced concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength, and Impact resistance test were investigated. HRM content used in this study was 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of Banana fibers by volume of concrete.
The results indicated that the reference reinforced concrete with 2% Banana fibers by volume
showed a significant increase in Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
and impact resistance, the percentage increase after 28-day relative to reference concrete were
29.6% , 30.7% and 179% respectively.
The results also showed that the incorporation of 15% HRM as a partial replacement by weight
of cement with 0.5% Banana fibers showed considerable improvement, the percentage increase in
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength and 2% of Banana fibre
showed improvement of Impact resistance test after 28-day compared to reference concrete were
12.3% , 46.8% , and 46.5% respectively .
Key words: Metakaolin, Compressive strength, Banana fiber, reinforced concrete
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHE...IAEME Publication
In recent years natural fibers appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fiber. Natural fibers like sisal, banana, jute, oil palm, kenaf and coir has been used as reinforcement in thermoset composite for applications in consumer goods, furniture, low cost housing and civil structures. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to explore the potential of using PALF as reinforcement and investigate the effect of fiber length on mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
Employment in rural areas is generated when byproduct
from the natural materials is used in construction
industry. The extent of usage of coir fibres in construction
industry is restricted by the fact that it is biodegradable. Though
use of natural materials such as coir fibers is well established. In
this view, the objective the present study is to surface treat the
coir mats, making it hydrophobic. Model footing tests using
model footing of 50mm diameter resting on Surface treated coir
mat of different opening size were conducted. The results
indicate that the surface treatment of coir products is beneficial
in increasing the strength of reinforced soil when compared with
untreated coir mats
Response of pulps of different origins to the upgrading effect of bulk added ...Prof. Dr. Tamer Y A Fahmy
Soy-protein is used, for the first time, as bulk binder in papermaking from wood pulps (hardwood and softwood pulps). Wood pulps represent the major pulps used for paper production. A green denaturing method, involving only biodegradable compounds, was found sufficient to expose the functional groups of proteins. Addition of denatured soy-protein caused a considerable increase in all strength properties of paper, at all beating degrees. The effect was highest in non-wood (for comparison) followed by hardwood and softwood pulps respectively. This could be correlated to ratio of fiber length/width, fines, and hemicellulose content of pulps. The less the ratio, and the higher the fines and hemicellulose content, the more was the increase in strength properties; due to more exposed surfaces. The outstanding effect of soy-protein was magnifying the desired opacifying effect and retention of inorganic fillers e.g. kaolin, while eliminating the loss in strength, which occurs normally due to fillers.
Jute, an eco-friendly and affordable fiber grown profusely in India, possess unique combination of properties suited for the manufacture of non-textile products. However, its contribution for technical applications is limited at present. In this research, an effort has been made to investigate the physical and morphological properties of jute fiber when incorporated in epoxy matrix with a view to widen the share of jute fibers for engineered applications. Composite specimens containing nonwoven jute mat and alkali treated short jute fibers with different weight percentages (1, 2 wt%) were made using epoxy resin. The water absorption, thickness swelling (TS) and morphology [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] tests of the bio composites were performed. As the fiber fraction ratio was increased the values for water absorption (WA) and thickness swell (TS) were found to be increased. The samples reinforced with 2 wt. percent fiber fractions showed maximum WA and TS in both water environments.
Fabrication of Particle Boards From Rice HuskIJMERJOURNAL
Abstract: Globally, the construction industry is growing at a rapid pace as a consequence of increasing population and standard of living. High performance synthetic materials for construction such as glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced composites are available today. However, these materials are mainly used for high-tech applications in aerospace and motor sports due to their high costs. Therefore, lightweight and high-strength wood and wood-based composite boards are still the preferred option for construction due to their reasonable costs. The growing shortage of wood has also led to the development of suitable alternative materials for construction. Rice husk particleboard is one such material, which is being considered as a potential substitute for wood and wood-based board products.The use of natural sponge particles (rice husks) as reinforcement for the production of particleboard was the thrust of this research work. These fibres being cheap and readily available with low energy demand during manufacturing are strong contenders for this work. Although number of research is carried out the suggested combination of rice husk, resin, catalyst, accelerator is not addressed so far. The particles, whose mass fraction was the variable were cut down into smaller sizes and mixed with resins and other binders. The resulting slurry was then poured into rectangular moulds, which were compacted until the composite became hard. Water absorbity, electrical conductivity tests were carried out on the samples. These tests confirmed the possible use of sponge particles as reinforcement in the production of particleboard. The developed particleboard composites can be used in density particleboards for general purpose requirements like panelling,Ceilings, partitioning, etc
Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinfo...IJERA Editor
The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.
This article evaluates particle board using corncob (CC) particles and mixing it
homogeneously in varying percentages 20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% with sugarcane
bagasse (SB) using Urea Formaldehyde resin as adhesive. Particleboards of 100% SB
and 100% CC were also made, thereby making seven different compositions. Properties
of particleboards produced such as density, water absorption, thickness swelling,
modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were investigated. The densities of
particleboards ranged from 400 Kg/m3 to 620 Kg/m3. The results of the tests also show
that the particleboard with 50% CC and 50% SB using equal volume of adhesive had
favorable physical properties that are recommendable for indoor uses in buildings. In
contrast, the panels cannot be recommended for load bearing purposes because they
exhibit poor mechanical properties, but these mechanical properties tend to improve as
the composition of CC increased from 40% to 100%. The MOR and MOE results obtained
in this research work lead to a conclusion that the mechanical properties of the panels
were improved as the percentage of CC replacement increased but possessed poor
physical properties. Within the experimental investigation and possible limitations
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Predicting the engineering properties of concrete using acanthus montanus fibreinventionjournals
Acanthus montanus (Natural Sponge) fibre is abundant in Ghanaian forest. The Density, Compressive, Tensile strengths and Toughness of concrete reinforced with Acanthus montanus fibre were evaluated. A basic mix ratio of 1:1.5:3.0/0.5 (cement: sand: stones/wc) was used for the concrete with/without fibre. Fibre weight fraction of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% was added to concrete with varying wc ratios of 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55. The specimens were prepared, cured and tested in accordance with BS1881: 1982. Specimen with 0.75% fibre and 0.50 wc ratio had tensile strength of 4.09N/mm2 , 18% over the plain concrete. There was improvement of toughness by about 6% over the plain concrete with 0.75% fibre addition and 0.5 wc ratio. However, the addition of fibre did not improve the compressive strength. The specimen with 0.25% of fibre content and w/c of 0.5 had the highest compressive strength of 38 N/mm2 , among the fibre enhanced concrete, which is 5% lower than the plain concrete. The results of the study support the conclusion that addition of Natural Sponge fibre up to 0.75% (by weight of cement) is suitable enhancement of concrete where the Tensile strength and ductility of the concrete is emphasized for engineering purposes.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
Recently natural fibres have been receiving considerable attention as substitutes for synthetic fibre
reinforcements due to their low cost, low density, acceptable specific strength, good thermal insulation
properties, reduced tool wear, reduced thermal and respiratory irritation and renewable resources. The aim of
this work is to develop chemically treated and chemically untreated fibre reinforced composite material with
optimum properties so that it can replace the existing synthetic fibre reinforced composite material for a suitable
application. In this work, polyester resin has been reinforced with jute fabric, so as to develop jute fibre
reinforced plastic (JFRP) with a weight ratio of 10:1:1 Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the
composites where Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and cobalt Naphthalene were used as coupling agent and
accelerator respectively. The thickness of the composite specimen was obtained by laying up layer of fibre and
matrix. The untreated composites have been used and mechanical properties are compared with natural fibre and
jute fibre composite by using the Ansys method.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
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2015 adhesion & bonding performance of lbl made from dendrocalamus sericeus
1. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
Adhesion and Bonding Performance of Laminated Bamboo Lumber made from
Dendrocalamus sericeus
Pannipa Chaowana1,2
, Kittisak Jindawong2,3
and Sarawood Sungkaew2,4
1
School of Engineering and Resources, Walailak University, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand 80160
2
Centre of Excellence for Bamboos, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 10900
3
The Royal Project Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
4
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 10900
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the gluability and bonding properties of
Dendrocalamus sericeus. These properties were analyzed in order to prove its suitability to be
promoted as a raw material for the manufacture of Laminated Bamboo Lumber (LBL). The average
value of pH and buffering capacity were 6.08 and 0.14 milliequivalents respectively. D. sericeus had
high wettability compared to other commercial wood species. In addition, wettability of bamboo culm
outer surface was found to be lower than inner part. The bonding strength of the bamboo strips was
evaluated for MUF resin. It was observed that the layer structure glue appeared to be a significant
variable for the bonding strength on LBL. Results indicate that LBL showed superior strength
properties. The layer structure of bamboo strip had a significant effect on the modulus of rupture and
elasticity, internal bond strength and thickness swelling.
Key words
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Laminated bamboo lumber, Adhesion, Bonding strength
Introduction
Bamboo belongs to the large woody grasses (Family Poaceae, Subfamily Bambusoideae) and
encompasses about 1,200 species within 50 genera in the world (Chapman 1996; Qisheng et al. 2002).
It is mostly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions, covering an area of over 37 million
hectares. Bamboo is a non-wood lignocellulosic material which has been widely used as a material for
construction, furniture manufacture and daily household uses. In recent times, it has been used as a
raw material for wood products manufactured in Asian factories, such as for pulp and paper, plywood,
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), Particleboard (PB) and Oriented Strand Board (OSB), because
of its high strength and properties. However, a change in raw material may affect on product
properties and requires additional adjustment of some processing parameters, such as the adhesive
system. Since the adhesive is a significant cost factor in board production, future development of
bamboo-based composites will require an analysis of the bonding strength between bamboos and
adhesives.
Laminated Bamboo Lumber (LBL) is a type of structural bamboo-based composite composed
of several layers of bamboo lamellae which are placed parallel to each other bonded together with
durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. According to Correal et al. (2009) and Pereira and Faria (2009)
the manufacture of LBL can be summarized and present in figure 1. Correal et al. (2009) illustrates
the mechanical properties of LBL made from Guadua angustifolia Kunt. Based on the this results,
LBL due to the high density compared to wood has higher mechanical properties in bonding shear
strength and bending strength compared to traditional timber species generally. In the point of view,
the LBL can be suitable material for construction and design of thinner structural elements than those
made of wood. It is used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, as well as curved configuration,
arched shapes. Additionally, it is also applied in the panel form for truck floor and gang planks.
2. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
However, the product’s weight is a disadvantage. Moreover, bamboo contains a waxy component
with heavier and harder outer part of culm. It requires large quantity of resin and pressing time,
thereby pushing up the production cost.
Figure 1 The flow chart of Laminated Bamboo Lumber production.
Therefore, the objectives of this study are to investigate the surface properties of D. sericeus.
Additionally, the LBLs made from D. sericeus bonded with MUF resin were produced the lab-scale
regarding to the combinations of the layer structure and their properties were investigated and
compared to standard requirements and previous researches.
Materials and Methods
Material
In this study, the 1st
to 6h
internode taken from three years old of D. sericeus culms at the
bottom part were collected from Maehia bamboo collection plot, Royal Project Foundation located in
Chiang Mai, North of Thailand. These bamboos had an average culm diameter was about 7.35 cm.
The average culm wall thickness was 2.62 cm. The average specific gravity at 12% moisture content
was 0.608.
Table 1 presents the working properties of the commercial MUF resin (E1 type) used in this
study. Ammonium sulfate was used as the catalyst for.
Table 1 The working properties of UF resin used in this study
Properties Results
Appearance White-colored liquid
Viscosity at 20°C (cps) 150
Solid content 3 hrs at 105°C (%) 62.20
pH at 20°C 9.86
Density at 20°C 1.27
pH Value and Buffer Capacity Measurements
Bamboo chips were ground into the small particles and then screened with a -40/+60 mesh
sieve. Furnish remaining on the 60# mesh screen was used for the investigations.
The method for pH value measurement was modified from the TAPPI T 509 standard
method. One gram of dry specimen was soaked with 70-ml distilled water. The solution was stirred
during soaking for one hour at room temperature. A pH meter (Docu-pH+ meter Sartorius) was used
to determine the pH value. The value was recorded when there was no more drift in the measurement
for a period of 30 seconds.
The buffer capacity measurement procedure was adapted from the method described by
Maloney and Borden Chemical Inc. (Maloney 1993). Thirty grams of dry specimen were soaked in
Bamboo culms Strip preparation Remove the outer part
Laying up Resin application Drying
Hot pressing Trimming Finishing product
3. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
400-ml of distilled water at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was stirred during the
soaking. The mixture was filtered through the filter paper using a vacuum. One hundred-fifty grams of
the liquid was titrated with 0.01 N Sulfuric acid. The liquid was mixed together by a magnetic stirrer
and the pH value was measured after acid addition, until a pH of 3.5 was reached. The buffer capacity
value was calculated form Normality and volume of acid needed to change the pH to 3.5.
Determination of Contact Angle (Wettability)
A contact angle meter (Kyowa DM 300 with Famas software) was used to determine the
contact angle. Bamboo samples were prepared and removed the outer and inner layers. All specimens
were conditioned at 20°C and 65% RH until the constant weight was reached. Each bamboo surface
was sanded by 220-grid sandpaper immediately before 2 mg of distilled water was dropped onto the
surface of the specimens. The angle made between the droplet and the bamboo surface was measured
after 2 seconds. Comparisons between the bamboo culm surfaces (inner and outer surfaces) and culm
parts (internode and node) were done.
LBL Production and Properties Testing
Bamboo culms were cross-cut to 30 cm length. They were cut into strips of 5 x30 x 3000 mm.
Their outer nodes and the epidermal layer were removed by a knife. Two bamboo strips were bonded
edge to edge using polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) resin until the width was 60 mm.
LBLs (four layers) with approximate dimensions of 16x60x350 mm were produced in the
laboratory using MUF resin with a glue spread rate of 200 g/m2
. These strips were hand-made into
mats and arranged with parallel orientation. The experimental design involved three combinations of
the layered structure (outer-outer, outer-inner and inner-inner layers), as illustrated in figure 2. After
forming, mats were then pressed into boards at a nominal thickness of 16 mm with a temperature of
160°C at a pressure setting of 20 kg/cm2
for 10 minutes and were pressed.
All LBLs were cut into test specimens and placed in a conditioning room maintained at 65%
RH and 20°C for 4 weeks until constant weight was attained. The physical and mechanical properties
of specimens were determined in accordance with EN 300: 1997 and ASTM D 5456-99.
(A) (B) (C)
Outer-outer Outer-inner Inner-inner
Figure 2 Combination of layered structure on laminated bamboo lumber; (A) outer-outer, (B) outer-
inner and (C) inner-inner.
4. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
Results and Discussion
The mean pH value of D. sericeus is 6.08. Compared to wood species, the pH value of D.
sericeus is slightly higher than those of some softwood and hardwood species commonly used as
composite product which have value in the range of 4-6 (Fengel and Wegener 1984). The average
buffer capacity of D. sericeus is 0.14 milliequivalents which is categorized as possessing high buffer
capacity. From this result, it can be concluded that D. sericeus requires adding of a smaller amount of
acid catalyst to reduce the pH to the optimum level which is required for a resin cure. The same
technologies and practices may be applied to D. sericeus when manufacturing composites.
Table 2 Average value of contact angle on the surface of D. sericeus, separated by culm part and culm
surface
Culm surface
Culm part
Internode Node
Inner surface
45.05
(7.88)1
41.40
(7.79)
Outer surface
51.53
(4.56)
48.40
(9.82)
Note: 1
Number in parenthesis is associated to standard deviation
Table 2 presents the contact angle using distilled water at different culm part and surfaces.
The average contact angle of D. sericeus is 46.60° which is quite similar to common wood species
such as Aspen, Yellow-poplar and White Oak which have the contact angle of 38°, 51° and 50°,
respectively (Freeman and Wangaard 1960). Comparison of contact angle was also made between the
parts and surfaces in the culm. The result shows that the contact angle of outer surface is greater than
that that of the inner surface. The larger angle at the outer surface implied that the outer surface is
more difficult to be wetted than the inner surface. It could be explained by the density variation
between the outer and inner part of bamboo culm Liese (1988). Moreover, the outer surface of
bamboo culm is covered by wax that makes it hard for the adhesive to wet and penetrate to the
cellular structure Liese (1988). Interestingly, the contact angle of nodes is significantly less than the
internodes. An explanation for this phenomenon may be the different anatomical structure of the
nodes and internode (Grosser and Liese 1971). Then, the wettability of nodes is found to be higher
than internodes, which may impose some variability in adhesive bonding. The variation between
internode and node is not desirable characteristics which have an effect on the wettability and
penetration of liquid adhesive used for bonding the bamboo elements together.
Table 3 Average physical and mechanical properties of four-ply laminated bamboo lumber made from
D. sericeus
Type of layer SG TS (%) MOR (MPa) MOE (MPa) IB (MPa)
A
0.70
(0.03)1
22.6
(2.1)
47.64
(5.5)
5,604.16
(263)
0.29
(0.02)
B
0.71
(0.02)
12.2
(2.1)
57.78
(7.2)
7,977.78
(229)
0.42
(0.07)
C
0.70
(0.02)
10.8
(1.9)
58.69
(6.4)
9,863.60
(242)
0.45
(0.02)
Note: 1
Number in parenthesis is associated to standard deviation
SG = Specific gravity; TS = Thickness swelling; MOR = Modulus of rupture; MOE =
Modulus of elasticity; IB = Internal bond strength
From the practical point of view, the adhesive used for bamboo must be modified for the
optimizing bonding process, such as increasing of the filler amount in the glue mixture, using the
5. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
liquid which has the low surface tension as the solvent in glue mixture, or adding the surfactant into
the glue mixture.
The physical and mechanical properties of LBL with different layered structures are shown in
Table 3. The average specific gravity of LBL is 0.70 which is higher than the original specific gravity
of D. sericeus because of the hot pressing process applied in LBL manufacture, which results in
denser products. The result suggests that there is significant difference between types of layered
structures. Type A shows the worse physical and mechanical properties than other types. This may be
due to the center of specimen composed of the denser layer (outer-outer layer). As mentioned above,
the outer surface of bamboo culm shows a high contact angle resulted in poor surface wettability and
bonding strength of LBL. It can be confirmed by previous studies. Nugroho and Ando (2001) reported
that the internal bond strength of bamboo zephyr board tended to decrease when bamboo zephyr
strands were laid on outer-outer layer type. They explained that the outer surface of bamboo culm
contains chemicals such as wax and silica, which has the seriously effect on the bonding strength of
the glue line. Additionally, the outer surface of bamboo is denser than the inner layer, which can
seriously affect the wettability and the penetration of resin. Furthermore, Anwar et al. (2005) reported
that the shear strength property of Plybamboo was very low due to the low wettability of outer surface
of bamboo culm. As the result, the best property occurred on the inner-inner layer. The getting higher
in properties might be due to center of specimen composed of the lighter layer which is easier to be
wetted by liquid adhesive resulted in better bonding strength.
Based on this finding, the bamboo strips should be laid in inner-inner layer type for LBL
manufacturer.
Conclusions
Based on this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. D. sericeus has the comparable pH value and buffer capacity to other commercial wood
species.
2. The wettability of D. sericeus is quite similar to common wood species. In addition,
wettability of bamboo culm outer surface is found to be lower than inner part. Moreover, the
wettability of nodes was found to be higher than internodes.
3. The layered structure appears to be significant variable for the properties on four-ply LBL
made from D. sericeus.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge Royal Project Foundation and Centre of Excellence for
Bamboos, Kasetsart University, Thailand for financial support. We would like also to express our
thanks to Maehia bamboo collection plot and Research Center of Excellence on Wood Science and
Engineering, Walailak University, Thailand for providing spaces and facilities for the experimental
work.
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6. 10th
World Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015
Theme: Product Design and Technology
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