The document discusses continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs), which are commonly used as models for chemical reactors. A CSTR consists of a cylindrical vessel with an agitator that keeps reactants uniformly mixed. It operates continuously with influents added and effluents removed at constant rates. CSTRs can achieve steady state through chemostatic or turbidostatic principles. They find wide application in activated sludge wastewater treatment processes, where part of the sludge is continuously recycled to the reactor.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Bioreactors are essential in tissue
engineering, not only because they provide an
in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions
for the growth of tissue substitutes, but also
because they enable systematic studies of the
responses of living tissues to various mechanical
and biochemical cues.
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Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and e...Sanjeev Singh
This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. INTRODUCTION
• The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR),
mixed flow reactor (MFR)
vat or back mix reactor
continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR)
is a common model for a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and environmental
engineering.
• Influents are added and Effluents are removed continuously at a constant
mass flow rate.
• A continuous stirred tank reactor consists of a cylindrical vessel with motor driven
central shaft that supports one or more agitators (impellers).
• The shaft is fitted at the top of the reactor, the number of impellers is variable and
depends on the size of the reactor.
• As it is a continuous reactor the steady state conditions can be achieved by either
CHEMOSTATIC or TURBIDOSTATIC principles
3. • RESIDENCE TIME – average amount of time a discrete quantity of reagents
spend inside the tank
• RESIDENCE TIME = VOLUME(m3)
(d) VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE(m3/d)
• At steady state, the FLOW RATE IN must be equal to the mass FLOW RATE
OUT
4. • Different types of continuous reactor are
A) Single stage CSTR,
B) Multi stage CSTR (SERIES or PARALLEL).
5. Biological Treatment Using Continuous Stirred-
Tank Reactor Technology
• Stirred-tank reactors may be operated either in batch mode or in continuous
mode.
• In large biological water treatment plants, such bioreactors are normally operated
in continuous mode and are called continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs).
• In a CSTR, the reactants are uniformly distributed instantly on entering the
reactor.
• The extent of biodegradation, however, depends on Microbial population and on
optimum conditions of microbial growth including
• food to microorganism ratio,
• pH,
• temperature,
• mean cell residence time(MCRT), and
• other environmental conditions.
• CSTR technology finds wide application in activated sludge processes where a
part of the sludge is continuously recycled back to the reactor.
6.
7. Modelling Activated Sludge Process
• The cell accumulation rate within reactor = rate of cell inflow + rate new
cell mass growth from substrate consumption - rate of cell decay (or
death) - rate of cell exit with treated effluent - rate of cell exit with
underflow sludge (which is wasted).
• That is
• Depletion rate (substrate) within control volume = Inflow rate –
conversion rate (degradation) – rate of discharge with effluent – rate of
discharge with underflow sludge
• That is
8. • Where,
• X is the microbial cell concentration within the reactor with volume V;
• Xu is the cell concentration in the leaving underflow sludge; and
• Xe is the concentration of cell (escaping from the reactor) dX/dt is the total
accumulation rate within reactor volume V.
• Q0 is the feed inflow rate;
• Qe and Qu are flow rates of treated effluent and the sludge underflow;
• Kd the microbial decay constant;
• μmax is the maximum substrate conversion rate;
• S is the substrate concentration in the reactor;
• S0 is the substrate concentration in the influent; and
• Ks is the Monod half-velocity rate constant .
9. Mean cell residence time(MCRT)
The mean cell residence time, or MCRT, is the length of time solids or bacteria are kept in the activated sludge system in days.
The solids retention time is also known as the MCRT (SRT).
15. • Microbes need flow of electrons and energy for their maintenance
• resynthesis,
• repair,
• osmotic regulations, and
• Transport.
• and considering loss of heat to the environment.
• This energy requirement is met by oxidation of decayed microbes,
• Although the total mass of the decayed microbes does not undergo such
oxidation (part remaining as inert mass).
• Cells oxidize themselves to meet this energy demand.
• This decay is called endogenous decay and is expressed mathematically as:
16.
17.
18.
19. Industrial Operations: Practical Considerations
and Troubleshooting
• Bulking Sludge—Problem of High Filamentous Growth
Most of the operational trouble in activated sludge plants is due to microbial flock
characteristics. Unless these flocks are well settleable, clear water at the effluent
outlet cannot be ensured and recycling of sludge from settling unit to the aeration
unit will be difficult.
• Causes of Rising Sludge
Rising sludge may result from low activated sludge return, excessive aeration, low
DO, enhanced denitrification at temperature above 20˚C, low F/M ratio, and high
presence of reduced sulfur (sulfides).
• TROUBLESHOOTING:
• Chlorination treatment reduces the growth of filamentous microbes .
• Regular monitoring of the parameters and the plant can avoid the problem of Rising Sludge.