This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
This is for actual presentation for Membrane Separation Process. I hope I guided you better from skills. So keep learn about this slide. You basics already cleared from this presentations after reading. Many more things on this subject in Chemical Engineering. I will discuss with you about that remaining part. So Thank You.
This is for actual presentation for Membrane Separation Process. I hope I guided you better from skills. So keep learn about this slide. You basics already cleared from this presentations after reading. Many more things on this subject in Chemical Engineering. I will discuss with you about that remaining part. So Thank You.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This presentation is about the Membrane Separation Processes mostly used in Food and Chemical Industries. The presentation discusses about the Mechanisms and Food Industry Applications of Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis.
Colloidal and Particulate Fouling ,The source of silt or colloids in reverse osmosis feed waters often includes : bacteria, clay , colloidal silica, iron corrosion products .
Methods to prevent colloidal fouling: Media Filtration ,Oxidation–Filtration ,Coagulation-Flocculation ,Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration
,Cartridge Microfiltration ,Antifoulants
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This presentation is about the Membrane Separation Processes mostly used in Food and Chemical Industries. The presentation discusses about the Mechanisms and Food Industry Applications of Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis.
Colloidal and Particulate Fouling ,The source of silt or colloids in reverse osmosis feed waters often includes : bacteria, clay , colloidal silica, iron corrosion products .
Methods to prevent colloidal fouling: Media Filtration ,Oxidation–Filtration ,Coagulation-Flocculation ,Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration
,Cartridge Microfiltration ,Antifoulants
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
Use and Applications of Membranes
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL
4.1 What is a Membrane Process?
4.2 What does a Membrane look like?
4.3 Why use Membranes?
4.4 Membrane Types and Polymers Used
5 REVERSE OSMOSIS
5.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Performance
5.4 Costs
5.5 Worked Example
5.6 Applications
6 MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION
6.1 Microfiltration
6.2 Ultrafiltration
7 PERVAPORATION
7.1 Classes of Application
7.2 Characteristics
7.3 Costs
7.4 Example - Lurgi Design
7.5 Application - Stripping Organics from Water
8 GAS SEPARATION AND VAPOR PERMEATION
8.1 Gas Separation
8.2 Vapor Permeation
9 LESS COMMON MEMBRANE PROCESSES
9.1 Dialysis
9.2 Electrodialysis
9.3 Electrolysis
9.4 Salt Splitting
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 UTILITY CONSUMPTION AND COST COMPARISON
Approach of Reverse Osmosis technology. MerWaterDays conference in Merseburg (Ger).
A comprehensive conference about membrane tech and RO applications. Introducing Carbon Nano Tubes future technology.
Cause and prevention for steam turbine blade scaling & fouling Prem Baboo
The paper intended to deposition of Wang scaling/deposition & corrosion on turbine blades. How to deposit these scales? Prevention and control the deposits. Major steam turbine problems causes and effects. Practical examples of our shut down experience of 40 ata & 100 ata steam turbines. Lab analysis detail report of wet steam cleaning and sand blasting cleaning of the blades.
Portable solar powered water purification systems, water decontamination systems, solar power irrigation pumps, solar powered water pumps, solar and wind powered mobile platforms provide electricity, clean water and 106-foot communications mast, solar powered multi-purpose utility structure
How Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Systems WorkAlisha Roy
Reverse Osmosis is a process in which dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts) are removed from a solution (such as water). This is accomplished by household water pressure pushing the tap water through a semi permeable membrane. The membrane (which is about as thick as cellophane) allows only the water to pass through, not the impurities or contaminates. http://catalogs.indiamart.com/products/reverse-osmosis-systems.html
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Product polishing techniques in Downstream ProcessingErin Davis
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Membrane Filtration (TFF) to Enable High Solids...njcnews777
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) Membrane Plants are used in Desalination, Brackish Groundwater Treatment, High Chloride Surface Water Treatment, Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse, Biopharmaceutical, Food & Protein Applications for removal of undesired constituents and harvesting of desireable products. Cross flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry globally. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost effective in comparison to the traditional evaporation methods. Techniques to improve performance of cross flow filtration include:
Backwashing: In backwashing, the transmembrane pressure is periodically inverted by the use of a secondary pump, so that permeate flows back into the feed, lifting the fouling layer.
Clean-in-place: Clean-in-place systems are typically used to remove fouling from membranes after extensive use. The CIP process may use detergents, reactive agents such as sodium hypochlorite and acids and alkalis such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Concentration: The volume of the fluid is reduced by allowing permeate flow to occur. Solvent, solutes, and particles smaller than the membrane pore size pass through the membrane, while particles larger than the pore size are retained, and thereby concentrated. In bioprocessing applications, concentration may be followed by diafiltration.
Diafiltration: In order to effectively remove permeate components from the slurry, fresh solvent may be added to the feed to replace the permeate volume, at the same rate as the permeate flow rate, such that the volume in the system remains constant. This is analogous to the washing of filter cake to remove soluble components. Dilution and re-concentration is sometimes also referred to as "diafiltration."
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and electro dialysis)
1. NAME-SANJEEV KUMAR SINGH
BRANCH-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,3rd yr.
MEMBRANE BASED WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
ROLL NO.-1457074
COLLEGE NAME-HERITAGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHECKED BY-S.D.R SIR
2. INTRODUCTION:
1)Membrane 10.3.b)Flow velocity
10.3.c)Flow temperature
10.3.d)Temperature
10.3.e)Multi staging
11.4)Pre-treatment
11.5)Cleaning
12)Application
13)Dialysis
14)Electro dialysis
15)Limitation of Electro dialysis
16)Advantages of using Membrane
17)Limitation of using Membrane
18)Future challenges of using membrane
2)Merit of Membrane
3)Different operations
4)Types of Membranes
5)Ultra filtration(UF)
6)Dead and Cross flow
7)Principles of UF
8)Membrane Fouling
8.1)Concentration Polarisation
8.2)Types of Fouling
8.2.a)Particulate deposition
8.2.b)Scaling
8.2.c)Bio fouling
9)Membrane arrangments
10)Process design consideration
10.1)Pre-treatment
10.2)Membrane specification
10.2.a)Material
10.2.b)Pore size
10.3)Operation strategy
10.3.a)Flow type
3. Membrane Processes
•A membrane is a selective barrier that permits the separation
of certain species in a fluid by combination of sieving and
diffusion mechanisms
•Membranes can separate particles and molecules and over a
wide particle size range and molecular weights
4.
5. Merits of the process:
• Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical principles
and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components.
• These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane separation
processes have several advantages. These include :
1) Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the
desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid.
2) The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase
change is involve the energy requirement is modest.
3) Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the selectivity
towards the desired product is good.
4) The method can easily be scaled up.
7. Operations in an electric potential gradient:
• Electrodialysis
• Membrane electrolysis e.g. chloralkali process
• Electrodeionization
• Electrofiltration
• Fuel cell
Operations in a temperature gradient:
• Membrane distillation
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. • Separates colloidal material, emulsified oils, micro biological materials,
and large organic molecules.
Ultrafiltration (UF)
• Somewhat dependent on charge of the particle, and is much more
concerned with the size of the particle.
• Typically not effective at separating organic streams.
1. Concentration polarisation
2. Membrane fouling
3. Membrane cleaning
4. Operating pressure
• Membrane performance affected by:
14. Dead end and cross-flow:
Feed
Permeate Permeate
Feed Retentate
1. Dead-end 2. Cross-flow
15.
16. J=TM/(PµRt)
Principles of UF:
• The basic operating principle of ultrafiltration uses a pressure induced separation of solutes from a solvent through
a semi permeable membrane.
• The relationship between the applied pressure on the solution to be separated and the flux through the membrane
is most commonly described by the Darcy equation:
where J is the flux (flow rate per membrane area),TMP is the transmembrane pressure (pressure
difference between feed and permeate stream), μ is solvent viscosity, Rt is the total resistance (sum of
membrane and fouling resistance).
17. Membrane fouling:
1) Concentration polarization
2) Types of fouling
a) Particulate deposition
b) Scaling
c) Biofouling
18. Concentration polarization:
• When filtration occurs the local concentration of rejected material at the membrane surface increases and can
become saturated.
• In UF, increased ion concentration can develop an osmotic pressure on the feed side of the membrane. This
reduces the effective TMP of the system, therefore reducing permeation rate.
• The increase in concentrated layer at the membrane wall decreases the permeate flux, due to increase in
resistance which reduces the driving force for solvent to transport through membrane surface.
• CP affects almost all the available membrane separation process.
• concentration polarization differs from fouling as it has no lasting effects on the membrane itself and can be
reversed by relieving the TMP.
19. Types of fouling:
a) Particulate deposition:
The following models describe the mechanisms of particulate deposition on the membrane surface and in the
pores:
•Standard blocking: macromolecules are uniformly deposited on pore walls.
•Complete blocking: membrane pore is completely sealed by a macromolecule.
•Cake filtration: accumulated particles or macromolecules form a fouling layer on the membrane surface, in
UF this is also known as a gel layer.
•Intermediate blocking: when macromolecules deposit into pores or onto already blocked pores, contributing
to cake formation.
20. b) Scaling:
• As a result of concentration polarization at the membrane surface, increased ion concentrations may exceed
solubility thresholds and precipitate on the membrane surface
• These inorganic salt deposits can block pores causing flux decline, membrane degradation and loss of
production.
• The formation of scale is highly dependent on factors affecting both solubility and concentration polarization
including pH, temperature, flow velocity and permeation rate.
21. c) Biofouling:
• Microorganisms will adhere to the membrane surface forming a gel layer – known as biofilm.The film
increases the resistance to flow, acting as an additional barrier to permeation.
Membrane arrangements:
1) Tubular
2) Plate and frame
3) Spiral wound
4) Capillary hollow fibre
22. Process design considerations:
1) Pre-treatment
2) Membrane specifications
a) Material
b) Pore size
3) Operation strategy
a) Flowtype
b) Flow velocity
c) Flow temperature
d) Pressure
e) Multi-stage
4) Post-treatment
5) Cleaning
23. 1) Pre-treatment:
• Treatment of feed prior to the membrane is essential to prevent damage to the membrane and minimize the
effects of fouling which greatly reduce the efficiency of the separation.
• Types of pre-treatment are often dependent on the type of feed and its quality. For example in wastewater
treatment, household waste and other particulates are screened.
2) Membrane specifications:
a) Material:
• Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
• PVC/PAN copolymers
• Polysulphone
• PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride)
• PES (polyethersulfone)
• Cellulose acetate (CA)
24. b) Pore size:
• A general rule for choice of pore size in a UF system is to use a membrane with a pore size one tenth
that of the particle size to be separated. This limits the number of smaller particles entering the pores and
adsorbing to the pore surface.
3) Operation strategy:
a) Flow type
b) Flow velocity:
• Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water or liquids containing suspensions in preventing
excessive fouling.
• Expensive pumps are however required to achieve these conditions.
c) Flow temperature:
• To avoid excessive damage to the membrane, it is recommended to operate a plant at the temperature
specified by the membrane manufacturer. In some instances however temperatures beyond the
recommended region are required to minimise the effects of fouling.
25. d) Pressure:
• Pressure drops over multi-stage separation can result in a drastic decline in flux performance in the latter stages of
the process. This can be improved using booster pumps to increase the TMP in the final stages.
• This will incur a greater capital and energy cost which will be offset by the improved productivity of the process.
26. e) Multi-stage:
• Multiple stages in series can be applied to achieve higher purity permeate streams.
4) Post-treatment
5) Cleaning:
• Cleaning of the membrane is done regularly to prevent the accumulation of foulants and reverse the degrading
effects of fouling on permeability and selectivity.
• These types of foulants require chemical cleaning to be removed. The common types of chemicals used for
cleaning are:
• Acidic solutions for the control of inorganic scale deposits
• Alkali solutions for removal of organic compounds
• Biocides or disinfection such as Chlorine or peroxide when bio-fouling is evident
27. When designing a cleaning protocol it is essential to consider:
Cleaning time – Adequate time must be allowed for chemicals to interact with foulants and permeate into the
membrane pores.
Aggressiveness of chemical treatment – With a high degree of fouling it may be necessary to employ aggressive
cleaning solutions to remove fouling material.
Disposal of cleaning effluent – The release of some chemicals into wastewater systems may be prohibited or
regulated therefore this must be considered.
28. Applications:
• Drinking water
• Protein concentration
• Filtration of effluent from paper pulp mill
• Cheese manufacture, see ultrafiltered milk
• Removal of pathogens from milk
• Process and waste water treatment
• Enzyme recovery
• Fruit juice concentration and clarification
• Dialysis and other blood treatments
30. Dialysis:
• Dialysis is well known in medical field as hemodialysis. Blood is drawn from a patient and passed through the lumen of the
fiber of a hollow fiber unit (artificial kidney) while water containing solutes such potassium salts is passed through the shell
side
• The water contains dissolved salts so that it has the same osmotic pressure as blood to minimize transfer of water. Urea,
uric acid, creatinine, phosphates and excess of chloride diffuse from the blood into water thereby purifying the blood of the
waste products
• Dialysis has potential applications in bioseparations, for example separation of alcohol from beer. Dialysis involves
separation of solutes by diffusion across the membrane from one liquid phase to another liquid phase, on the basis of
molecular size and molecular conformation
33. Electrodialysis:
• The method was developed fro the desalination of brackish water into potable water. Separation of ions occurs due
to the imposed potential difference across the ion selective cationic and anionic ion exchanges membrane.
• The driving forces is an applied electric field which induces a current driven ionic flux across the compartments.
Electrokinetic transport of positively charged species through the cationic membrane and the negatively charged species
through the anionic species depends of the differing ionic mobilities of the species within the ion exchange membrane.
• In a continuous flow system, at steady state, the effluents from alternate compartments comprise concentrated
and depleted streams of ionic species.
34.
35. Limitations of Electro-dialysis:
• Non-charged, higher molecular weight, and less mobile ionic species will not typically be significantly removed.
• In contrast to RO, electrodialysis becomes less economical when extremely low salt concentrations in the product
are required.
• Electrodialysis systems require feed pretreatment to remove species that coat, precipitate onto, or otherwise "foul"
the surface of the ion exchange membranes. This fouling decreases the efficiency of the electrodialysis system.
36. • No Complex instrumentation.
• Basic concept is simple to understand.
• Separation can be carried out continuously.
• Membrane processes can easily be combined with other separation processes.
• Separation can be carried out under mild conditions.
• Membrane properties are variable and can be adjusted.
• Greater design flexibility in designing systems.
• Clean technology with operational ease.
Advantages of using Membrane:
37. • Membranes are relatively expensive;
• Certain solvents, colloidal solids, especially graphite and other
residues can quickly and permanently destroy the membrane surfaces;
• Oil emulsions are not "chemically separated," so secondary oil recovery
can be difficult;
• Synthetics are not effectively treated by this method;
• Biofouling/membrane fouling;
• Low membrane lifetime;
• Generally low selectivity;
Disadvantages of using Membrane:
38. •Development and Advancement of Nano-materials for effective membrane
strength n separations.
•Over-coming the problem of Membrane Fouling.
•To design membranes for high selectivity.
Future challenges of using Membrane:
39. References:
• Clever, M.; Jordt, F.; Knauf, R.; Räbiger, N.; Rüdebusch, M.; Hilker-Scheibel, R. (1 December 2000). "Process water
production from river water by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis". Desalination. 131 (1-3): 325–336.
• Laîné, J.-M.; Vial, D.; Moulart, Pierre (1 December 2000). "Status after 10 years of operation — overview of UF
technology today".
• Water treatment membrane processes. New York [u.a.]: McGraw Hill. 1996.
• Edwards, David; Donn, Alasdair; Meadowcroft, Charlotte (1 May 2001). "Membrane solution to a "significant risk"
Cryptosporidium groundwater source"
• A. Y. Membrane Processing Dairy and Beverage Applications. Chicester: Wiley.
• Mayank Omprakash; Bansal, Bipan; Chen, Xiao Dong (1 January 2008). "Fouling and cleaning of whey protein
concentrate fouled ultrafiltration membranes"
• Munir (1998). Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook
• Concentration polarization in reverse osmosis desalination with variable flux and incomplete salt rejection, Ind. Eng.
Chem.
• edited by Anil Kumar Pabby, Ana Maria Sastre, Syed S.H.; Pabby, Anil Kumar; Rizvi,, Syed S.H.; Sastre, Ana Maria
(2007).