Cryogenic technology involves producing and studying materials and behaviors at very low temperatures below -150°C. It has various applications including in rocket engines. The presenter discusses the history of cryogenic technology, its applications in areas like rocket propulsion, electricity transmission, food storage, and medicine. Challenges in developing cryogenic engines for India are described. Advantages include high energy density but limitations include complex storage and leakage issues. Future developments may include ion engines and alternative propulsion methods.
A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) are gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures. Notably, these engines were one of the main factors of NASA's success in reaching the Moon by the Saturn V rocket.
During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient thrust. At that time oxygen and low molecular weight hydrocarbons were used as oxidizer and fuel pair. At room temperature and pressure, both are in gaseous state. Hypothetically, if propellants had been stored as pressurized gases, the size and mass of fuel tanks themselves would severely decrease rocket efficiency. Therefore, to get the required mass flow rate, the only option was to cool the propellants down to cryogenic temperatures (below −183 °C [90 K], −253 °C [20 K]), converting them to liquid form. Hence, all cryogenic rocket engines are also, by definition, either liquid-propellant rocket engines or hybrid rocket engines.
Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used. Both components are easily and cheaply available, and when burned have one of the highest enthalpy releases by combustion, producing specific impulse up to 450 s (effective exhaust velocity 4.4 km/s).
A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) are gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures. Notably, these engines were one of the main factors of NASA's success in reaching the Moon by the Saturn V rocket.
During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient thrust. At that time oxygen and low molecular weight hydrocarbons were used as oxidizer and fuel pair. At room temperature and pressure, both are in gaseous state. Hypothetically, if propellants had been stored as pressurized gases, the size and mass of fuel tanks themselves would severely decrease rocket efficiency. Therefore, to get the required mass flow rate, the only option was to cool the propellants down to cryogenic temperatures (below −183 °C [90 K], −253 °C [20 K]), converting them to liquid form. Hence, all cryogenic rocket engines are also, by definition, either liquid-propellant rocket engines or hybrid rocket engines.
Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used. Both components are easily and cheaply available, and when burned have one of the highest enthalpy releases by combustion, producing specific impulse up to 450 s (effective exhaust velocity 4.4 km/s).
Summary of proposed and completed reactor designs of the future. Includes Generation III+ through Generation V designs like Molten Lead Reactors and Nuclear Lightbulbs.
Summary of proposed and completed reactor designs of the future. Includes Generation III+ through Generation V designs like Molten Lead Reactors and Nuclear Lightbulbs.
This presentation will show you some what about Cryogenic Rocket Engine and also their concept and different type of cryogenic engines and combination developed by different countries and one more thing is that all the details in this presentation are based on source available in the wikipedia and in other web sources.
Thank you
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. Faculty of Engineering Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra(India)
STREAM SEMINAR
TOPIC:-
Cryogenic Technology and Its Applications
Presented By:-
Hareesh Kumar Rajput
B. Tech. IIIyr (Mech.)
Roll No. :- 114059
2. INTRODUCTION
The Main Point to be Discuss Are:-
1. What is Cryogenic Technology
2. Brief History of Cryogenic Technology
3. Applications
4. Specific Applications in Rocket Propellant
5. Advantages
6. Limitations
7. Future of Cryogenic Technology
3. WHAT IS CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY ?
►In physics, cryogenics is the study of the
production and behavior of materials at very low
temperatures (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K).
►the study of how to produce low temperatures;
►the study of what happens to materials when
you've cooled them down.
4. BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY
►The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found
that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear
►The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket engines.
► with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 and is still used
on the Atlas V rocket.
►Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 , Chinese
YF-73 in 1984 .
►The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in space,
successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 1987.
6. WHAT ABOUT INDIA ?
►Right now India have got great success in this technology
►But during 1991-92, India faced many problems to get Cryogenic Engine
from Russia.
► To India the U.S., Japan and France were not agree to provide the
technology or do so only at an exorbitant price.
►The deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which was
intended to prevent the spread of missile-related technology, and fell foul of
the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions. Despite warnings from within
the organization, ISRO opted to go ahead with the import. In May 1992, the
U.S. imposed sanctions on ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia,
which received the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union,
backed out of the deal.
7. CONT….
►ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its own.
►At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology
had already been acquired and further development would be quick.
►Since then India took it as a challenge to develop own technology.
►After many failure, finally on 5 January 2014. India mastered this
technology.
►And became the sixth country in world after U.S., Russia, Japan,
France, and China to master this technology
8. APPLICATIONS
►USE IN ROCKET ENGINE
►Electric power transmission in big cities
►Frozen food
►Blood banking
►Infrared Sensors
►Electronics
►X-rays
9. USE IN ROCKET ENGINE
►A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a
cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) is
gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
►During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first
considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers
independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high
mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient
thrust.
►Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been
tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the
liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used.
11. WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE
It involves a complicated ‘staged combustion cycle' to increase
the engine efficiency.
Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas
generator. The hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then
injected at high pressure into the thrust chamber where the
rest of oxygen is introduced and full combustion takes place.
Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid
hydrogen is used to cool the thrust chamber where
temperatures rise to over 3,300 ° Celsius when the engine is
fired.
12. . ADVANTAGES
►High Energy per unit mass:
Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give very high
amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount of fuel to be
carried aboard the rockets decreases.
►Clean Fuels
Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they combine, they
give out only water. This water is thrown out of the nozzle in form of very hot
vapour. Thus the rocket is nothing but a high burning steam engine
►Economical
Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very economical, as liquid oxygen
costs less than gasoline.
13. LIMITATIONS
►Low temperature of propellants -Complex
storage
►Transfer systems and operations
► Need for ignition system
►Overall cost of propellants relatively high
14. CONTI….
►Highly reactive gases
Cryogens are highly concentrated gases and have a very high
reactivity. Liquid oxygen, which is used as an oxidizer, combines
with most of the organic materials to form explosive
compounds. So lots of care must be taken to ensure safety
►Leakage
One of the most major concerns is leakage. At cryogenic
temperatures, which are roughly below 150 degrees
Kelvin or equivalently (-190) degrees Fahrenheit, the
seals of the container used for storing the propellants lose
the ability to maintain a seal properly. Hydrogen, being
the smallest element, has a tendency to leak past seals or
materials.
15. THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE ROCKET ENGINES
►All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any
other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used
as a rocket engine
►There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA
scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon
ion Engine”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to
extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's
Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for
propulsion.
►There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal
rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.
►We are looking forward that in the near future there will be
some good technology to take us into space