Cromolyn sodium is a first-line treatment for mild to moderate asthma. It works by stabilizing mast cells and inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Common side effects include headache, cough, and diarrhea. It is used prophylactically to prevent asthma symptoms and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Cromolyn sodium has a good safety profile and fewer side effects than other asthma medications. It comes in a nebulizer solution or metered-dose inhaler and should be taken 4 times daily for maintenance treatment of asthma.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Asthma is a serious public health problem throughout the world, affecting people of all ages. When uncontrolled, asthma can place severe limits on daily life, and is sometimes fatal.
Chlorpheniramine helps control the symptoms of cold or allergies but will not treat the cause of the symptoms or speed recovery.
It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms.
THE MEDICINE, THE DISEASES AND THERAPEUTICS ACTIVITIES FOR VETERINARIANLazuardi ardi
The clinical cases in livestocks and giving the medicine by prescriptions or free from prescription, must be carefully. The residues of the drug on beef will be hazardous to human who are consumption of the beef.
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). If you have high blood pressure, taking amlodipine can help to prevent future heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by the virus that causes chickenpox. After chickenpox clears, the virus lies dormant in nerves. Years later, it may reactivate. If the virus reactivates and affects the facial nerve, then it results in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
Complications include permanent facial muscle weakness and deafness.
Symptoms include Ear pain, Hearing loss, tinnitus, Difficulty closing one eye, A sensation of spinning or moving (vertigo), dry eyes.
Phenytoin is in a class of medications called anticonvulsants
It works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Phenytoin is used to control certain type of seizures, and to treat and prevent seizures that may begin during or after surgery
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. CROMOLYN SODIUM
According to WHO,
• Worldwide 235 millions patient of asthma
• In India, 15-20 million patient
(15-20% are 5-11 year old children)
• 1,80,000 death every year in the world.
• First line agent into mild to moderate asthma
• Safer treatment, less adverse effect.
2
3. CROMOLYN SODIUM
PHARMACOLOGY
• Pharmacologic class: Chromone derivative
• Therapeutic class: Mast cell
stabilizer, antiasthmatic, ophthalmic decongestant.
• Pregnancy risk category B
• Mechanism of Action-Inhibits release of histamine and
reacting substances of anaphylaxis from mast cells, stabilizing
the cell membrane and reducing the allergic response and
inflammatory reaction.
3
5. CROMOLYN SODIUM
INDICATION-
• Prophylactic in the management of patients with bronchial
asthma.
• Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm;
• Adjunct in prevention of allergic disorders including rhinitis
CONTRAINDICATIONS-
• Contraindicated in those patients who have shown
hypersensitivity to cromolyn sodium.
5
6. CROMOLYN SODIUM
DOSAGE-
Usual Adult Dose for Asthma -- Maintenance:
• Nebulization solution: 20 mg 4 times a day at regular intervals.
• Metered dose inhaler: 2 puffs 4 times a day at regular
intervals.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Asthma -- Maintenance:
• Nebulization solution:
> 2 years: 20 mg 4 times a day at regular intervals.
• Metered dose inhaler:
> 5 years: 2 puffs 4 times a day at regular intervals.
6
8. CROMOLYN SODIUM
STORAGE & LABELLING-
• Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F).
• Do not use if solution is discolored or contains a precipitate.
• Retain in foil pouch until time of use.
• PROTECT FROM LIGHT.
• KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF
CHILDREN.
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9. CROMOLYN SODIUM
PACKAGING & AVAILABLE DOSAGE FORM-
• Packed in vial which is made from a low density polyethylene
(LDPE) resin.
• Cromolyn Sodium Inhalation Solution Unit-Dose 2 mL Vial is
supplied as a colorless to pale yellow solution containing 20
mg cromolyn sodium, USP, in water for injection, USP, with 5
vials per foil pouch in cartons as listed below.
• 60 vials per carton.
• 120 vials per carton.
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