counselling

1. Sagun Lohala
Counselling

2. Counselling
• Counselling is a scientific process of assistance
extended by an expert in an individual situation to a
needy person
• It involves relationship between two persons, one is
(counsellor) attempting to assist the other
(counselee or client) to organize himself as to attain
a particular form of happiness, adjusting to a life
situation , or in short ,self actualization.

3. Counselling Cont’d…
Shortly, it is a personal and dynamic relationship
between two individuals in which the more
experienced person helps the less experienced
person to find self determined solution for his
problem.

4. Need of Counselling among students
The counselling service helps the student to :
a) understand what she can do and should do,
about her progress,
b) understand the choices she faces, the
opportunities available and the qualification
required to choose a particular goal in life
c) understand the difficulties, handle them in a
rational manner

5. Need Cont’d…
d) strengthen her best qualities and abilities
e) make decisions and plans on the basis of self
understanding, acceptance of responsibilities.
f) formulate the future action-plan, in that
direction
g) helps in developing positive attitude towards life
h) helps in overcome confusion

6. Objectives
• To understand once own problems clearly.
• To realize what they is able to do and what they should
do that means to accept abilities and weaknesses.
• Develop insight and understanding in relation to self and
environment, opportunities open to improve in respect to
his potentials and goals he has chosen.
• Decide a course of action by making his own decision .

7. Features of Counselling
• Counselling is a professional service ,which
is imparted by a professional counsellor who
is properly trained to handle various kind of
situations
• It helps the client make his own decision during
the process of counselling.
• The counsellor is not supposed to make decision
for the client.

8. Features Cont’d…
• Counsellor may provide various types of
information so that the client could get
insight to take a decision.
• It is more focused on one to one
relationship even when the participants
are involved with group counselling
programmers.

9. Features Cont’d…
• People frequently seek individual counseling
since it is more personal and confidential.
• Problems and needs of the individual are
important.
• The individual counselling is more about
personal problems

10. Principles of Counselling
• Helps to meet the requirement of an individual's problem.
• Emphasizes thinking with the individual.
• Avoids dictatorial attitude.
• Maintains relationship of trust and confidence with the
client.
• Client's need is to be put first.
• Everyone participating in the counselling process must
feel comfortable.

11. Principles Cont’d…
• Skills of warmth, friendliness, openness and
empathy are ingredients of successful counselling
process.
• Counsellor has to listen attentively answer question
objectively, reinforce important information.
• Let the client make voluntary informed decision.
• Maintains dignity of individual as individual is
primary concerns in counselling.

12. • Directive Counselling
• Non –Directive Counselling
• Eclectic Counselling
Types of Counselling

13. • E.G WILLIAMSON is the chief exponent in this
viewpoint.
• Counsellor –centered: the counsellor
direct the client to take steps in order to resolve
his conflicts.
• It is based on assumption that the client cannot
solve his own problems because of lack of
information.
Directive Counseling
(Prescriptive counselling).

14. Principles Cont’d…
• The counsellor plays an important role; he tries
to direct the thinking of counselee by informing ,
explaining, interpreting and advising.
• It gives more importance to intellectual
aspect than emotional aspects.

15. Steps of Directive Counselling
• Williamson has given 6 steps of directive
counselling :
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Counselling
• Follow up

16. Merits
• It is less time consuming; hence this method
can be adopted when an early solution is
required.
• This method is best when less matured and
less intelligent client interact with an
experienced counsellor.

17. Merits
Cont’d…
• This is best method at lower levels where the
client is not in a position to analyze his own
problem
• In this method, the counsellor becomes
readily available to help the client which
makes the client very happy.

18. Demerits
• In directive counselling, the client never
becomes independent of the counsellor. So it
is not an effective or best guidance.
• The personal autonomy and integrity of the
client is not respected, it leads to new
adjustment problems.

19. Demerits
Cont’d…
• It will not help the individual to develop any
attitudes through his own experiences.
• The counsellor fails in saving the client to
commit the mistakes in future.

20. Non-directive Counselling
• CARL R. ROGER is the chief exponent in
this viewpoint.
• This school of thought is just reverse to
that of directive counseling.
• It is a client-centered process.
• In this, the counselee is in an important role in
the whole counselling process.

21. Non-directive
Cont’d…
• The main function of the counsellor is to
create an atmosphere in which the client can
work out his problem.
• It is also known as permissive counselling.
• In this type of counselling, emotional elements
rather than intellectual element are stressed.

22. Carl Rogers has given the following steps of this
non-directive counselling:
1. Defining the Problematic Situation : First of all the
counsellor should define the problematic situation.
2. Free Expression of Feelings : After the first step,
the client is made aware of the fact that he can
express his feelings freely and the counselor
approves this.
Steps in Client Centered Counselling

23. 3.Development of Insight: The counsellor
goes on thinking regarding the client's new
feelings along with the development of client's
insight and he goes on classifying all those
new feelings.
Step s
Cont’d…

24. 4. Classification of Positive and Negative
Feelings: After the free expression of
feelings by the client, the counsellor identifies
his negative and positive feelings and he
classifies them.
Step s
Cont’d…

25. 5. Termination of Counselling Situation:
The counsellor looks for a point where he can
terminate the counselling situation after all the
above steps. According to this school of
thought, either the client or the counsellor can
suggest for such termination of counselling
situation.
Step s
Cont’d…

26. • It helps the counselee to become
independent and self-sufficient and to attain
the ability for self-direction.
• It helps the client to attain emotional integrity;
and helps to reach his full growth.
Merits

27. • It helps to attain more sustainable
adjustment to his situation.
• This type of counselling leaves it’s
impressions for a longer period.
Merits
Cont’d…

28. Demerits
• It is usually more time-consuming
• It is not suitable for a less matured and less
intelligent counselee.
• The counsellor’s passive attitude might irritate the
counselee so much that he might hesitate to
express his feelings.
• It is not possible in schools because the
counsellor has to attend many pupils.

29. Comparative
Analysis Of
Directive And
Non-directive
Counselling

30. Directive Non-directive
1
Economical as it is:
Time saving
Time consuming
2 Emphasis on the problem Emphasis on individual
3
Emphasis on intellectual
ability
Emphasis on emotional
aspect
4
Active role of counsellor i.e.
Counsellor Centered
Passive role of counsellor
i.e.
Client Centered
5
Method is direct and
persuasive
Method is indirect

31. Directive Non-directive
6
Help is offered by
counsellor to take decision
Client takes own decision
7
Solution of problem is the
primary goal
Independence and
integration of the client is
the primary goal
8 Solve immediate problems
Deals with self-analysis
and new problems of
adjustment may be taken
care of
9
Use psychological
assessment data
May not use
psychological
assessment

32. • The chief advocate of this type of
counselling is ‘Thorne’.
• Eclectic counselling is a type of counselling which
is neither counsellor-centered nor client centered;
but a combination of both.
• Here the counsellor is neither too active as in
directive counselling nor too passive as in non-
directive counselling, but follows a middle course.
Eclectic Counselling

33. • Methods of counselling may change from
client to client or even with the same client
from time to time.
• It is highly flexible.
• Freedom of choice and expression is open to
both the counsellor and the counselee.
Characteristics of Eclectic
Counselling

34. Characteristics Cont’d…
• Experience of mutual confidence and faith in
the relationship are basic.
• The client and the philosophical framework
are adjusted to save the purpose of the
relationship.

35. Steps of Counselling
•G-Greet the clients
•A-Ask clients about themselves
•T-Tell clients or give the information of strategies
of coping mechanisms
•H - Help the clients to choice a method
•E - Ex how to use a method
•R - Return for follow up

36. STAGE 1: Building trustworthy relationships
STAGE 2: Identification of the problem/
Assessment
STAGE 3: Setting of Goal
STAGE 4: Counseling intervention
STAGE 5:Evaluation, termination, or
referral
Stages of Counselling

37. STAGE 1: Building trustworthy relationships
• The counsellor & counselee introduce each other &
establish a primary rapport
• counselor focuses on using good listening skills and
building a positive relationship
• When successful, it ensures a strong foundation for
future dialogue and the continuing counseling
process.
Stages Cont’d…

38. STAGE 2: Identification of the problem/
Assessment
• The client and the counselee collaborate, allowing
the client to speak up about the problem he is
currently facing
• Allows data collection
• Notes down every minute detail and works on fixing it
• Diagnosis related to the counselee's behavior is
Stages Cont’d…

39. STAGE 3: Setting of Goal
•Realistic goals are set with participatory approach
•The client is motivated to achieve them step-by-
step, leading to a particular outcome
•Client’s strength, weakness and available
resources should be considered
Stages Cont’d…

40. STAGE 4: Counseling intervention
• The counsellor and client may choose strategies to
implement from a variety of interventions, including
individual, and group
• Counsellor should provide an overview of the different
treatment approaches available
• the counsellor should be prepared to change the
intervention when the selected intervention does not
work.
Stages Cont’d…

41. STAGE 5: Evaluation, termination, or referral
• Termination is planned to ensure a positive
conclusion that the counselee is ready to departure
• The counsellor should also arrange for appropriate
follow-up with the client.
• An appointment for a formal follow-up counselling
session can be made 2 to 4 weeks after the final
session.
Stages Cont’d…