This document outlines various principles and techniques of counseling. It defines counseling as helping people learn to solve their own problems according to Williamson, and as a structured relationship that allows clients to gain self-understanding according to Rogers. Principles of counseling discussed include tailoring to individual needs, emphasizing thinking with the client, avoiding a dictatorial attitude, and maintaining trust. Techniques covered are directive/prescriptive counseling, non-directive/client-centered counseling, and eclectic counseling. The document also lists different types of counseling such as short-term, long-term, clinical, and group counseling. Personality traits of effective counselors like self-awareness and rapport building skills are highlighted.

1. SEMINAR ON-
PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUE OF
COUNSELLING

2. DEFINITION-
• According to Williamson-
"It is a means of helping people to learn how to solve their
own problems."
• According to Carl Rogers (1965)-
"It is a definitely structured relationship which allows the
client to gain an understanding of himself to a degree which
enables him to take positive steps in the light of his new
orientation."

3. PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELLING
• 1. Tailor-made to the requirement of an individual's
problem.
• 2. Emphasizes thinking with the individual.
• 3. Avoid dictatorial attitude.
• 4. Maintains relationship of trust and confidence with the
client.

4. • 5.Client's need is to be put first.
• 6. Everyone participating in the counselling process must
feel comfortable.
• 7. The client's family members and significant influencing
personnel must be included in the counselling process.

5. COUNSELING AIMS TO-
• Assist an individual towards:
• Self-knowledge
• Self-realization
• Self-development

6. COUNSELLING ENVIRONMENT-
• Welcoming: Greet clients appropriately
• Comfortable: Have comfortable seats
• A place with few distractions: No telephone

7. • Somewhere where privacy and confidentiality can be
maintained
• Non-threatening: A place where people can fee

8. PURPOSES OF COUNSELLING-
• A-ASSISTANCE
• D-DEVELOPMENT
• V-VAST INFORMATION
• I- INSPIRATION
• S-SOLUTION
• E - ENCOURAGEMENT

9. QUALITIES OF A GOOD COUNSELOR

10. PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED
IN COUNSELLING TECHNIQUE-

11. TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING-
1. DIRECTIVE OR PRESCRIPTIVE OR COUNSELLOR
CENTRED COUNSELLING-
Directive counselling is an approach in which the counsellor
uses a variety of techniques to suggest the appropriate
solutions to the problem of counselee.
In this approach the counsellor plays a leading role.
The basis of directive counselling advocated by E G
Williams

12. STEPS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Counselling
• Follow up

13. MERITS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING-
• It is less time consuming; hence this method can be
adopted when an early solution is required.
• This method is best; less matured and less intelligent
client interact with an experienced counsellor.

14. • This is best method at lower levels where the client is
not in a position to analyse his own problem
• In this method, the counsellor becomes readily available
to help the client which makes the client very happy.

15. DEMERITS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING-
• In directive counselling, the client never becomes
independent of the counsellor. So it is not an effective or
best guidance.
• The personal autonomy and integrity of the client is not
respected, it leads to new adjustment problems.

16. • It will not help the individual to develop any attitudes
through his own experiences.
• The counsellor fails in saving the client to commit the
mistakes in future.

17. 2.NON-DIRECTIVE OR PERMISSIVE OR CLIENT
CENTRED COUNSELLING-
This is a counselee centred approach in which he is guided
to use his own inner resource to solve the problem.
In this approach, the counselee plays a predominant role.
Carl Rogers is the exponent of the non-directive technique
of counselling

18. 3.ECLECTIC COUNSELLING-
• In eclectic counselling, the strategy arises out of the
appropriate knowledge of student behaviour and a
combination of directive, non-directive and other
approaches.
• Irrespective of the differences, all approaches should
have developmental, preventive and remedial values.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF ECLECTIC
COUNSELLING-
• Methods of counselling may change from client to client
or even with the same client from time to time.
• It is highly flexible.

20. • Freedom of choice and expression is open to both the
counsellor and the counselee.
• Experience of mutual confidence and faith in the
relationship are basic.
• The client and the philosophical framework are adjusted
to save the purpose of the relationship.

21. ADVANTAGES OF ECLECTIC COUNSELING
APPROACH-
• practical approach.
• It is a more flexible approach of counseling.
• It is more objective & coordinated approach of
counseling.
• Limitations of eclectic counselling approach

22. 4. SHORT TERM COUNSELLING
It is used in situational crisis in which disruption of life
occurred.
It focuses or concern of the client or family.
It can be relatively minor concern or a major crisis but
whatever the situation, it needs immediate attention

23. • 5. LONG TERM COUNSELLING-
It extends over a prolonged period of time. It is focused for
the client who experiences developmental crisis may need
long term counselling.

24. 6. CLINICAL COUNSELLING
• It is used for diagnosis and treatment of mind functional
mal-adjustments and to find better adjustment and self
expression.
7.PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING
• They rely simply on conversation between client and
therapist. This may take the form of questions and
answers, reconstruction of past history or discussion of
current difficulties.

25. 8. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC COUNSELLING-
• Psychologically trained individual consciously attempts
verbally to assist the other person to modify emotional
attitudes which the subject is aware of the personality
reorganization through which he is undergoing

26. • 9.STUDENT COUNSELLING-
• 10.PLACEMENT COUNSELLING -
• 11. MARRIAGE COUNSELLING
• 12. VOCATIONAL COUNSELLING
• 13. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELLING
• 14. GROUP COUNSELLING
• 15. BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELLING

27. • 16. DIETARY COUNSELLING
• 17. MOTIVATIONAL COUNSELLING
• 18. INTERPERSONAL COUNSELLING
• 19. BEREAVEMENT COUNSELLING - It focuses on
working through the stages of grief. It combines an
opportunity for emotional release including the expression
of despair and anger.

28. • 20.PROBLEM SOLVING -
Counselling Suitable for patients with reactions to stress
and minor affective disorders. The patient is helped to
identify and list problems that are causing distress, consider
what practicable courses of action might reduce or solve
each problem, select one problem and try out the course of
action that appears most feasible and succeed.

29. • 21. CASE STUDY
• 22. EDUCATIONAL COUNSELLING
• 23. PERSONAL COUNSELLING
• 24. COUNSELLING IN LEISURE TIME-
• 25 SELF HELP GROUP COUNSELLING-
• 26. PEER GROUP COUNSELLING-
• 27ORIENTATION SERVICE COUNSELLING

30. • 28.APPRAISAL SERVICE COUNSELLING
• 29 . COUNSELLING SERVICE

31. PERSONALITY TRAITS OF AN EFFECTIVE
COUNSELOR-
• 1. SELF AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING
• 2. GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
• 3. RAPPORT-BUILDING SKILLS
• 4. OPEN MINDNESS
• 5. TRUST WORTHINESS
• 6. APPROACHABILITY

32. CONCLUSION