2. Approaches…..
• The empirical data derived from observation and
experimentation and their interpretation leads to
theory.
• Counselling is based on theory
• A theory becomes approach when it is practiced for
problem solving
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
3. A theoretical approach presents a single
position regarding the theory and practice of
counselling and therapy
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
4. A school of counselling and therapy is a grouping of
different theoretical approaches that are similar to one
another in terms of certain important characteristics
that distinguish them from theoretical approaches in
other counselling and therapy schools.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
5. • The psychodynamic school.
• The behaviourists school.
• The humanistic school.
• The cognitive behaviour school.
• The postmodern school.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
6. Approaches of Counselling
•Directive Counselling.
•Nondirective Counselling.
•Eclectic Counselling.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
7. Directive Counselling
•Advocated by E.G Williamson
•In this counselling the counsellor plays an active
role as it is regarded as a means of helping people
how to learn to solve their own problems.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
8. • Known as Counsellor Centred Counselling, because in
this counselling the counsellor does everything
throughout the stages.
• It is Prescriptive Counselling because the counsellor is
directing the client to solve the problems.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
9. Basic Assumptions
• The professional training and experience of the
counsellor equip them to manage the counselling
process and to guide the client’s behaviour.
• Counselling as an intellectual process rather than an
emotional process.
• The objective of the counselling is problem solving.
• The client is not capable as a trained counsellor in
solving problems.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
10. Features of Directive Counselling:
• Focus is upon a particular problem of the client and
possibilities for its solution.
• During the interview the counsellor plays a more active role
than the client or pupil.
• The pupil or client makes the decision, but the counsellor
does all that he can to get the counselee or client makes a
decision in keeping with his diagnosis.
• The counsellor tries to direct the thinking of the counsellee
or client by informing, explaining, interpreting and advising .
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
11. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
12. 1. Analysis: The counsellor collects all related data through interview and
other means and the the collected data will be analysed.
2. Synthesis: This step implies organizing and summarising the analysed
data to find out the assets, liabilities, adjustments and mal-adjustments
of the pupil.
3. Diagnosis: The diagnosis consists of the interpretation of the data in
relation to the nature and problem, the causes of problems. Formulating
hypotheses or assumptions based on synthesized data.
4. Prognosis:Under this step a prediction is made about the future
development of the problem
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
13. 5. Counseling :
• It is the stage in which adjustment and re-adjustment to the
individual in relation to his problem.
• Attitudes and interest of the individual are considered during the
counseling.
• It emphasis the individual to develop life cycle where an effort in
the positive direction could lead to success and success in turn
could lead to further efforts and motivations.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
14. 6. Follow -up : It is extremely important.
• An individual may be able to solve immediate problems through
counseling but new problems may occur or the original problem may
re-occur.
• Follow-up with the client is extremely necessary.
• The role of counselor is important as he has to make the individual
understand and accept his strength and also his weakness and faults.
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
15. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
16. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
17. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
18. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
19. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
20. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
21. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
22. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
23. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
24. Directive. Non-Directive .
1. Economical 1. Time consuming
2 .Emphasis on the problem 2. Emphasis on individual
3. Emphasis on the intellectual aspects 3. Emphasis on emotional aspects
4. prescriptive 4. permissive
5. Methodology is Direct 5. Methodology is Indirect
6. Solves Immediate Problems 6. Deals with self analysis and new
problems of Adjustment may be taken care
of
7. Some times an average counselling
professional can give the service.
7. A well trained professional is required.
8. Counsellor takes major role in decision
taking.
8. Counsellor enable the client to take
decision
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
25. It is more information giving,
rapport formation is not that much
significant
It is to develop self-insight and
more towards solving the personal
problems-rapport formation is
essential
Counsellor plays active role Counsellor plays passive role
Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
26. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
27. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
28. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
29. Kavitha N Karun, Assistant Professor, Army Institute of
Education
