Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers
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Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by vendors.
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Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
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Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
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Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 TRAY DESCRIPTION
7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Rough Design
7.2 Preliminary Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN
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9.2 Vapor Feeds
9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds
9.4 Reboiler Returns
9.5 Liquid Drawoffs
9.6 Vapor Drawoffs
9.7 Reboiler Circuits
10 TRAY VIBRATION
10.1 Unstable Flow
10.2 Oscillation Frequencies
10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken
11 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRAY DEFINITIONS
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT
2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY
3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS
4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS
5 LIQUID FEEDS
6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL
7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
5 GENERAL APPRAISAL OF PROBLEM
5.1 Is the Problem Real?
5.2 What Is the Magnitude of the Problem?
5.3 Is it the Column or the Associated Equipment which is Causing the Problem?
6 PROBLEMS IN THE COLUMN
6.1 Capacity Problems
6.2 Efficiency Problems
7 PROBLEMS OUTSIDE THE COLUMN
7.1 Effect of Other Units on Column Performance
7.2 Column Control System
7.3 Improper Operating Conditions
7.4 Auxiliary Equipment
8 USEFUL BACKGROUND READING
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
2 DETERMINATION OF COLUMN CAPACITY
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
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8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
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10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Revamp Philosophy
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Semi-Regenerative Reforming Unit
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Continuous Reforming Unit
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What may be achieved?
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Control of Continuous Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN
5 REGULATORY CONTROL
5.1 Composition Control
5.2 Mass Balance Control
5.3 Design of Feedback Control Systems
5.4 Pressure and Condensation Control
5.5 Reboiler Control
6 DISTURBANCE COMPENSATION
6.1 Feed-forward Control
6.2 Cascade Control
6.3 Internal Reflux Control
7 CONSTRAINT CONTROL
7.1 Override Controls
7.2 Flooding
7.3 Limiting Control
8 MORE ADVANCED TOPICS
8.1 Temperature Position Control
8.2 Inferential Measurement
8.1 Floating Pressure Control
8.2 Model Based Predictive Control
8.1 Control of Side-streams
8.2 Extractive/Azeotropic Systems
9 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 SYMPTOMS OF IMBALANCE AND THE REGULATORY VARIABLES
2 PRACTICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN CONTROL
(P, R, B, C) AND REGULATION VARIABLES
(h, r, d, b, c, v)
3 COMPOSITION REGULATION
4 COMPOSITION REGULATION - VERY SMALL FLOWS
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Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 TRAY DESCRIPTION
7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Rough Design
7.2 Preliminary Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN
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9.2 Vapor Feeds
9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds
9.4 Reboiler Returns
9.5 Liquid Drawoffs
9.6 Vapor Drawoffs
9.7 Reboiler Circuits
10 TRAY VIBRATION
10.1 Unstable Flow
10.2 Oscillation Frequencies
10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken
11 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRAY DEFINITIONS
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT
2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY
3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS
4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS
5 LIQUID FEEDS
6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL
7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF
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1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
5 GENERAL APPRAISAL OF PROBLEM
5.1 Is the Problem Real?
5.2 What Is the Magnitude of the Problem?
5.3 Is it the Column or the Associated Equipment which is Causing the Problem?
6 PROBLEMS IN THE COLUMN
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6.2 Efficiency Problems
7 PROBLEMS OUTSIDE THE COLUMN
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7.3 Improper Operating Conditions
7.4 Auxiliary Equipment
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9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
Revamp objectives
Revamp Philosophy
Revamp options
Semi-Regenerative Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Continuous Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Revamp to Hybrid Operation
What may be achieved?
Typical C5+ Yield at Decreasing Pressure
Changes Required for Full Conversion
Typical Benefits of Full Conversion
Revamping of Existing Continuous Reforming Units
Fired Heaters Revamp
Burners
Reactor Options
Regeneration Section
Summary
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN
5 REGULATORY CONTROL
5.1 Composition Control
5.2 Mass Balance Control
5.3 Design of Feedback Control Systems
5.4 Pressure and Condensation Control
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6 DISTURBANCE COMPENSATION
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6.2 Cascade Control
6.3 Internal Reflux Control
7 CONSTRAINT CONTROL
7.1 Override Controls
7.2 Flooding
7.3 Limiting Control
8 MORE ADVANCED TOPICS
8.1 Temperature Position Control
8.2 Inferential Measurement
8.1 Floating Pressure Control
8.2 Model Based Predictive Control
8.1 Control of Side-streams
8.2 Extractive/Azeotropic Systems
9 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 SYMPTOMS OF IMBALANCE AND THE REGULATORY VARIABLES
2 PRACTICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN CONTROL
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Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF PURELY VISCOUS
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
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4.2 Rheological Models
5 PRESSURE DROP-FLOW RATE RELATIONSHIPS
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6 PRESSURE DROP – FLOW RATE RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON RHEOLOGICAL MODELS
7 LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS
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7.3 Contraction Losses
7.4 Valves
7.5 Bends
8 EFFECT OF WALL SLIP
9 VELOCITY PROFILES
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9.2 Velocity Profile from Rheological Model
9.3 Residence Time Distribution
10 CHECKS ON THE VALIDITY OF THE
DESIGN PROCEDURES
10.1 Rheological Behavior
10.2 Validity of Experimental Data
10.2 Check on Laminar Flow
11 NOMENCLATURE
12 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 FLOW CURVES FOR PURELY VISCOUS FLUIDS
2 PLOTS OF D∆P/4L VERSUS 32Q/ɳD3 FOR PURELY VISCOUS FLUIDS
3 LOG-LOG PLOT OF t VERSUS ý
4 FLOW CURVE FOR A BINGHAM PLASTIC
5 LOG-LOG PLOT FOR A GENERALIZED BINGHAM
PLASTIC
6 CORRELATION OF ENTRANCE LOSS
7 CORRELATION OF EXPANSION LOSS
8 EFFECT OF “WALL SLIP” ON VELOCITY PROFILE
9 D∆P/4L VERSUS Q/ɳR3 WITH WALL SLIP
10 EVALUATION OFUs WITH Ʈw
11 VARIATION OF Us WITH Ʈw
12 PLOT OF D∆P/4L VERSUS 8 (ū- Us)/D FOR
CONDITIONS OF WALL SLIP
13 CUMULATIVE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION
TO POWER LAW FLUIDS
14 EFFECTS OF TUBE LENGTH AND DIAMETER ON
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN D∆P/4L AND 32Q/ɳD3
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We are implementing ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management Standard & manufacture mechanical seal according to international Quality and safety standards with same design and fitting.(EN 12756-DIN24960,API-682, and ISO 3069.)
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Mission and Vision :
We tend to work in close co-ordination with our clients to offer unique fluid handling solutions.
We aim to fulfill our commitment of providing superior quality products to our clients at the optimum cost.
Our Team :
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Infrastructure :
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Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
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4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
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Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
5 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 Pressure Drop
5.2 Deep Vacuum
5.3 Hydraulic Capacity
5.4 Mass Transfer Efficiency
5.5 Turndown
5.6 Flow Regimes on Trays
5.7 Foaming
5.8 Two Liquid Phases
5.9 Scale Effects
5.10 Liquid Hold-up
5.11 Heat Transfer and Packed Columns
6 DISTILLATION TRAYS
6.1 Sieve Trays
6.2 Valve Trays
6.3 Dualflow Trays
6.4 Bubble Cap Trays
6.5 Baffle Trays
7 PACKINGS
7.1 Random Packings
7.2 Structured Packings
7.3 Grid Packings
8 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS' PROPRIETARY
DEVICES
8.1 DisTech
8.2 Glitsch
8.3 Koch
8.4 Kuhni
8.5 Norton
8.6 Nutter
8.7 Sulzer
8.8 UOP
9 COLUMN REVAMP
TABLES
1 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
1 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLATION TRAY TYPES
2 EXAMPLES OF PACKING TYPES
3 TWO-STAGE LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
4 EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON LIQUID FILM STABILITY
5 DUALFLOW TRAYS
6 BUBBLE CAP DETAIL
7 BAFFLE TRAYS
Steamturbine
The document discusses steam turbines, including:
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2) The two main types are impulse turbines, where steam pushes against rotor blades from a nozzle, and reaction turbines, where steam flows through both fixed and moving blades.
3) Key components include the casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings, and gearbox. Common problems include stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and thermal fatigue of blades.
Rules of thumb for process engineer
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
Use of nitrogen purge in flare and vent systems
This document discusses replacing the use of fuel gas with nitrogen for purging flare and vent systems offshore in Denmark. Using nitrogen would eliminate greenhouse gas emissions but require investments in nitrogen generation equipment. It estimates the potential reduction in CO2 emissions is 4000 tonnes per year with a total investment of 50 million Danish kroner. Individual flare and vent headers are analyzed to determine the cost effectiveness of nitrogen purging for each. Prioritizing projects based on the cost per tonne of CO2 reduced, some modifications could be combined to reduce costs. The timeline would depend on approval but investments could be phased in over multiple years.
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This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
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1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
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A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
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3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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This document provides an introduction to flame arrestor technology, including the history and operating principles of flame arrestors. It discusses how Sir Humphry Davy discovered the principle of blocking flame propagation through narrow passages in 1815. Modern flame arrestors operate on the same principle, removing heat from the flame as it attempts to pass through narrow passages. The document outlines the different types of flame arrestors, how flames propagate when unconfined versus confined, and the development stages a confined flame can reach.
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1) Information about reboilers, there types.
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Propane propylene splitter
uncompleted work relation nowdays. This is a preavious version for an ultimated one that will be uploaded sooner.
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This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
Troubleshooting of Packed Distillation Column
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
Hydrogenation Reactor Design Considerations
Fixed Bed Reactor Internals
Inlet Distributor Design
Debris Collector Design
Inert Balls
Catalyst Separation Screens
Catalyst Bed Supports
Outlet Collector
Liquid Re-distributor
Catalyst Un-Loading Connections
Void Space
Gas Compressor Calculations Tutorial
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
HTRI PRESENTATION.pdf
This document provides an overview of using HTRI software to perform thermal design of heat exchangers. It discusses specifying the geometry, process conditions, and fluid properties required for rating, designing, or simulating shell and tube heat exchangers. Key aspects covered include baffle types, temperature profiles, mean temperature differences, and outputs such as duty, heat transfer area, and pressure drop. The goal is to demonstrate the inputs and calculations used in HTRI to analyze heat exchanger performance.
Orifice Restrictors - Design Guidelines
ORIFICE RESTRICTOR: DESIGN GUIDELINES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
INLET FLUID PHASE(S)
FLOWRATE
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MAXIMUM
UPSTREAM DENSITY
UPSTREAM COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.
IS RESTRICTOR PART OF SAFETY SYSTEM?
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
CALCULATED ORIFICE DIAMETER
Large Water Pumps
Large Water Pumps
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 Cooling Water
2.2 Brine
2.3 Estuary Water
2.4 Harbor Water
2.5 Oil-field water
3 CALCULATION OF DUTY
4 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
4.1 Type of Pump
4.2 Points to Consider
4.3 Number of Pumps
5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM
5.1 Check List for Each Pump
6 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 HORIZONTAL, AXIALLY SPLIT CASING PUMPS
7.1 Pressure Casing
7.2 Bolting
7.3 Flanges and Connections
7.4 Rotating Elements
7.5 Wear Rings
7.6 Running Clearances
7.7 Mechanical Seals
7.8 Packed Glands
7.9 Bearings and Bearing Housings
7.10 Lubrication
7.11 Couplings
7.12 Guards
7.13 Baseplates
7.14 Flywheels
8 VERTICAL PUMPS
8.1 General
8.2 Pressure Casing
8.3 Bolting
8.4 Flanges and Connections
8.5 Rotating Element
8.6 Packed Glands
8.7 Bearings and Bearing Housings
8.8 Pump Head
8.9 Column Pipes
8.10 Line Shaft and Couplings
8.11 Reverse Rotation
8.12 Gearboxes
9 MATERIALS
9.1 Castings
9.2 Casings
9.3 Impellers
9.4 Shafts
9.5 Shaft Sleeves
9.6 Bolts and Nuts
10 DRIVERS
10.1 Electric Motor Drives
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES:
A COOLING WATER - EUROPEAN SITE
B TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY
C FLYWHEEL INERTIA FOR PRESSURE SURGE ABATEMENT
D RESIN COATING OF CASINGS FOR WATER PUMPS
E AREA RATIO METHOD
F NOTES ON PUMP IMPELLERS CASTINGS
G LIMIT ON SHAFT DIAMETER FOR HORIZONTAL PUMPS HAVING
ONE DOUBLE-ENTRY IMPELLER SUPPORTED BETWEEN BEARINGS
H FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS ON RISING MAIN ASSEMBLY
I POWER COSTS
J PUTATIVE COST COMPARISON SHEET
K TECHNICAL COMPARISON SHEETS
FIGURES
2.1 VAPOR TEMPERATURE CURVES
2.2 DENSITY TEMPERATURE CURVES
3.1 TYPICAL HEAD OF PUMPS
3.2 TOTAL HEAD OF VERTICAL IMMERSED PUMP
3.3 TYPICAL TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY LEVELS
3.5 SUBMERGENCE LIMITS
4.1 TYPES OF PUMP
4.2 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
5.1 TYPICAL LINE DIAGRAM
6 GUIDE TO SUCTION PIPEWORK DESIGN
7 CASING AND IMPELLER DETAILS
8.1 DRY WELL AND WET WELL PUMP INSTALLATIONS
8.2 BELLMOUTH DIMENSIONS FOR VERTICAL INTAKES
8.3 MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN SHAFT GUIDE BUSHING
8.4 LINE SHAFT COUPLING
9 TYPICAL VOLUTE CASING
10 TYPICAL CASE WEAR RINGS
11 SEAL AREA
TABLES
1 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (25% W/W)
2 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (20% W/W)
3 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (16.25% W/W)
4 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (15% W/W)
5 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (10% W/W)
6 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (5% W/W)
7 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
8 RECOMMENDED CAST MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE PUMP INDUSTRY
GRAPHS
1 GUIDE TO ROTOR INERTIA
2 LIMITS BETWEEN BEARINGS
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DESIGN GUIDE
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Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF PURELY VISCOUS
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
4.1 Experimental Characterization
4.2 Rheological Models
5 PRESSURE DROP-FLOW RATE RELATIONSHIPS
BASED DIRECTLY ON EXPERIMENTAL DATA
5.1 Use of Shear Stress – Shear Rate Data
5.2 Tubular Viscometer Data
6 PRESSURE DROP – FLOW RATE RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON RHEOLOGICAL MODELS
7 LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS
7.1 Entrances Losses
7.2 Expansion Effects
7.3 Contraction Losses
7.4 Valves
7.5 Bends
8 EFFECT OF WALL SLIP
9 VELOCITY PROFILES
9.1 Velocity Profile from Experimental Flow-Curve
9.2 Velocity Profile from Rheological Model
9.3 Residence Time Distribution
10 CHECKS ON THE VALIDITY OF THE
DESIGN PROCEDURES
10.1 Rheological Behavior
10.2 Validity of Experimental Data
10.2 Check on Laminar Flow
11 NOMENCLATURE
12 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 FLOW CURVES FOR PURELY VISCOUS FLUIDS
2 PLOTS OF D∆P/4L VERSUS 32Q/ɳD3 FOR PURELY VISCOUS FLUIDS
3 LOG-LOG PLOT OF t VERSUS ý
4 FLOW CURVE FOR A BINGHAM PLASTIC
5 LOG-LOG PLOT FOR A GENERALIZED BINGHAM
PLASTIC
6 CORRELATION OF ENTRANCE LOSS
7 CORRELATION OF EXPANSION LOSS
8 EFFECT OF “WALL SLIP” ON VELOCITY PROFILE
9 D∆P/4L VERSUS Q/ɳR3 WITH WALL SLIP
10 EVALUATION OFUs WITH Ʈw
11 VARIATION OF Us WITH Ʈw
12 PLOT OF D∆P/4L VERSUS 8 (ū- Us)/D FOR
CONDITIONS OF WALL SLIP
13 CUMULATIVE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION
TO POWER LAW FLUIDS
14 EFFECTS OF TUBE LENGTH AND DIAMETER ON
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN D∆P/4L AND 32Q/ɳD3
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS_Prefer02.pdf
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the most common type of heat exchanger, consisting of tubes in a shell. Heat is transferred from the hot fluid inside the tubes to the cooler fluid outside without direct contact between the fluids. Other major types include double-pipe exchangers, plate and frame exchangers, and air-cooled exchangers. Spiral heat exchangers provide an alternative for applications where fouling is a problem due to their long, spiraling flow paths.
Catalogue of micro seals full
Company Profile :
Micro Seal is one of the leading Designers & Suppliers of world-class Mechanical Seals, Seal Support system for Pumps, Compressors,Agitators, Mixers and Reactors.
We are implementing ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management Standard & manufacture mechanical seal according to international Quality and safety standards with same design and fitting.(EN 12756-DIN24960,API-682, and ISO 3069.)
We have computer aided design facility for designing and developing mechanical seal to meet and fulfill customer requirements.
Our Product :
We offer a complete line of Mechanical seals including cartridge seals, dry-running seals, metal bellow seals, elastomer bellows Seal, Teflon bellows Seal, conical spring seal, , agitator seal, cartridge seal for diverse application in a wide range of industries.
We Manufacture Mechanical Seals as per our own design as well as equivalent to reputed international brand like John Crane, Sealol, Durametallic, eagle Burgmann,, Flowserve, AES, US Seal, Roten etc. as per sample or drawing.
Mission and Vision :
We tend to work in close co-ordination with our clients to offer unique fluid handling solutions.
We aim to fulfill our commitment of providing superior quality products to our clients at the optimum cost.
Our Team :
Our team comprises of qualified and experienced professionals, who continuously work for the development of the company.
Infrastructure :
Our State-of-the-art infrastructure is located in the industrial hub of Mumbai. we have well equipped insfrastructure with modern machineries and equipment for manufacturing and testing facilities.
Catalyst unloading details
1) The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for unloading the catalyst from a synthesis converter, including cooling down the catalyst bed, purging the synthesis loop with inert gas, dismantling connected pipelines and valves, and preparing for catalyst extraction.
2) The first basket catalyst is extracted using a vacuum system with inert gas bleed and safety precautions like breathing apparatus and safety ropes for workers inside the converter.
3) Once the first basket catalyst is extracted, the second basket catalyst is extracted following similar safety procedures, and then the second basket is removed along with the low pressure shell.
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Gas Compression Stages – Process Design & Optimization
The following tutorial demonstrates how to estimate the required number of compression stages and optimize the individual pressure ratio in a multistage centrifugal compression system.
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
5 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 Pressure Drop
5.2 Deep Vacuum
5.3 Hydraulic Capacity
5.4 Mass Transfer Efficiency
5.5 Turndown
5.6 Flow Regimes on Trays
5.7 Foaming
5.8 Two Liquid Phases
5.9 Scale Effects
5.10 Liquid Hold-up
5.11 Heat Transfer and Packed Columns
6 DISTILLATION TRAYS
6.1 Sieve Trays
6.2 Valve Trays
6.3 Dualflow Trays
6.4 Bubble Cap Trays
6.5 Baffle Trays
7 PACKINGS
7.1 Random Packings
7.2 Structured Packings
7.3 Grid Packings
8 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS' PROPRIETARY
DEVICES
8.1 DisTech
8.2 Glitsch
8.3 Koch
8.4 Kuhni
8.5 Norton
8.6 Nutter
8.7 Sulzer
8.8 UOP
9 COLUMN REVAMP
TABLES
1 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
1 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLATION TRAY TYPES
2 EXAMPLES OF PACKING TYPES
3 TWO-STAGE LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
4 EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON LIQUID FILM STABILITY
5 DUALFLOW TRAYS
6 BUBBLE CAP DETAIL
7 BAFFLE TRAYS
Steamturbine
The document discusses steam turbines, including:
1) A steam turbine converts the energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through expanding steam in a series of fixed and moving blades.
2) The two main types are impulse turbines, where steam pushes against rotor blades from a nozzle, and reaction turbines, where steam flows through both fixed and moving blades.
3) Key components include the casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings, and gearbox. Common problems include stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and thermal fatigue of blades.
Rules of thumb for process engineer
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
Use of nitrogen purge in flare and vent systems
This document discusses replacing the use of fuel gas with nitrogen for purging flare and vent systems offshore in Denmark. Using nitrogen would eliminate greenhouse gas emissions but require investments in nitrogen generation equipment. It estimates the potential reduction in CO2 emissions is 4000 tonnes per year with a total investment of 50 million Danish kroner. Individual flare and vent headers are analyzed to determine the cost effectiveness of nitrogen purging for each. Prioritizing projects based on the cost per tonne of CO2 reduced, some modifications could be combined to reduce costs. The timeline would depend on approval but investments could be phased in over multiple years.
Amine sweetening unit operation
This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Flame arrestor
This document provides an introduction to flame arrestor technology, including the history and operating principles of flame arrestors. It discusses how Sir Humphry Davy discovered the principle of blocking flame propagation through narrow passages in 1815. Modern flame arrestors operate on the same principle, removing heat from the flame as it attempts to pass through narrow passages. The document outlines the different types of flame arrestors, how flames propagate when unconfined versus confined, and the development stages a confined flame can reach.
Thermosyphon Reboiler & its type with operational parameter.
1) Information about reboilers, there types.
2) Mainly Concentrate on Thermosyphon reboiler and its type, operational characteristics.
Propane propylene splitter
uncompleted work relation nowdays. This is a preavious version for an ultimated one that will be uploaded sooner.
GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES
This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
Troubleshooting of Packed Distillation Column
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
Hydrogenation Reactor Design Considerations
Fixed Bed Reactor Internals
Inlet Distributor Design
Debris Collector Design
Inert Balls
Catalyst Separation Screens
Catalyst Bed Supports
Outlet Collector
Liquid Re-distributor
Catalyst Un-Loading Connections
Void Space
Gas Compressor Calculations Tutorial
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
HTRI PRESENTATION.pdf
This document provides an overview of using HTRI software to perform thermal design of heat exchangers. It discusses specifying the geometry, process conditions, and fluid properties required for rating, designing, or simulating shell and tube heat exchangers. Key aspects covered include baffle types, temperature profiles, mean temperature differences, and outputs such as duty, heat transfer area, and pressure drop. The goal is to demonstrate the inputs and calculations used in HTRI to analyze heat exchanger performance.
What's hot (20)
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Gas Compression Stages – Process Design & Optimization
Gas Compression Stages – Process Design & Optimization
Thermosyphon Reboiler & its type with operational parameter.
Thermosyphon Reboiler & its type with operational parameter.
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Orifice Restrictors - Design Guidelines
ORIFICE RESTRICTOR: DESIGN GUIDELINES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
INLET FLUID PHASE(S)
FLOWRATE
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MAXIMUM
UPSTREAM DENSITY
UPSTREAM COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.
IS RESTRICTOR PART OF SAFETY SYSTEM?
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
CALCULATED ORIFICE DIAMETER
Large Water Pumps
Large Water Pumps
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 Cooling Water
2.2 Brine
2.3 Estuary Water
2.4 Harbor Water
2.5 Oil-field water
3 CALCULATION OF DUTY
4 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
4.1 Type of Pump
4.2 Points to Consider
4.3 Number of Pumps
5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM
5.1 Check List for Each Pump
6 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 HORIZONTAL, AXIALLY SPLIT CASING PUMPS
7.1 Pressure Casing
7.2 Bolting
7.3 Flanges and Connections
7.4 Rotating Elements
7.5 Wear Rings
7.6 Running Clearances
7.7 Mechanical Seals
7.8 Packed Glands
7.9 Bearings and Bearing Housings
7.10 Lubrication
7.11 Couplings
7.12 Guards
7.13 Baseplates
7.14 Flywheels
8 VERTICAL PUMPS
8.1 General
8.2 Pressure Casing
8.3 Bolting
8.4 Flanges and Connections
8.5 Rotating Element
8.6 Packed Glands
8.7 Bearings and Bearing Housings
8.8 Pump Head
8.9 Column Pipes
8.10 Line Shaft and Couplings
8.11 Reverse Rotation
8.12 Gearboxes
9 MATERIALS
9.1 Castings
9.2 Casings
9.3 Impellers
9.4 Shafts
9.5 Shaft Sleeves
9.6 Bolts and Nuts
10 DRIVERS
10.1 Electric Motor Drives
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES:
A COOLING WATER - EUROPEAN SITE
B TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY
C FLYWHEEL INERTIA FOR PRESSURE SURGE ABATEMENT
D RESIN COATING OF CASINGS FOR WATER PUMPS
E AREA RATIO METHOD
F NOTES ON PUMP IMPELLERS CASTINGS
G LIMIT ON SHAFT DIAMETER FOR HORIZONTAL PUMPS HAVING
ONE DOUBLE-ENTRY IMPELLER SUPPORTED BETWEEN BEARINGS
H FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS ON RISING MAIN ASSEMBLY
I POWER COSTS
J PUTATIVE COST COMPARISON SHEET
K TECHNICAL COMPARISON SHEETS
FIGURES
2.1 VAPOR TEMPERATURE CURVES
2.2 DENSITY TEMPERATURE CURVES
3.1 TYPICAL HEAD OF PUMPS
3.2 TOTAL HEAD OF VERTICAL IMMERSED PUMP
3.3 TYPICAL TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY LEVELS
3.5 SUBMERGENCE LIMITS
4.1 TYPES OF PUMP
4.2 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
5.1 TYPICAL LINE DIAGRAM
6 GUIDE TO SUCTION PIPEWORK DESIGN
7 CASING AND IMPELLER DETAILS
8.1 DRY WELL AND WET WELL PUMP INSTALLATIONS
8.2 BELLMOUTH DIMENSIONS FOR VERTICAL INTAKES
8.3 MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN SHAFT GUIDE BUSHING
8.4 LINE SHAFT COUPLING
9 TYPICAL VOLUTE CASING
10 TYPICAL CASE WEAR RINGS
11 SEAL AREA
TABLES
1 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (25% W/W)
2 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (20% W/W)
3 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (16.25% W/W)
4 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (15% W/W)
5 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (10% W/W)
6 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (5% W/W)
7 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
8 RECOMMENDED CAST MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE PUMP INDUSTRY
GRAPHS
1 GUIDE TO ROTOR INERTIA
2 LIMITS BETWEEN BEARINGS
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DESIGN GUIDE
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CRITICAL MACHINE SYSTEMS
5 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
5.1 Protection Against Over Pressure
5.2 Protection Against High or Low Temperature
5.3 Displacement Measuring Devices
5.4 Vibration Detection Devices
5.5 Pulsation Dampers
5.6 Knock-out Pots
5.7 Special Considerations for Dry Vacuum Pumps
6 DYNAMIC MACHINES
6.1 Dynamic Pumps
6.2 Sealless Pumps
6.3 Dynamic Compressors and Blowers
6.4 Gas Turbines/Expanders and Steam Turbines
7 CENTRIFUGES
8 LARGE ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ALTERNATORS
9 GEARBOXES
10 OIL LUBRICATED PLAIN BEARINGS AND LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEMS
11 SEALS AND SEALANT SYSTEMS
12 CONDITION MONITORING
13 TRIP AND ALARM SCHEDULES FOR ALL MACHINE
SYSTEMS
14 TESTING OF PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR MACHINES
14.1 All Machines
14.2 Critical Machines
15 MACHINES SAFETY DOCUMENTS
APPENDICES
A EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DIRECTIVES
B REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
C REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR DYNAMIC MACHINES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Suspensions Processing Guide - Basic Principles & Test Methods
This document provides an overview of methods for assessing the compressive strength of sediments and cakes formed during solid-liquid separation processes. It discusses defining and measuring the compressive yield stress of the solid phase, which characterizes its resistance to compression. A key method involves centrifuging samples at varying speeds and measuring sediment heights to obtain the yield stress as a function of solids concentration. Alternative approaches involve directly measuring pressure vs concentration during filtration or indirectly estimating the yield stress from measurements of shear modulus. Understanding the compressive strength enables better design, selection and scale-up of separation processes.
Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's
Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's
0 INTRODUCTION
1 NATURE OF SURFACE FORCES
2 STABILITY AND THE STATE OF DISPERSION OF
SUSPENDED PARTICLES
3 MECHANISMS OF FLOCCULATION
4 STRUCTURE OF FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS
4.1 Dilute Suspensions
4.2 Concentrated Suspensions
5 STRUCTURE OF STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF
MONODISPERSE PARTICULATES
6 SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES
7 PARTICLE PACKING
8 RHEOLOGY
8.1 Basic Rheological Concepts
8.2 Colloidally Stable Suspensions
8.2.1 Spherical Particles of around 1 µm
8.2.2 Effect of Particle Size Distribution
8.2.3 Effect of Particle Shape
8.2.4 Submicron Particles
8.2.5 Very Concentrated Systems
8.3 Rheology of Flocculated / Aggregated Systems
8.3.1 Dilute Flocculated Systems
8.3.2 Concentrated Flocculated Systems
8.3.3 Time and History Effects
8.3.4 Slip and Fracture
8.3.5 Behavior of Flocculated Cakes in Compression
8.4 Summary of Rheology
Deflocculated Suspensions
Flocculated Suspensions
9 SEDIMENTATION OF SMALL PARTICLES
9.1 Very Dilute Particles
9.2 Concentrated Systems
9.3 Polydisperse Systems
9.4 Flocculated Systems
10 ELECTROKINETIC BEHAVIOR
11 A NOTE ON MAKING DISPERSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
12 References
13 Figures
Fig 1a Potential Energy Diagram for Steric Stabilization
Fig 1b PE Diagram for Electrostatic Stabilization
Fig 1c Combined Stabilization
Fig 2&3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOCCULATION MECHANISM IN WHICH POLYMERIC SPECIES ARE INVOLVED
Fig 4 Rheological Behavior
Fig 5 Relative Viscosity versus Volume Fraction for Polystyrene Spheres in Water
Fig 6 Time Dependent Flow Behavior of Very Concentrated Suspensions
Fig 7 Flow curves for Flocculated Dispersions
Reactor and Catalyst Design
Reactor and Catalyst Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CATALYST DESIGN
4.1 Equivalent Pellet Diameter
4.2 Voidage
4.3 Pellet Density
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 CATALYST SUPPORT
6.1 Choice of Support
TABLES
1 CATALYST SUPPORT SHAPES
2 SECONDARY REFORMER SPREADSHEET
FIGURES
1 GRAPH OF EFFECTIVENESS v THIELE MODULUS
2 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST SIZE
3 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST BED VOIDAGE
4 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH VESSEL DIAMETER
Sedimentation
"SEDIMENTATION"
INTRODUCTION - THE PHENOMENON OF SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the physical process whereby solid particles, of greater density than their suspending medium, will tend to separate into regions of higher concentration under the influence of gravity. As a solids/liquids separation technique it therefore possesses the great advantage of utilizing a natural, and therefore costless, driving force. This section of the suspension processing Guide is Intended to provide an Introduction to the science of the subject, and the means to judge where and how best to exploit sedimentation as a separation (or other processing) technique.
As a scientific discipline the subject of sedimentation is vast with perspectives ranging from the field of chemical engineering through to theoretical physics being covered In the literature [1-11]. Good reviews of the subject, with a bias towards the engineering aspects, have been written by Fitch and Koz [12, 13]. A short summary of some of the more relevant contributions from the literature is also provided in GBHE-SPG-PEG-302 “Basic Principles & Test Methods”, of the Suspensions Processing Guides.
.
The sedimentation process is traditionally divided into ..."
Equinix and Customers to Present on "Mobility" at PTC '13.
Equinix, Inc. (Nasdaq: EQIX), the global interconnection and data center company, has announced the company will present at the Pacific Telecommunications Council’s annual conference, PTC’13, being held Jan. 20-23, 2013, in Honolulu, HI.
The Preliminary Choice of Fan or Compressor
The Preliminary Choice of Fan or Compressor
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 METHOD FOR PRELIMINARY SELECTION
OF COMPRESSOR
5 PROCESS DATA SHEET
5.1 Essential Data for the Completion of a
Process Data Sheet
5.2 Gas Properties
5.3 Discharge Requirements
6 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF FAN AND
COMPRESSOR TYPE
6.1 Essential Data for Preliminary Selection
7 FAN AND COMPRESSOR APPLICATIONS
7.1 Fans
7.2 Centrifugal Compressors
7.3 Axial Compressors
7.4 Reciprocating Compressors
7.5 Screw Compressors
7.6 Positive Displacement Blowers
7.7 Sliding Vane Compressors
7.8 Liquid Ring Compressors
8 PROVISION OF INSTALLED SPARES
9 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF COSTS
Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to...
Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to Avoid Fires and Explosions
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR OIL LUBRICATED
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lubricating Oil
4.3 Oil consumption
4.4 Operating Discharge Temperatures
4.5 High Discharge Temperature Trips
4.6 External Visual Inspection of Pipework
4.7 Routine Removal of Carbon Deposits
5 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR OIL FLOODED ROTARY COMPRESSOR
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lubricating Oil
5.3 Oil Consumption
5.4 Oil Change Frequency
5.5 Separator Element Change Frequency
5.6 Operating Discharge Temperatures
5.7 High Discharge Temperature Trip
6 LOG SHEETS
APPENDICES
A EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
B EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR OIL FLOODED ROTARY COMPRESSORS
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
1 SCOPE
2 OIL MIST/AIR MIXTURE EXPLOSIONS
3 PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
3.1 Design
3.2 Maintenance and Operation
FIGURES
1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SPONTANEOUS IGNITION REGION FOR MIXTURES OF LUBRICATING OIL VAPOR IN AIR.
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A Process
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps into a Process
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF PUMP
SECTION A - TYPE/FLOW/PRESSURE/SPEED RATING
Al Pumping Pressure
A2 Pump Flowrate and Capacity
A3 Guide to Pump Speed & Type
A4 Metering Criteria
A5 Pressure Pulsation
A6 Over Delivery
SECTION B - INLET CONDITIONS
B1 Calculation of Basic NPSH
B2 Correction for Frictional Head
B3 Correction for Acceleration Head
B4 Calculation of Available NPSH
B5 Corrections to NPSH for Fluid Properties
B6 Estimation of NPSH Required
B7 Priming
SECTION C - POWER RATING
C1 Pump Efficiency
C2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
C3 Determination of Driver Power Rating
SECTION D - CASING PRESSURE RATING
Dl Calculation of Maximum Discharge Pressure
D2 Discharge Pressure Relief Rating
D3 Calculation of Pump Head Outlet Losses
D4 Casing Hydrostatic Test Pressure
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
FIGURES
A3.1 ESTIMATE OF CRANK SPEED
A3.3 SELECTION OF PUMPING HEAD TYPE
B5.1 ESTIMATE OF VISCOSITY OF FINE SUSPENSIONS
B6 ESTIMATE OF NPSH REQUIRED
C1.1 GRAPH - VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY VS MEAN DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service
Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service
1 SCOPE
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2.1 General
2.2 Pure Hydrocarbons
2.3 Associated Compounds
2.4 Crude Oil
2.5 Toxicology
2.6 Cavitation
2.7 Velocity of Sound
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
3.1 General
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Electrical Area Classification
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
5 LINE DIAGRAM (PROCESS)
6 LAYOUT
7 SHAFT SEALS
7.1 Selection
7.2 Engineering of Seals
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
8.1 General
8.2 Effects of Low Density
9 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
9.1 Process Wetted Parts
9.2 Mechanical Components
9.3 Non Metallic’s
APPENDIX A - BARNARD & WEIR SEAL THEORY FIGURES
1 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HYDROCARBONS
2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS
3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF GASOLINES
4 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS
5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OLEFINE, DI OLEFINES AND PARAFFINS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AROMATICS
7 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR PARAFFINS, AROMATICS
AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
8 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR MINERAL LUBRICATING
OILS
TABLES
1 PURE HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2A CRUDE OILS PROPERTIES
2B NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL, NAPHTHAS AND KEROSENE
2C NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF GAS OILS AND RESIDUES
3 PURE HYROCARBON FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CONSTRUCTION
5 HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP
6 FOULING
7 MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ASPECTS
8 COMPACTNESS
9 FLEXIBILITY
10 COST
11 GBHE EXPERIENCE 5
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN
WAVY PASSAGES
Intercloud ptc 13
This document discusses the history and future of interoperability across cloud computing platforms, also known as "Intercloud". It summarizes that:
1) Intercloud connectivity and federation faces similar challenges to those that the early Internet faced with proprietary networks and solutions.
2) Standards organizations like IEEE and efforts like the Global Intercloud Testbed aim to foster open protocols and arrangements to allow clouds to interconnect and resources to be shared, just as TCP/IP and other protocols enabled the Internet.
3) An example use case of Intercloud is a mobile application accessing cloud resources across providers during travel by using a "roaming" arrangement between the home and local clouds.
Hydrogen Compressors
Hydrogen Compressors
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PHYSICAL ROPERTIES
2.1 Data for Pure Hydrogen
2.2 Influence of Impurities
3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Hydrogen from Electrolytic Cells
3.2 Pure Hydrogen
4 DESIGN
4.1 Pulsation
4.2 Bypass
5 TESTING OR COMMISSIONING RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
6 LUBRICATION
7 LAYOUT
8 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 MOLLIER CHART - HYDROGEN
2 COMPRESSIBILITY CHART
3 NELSON DIAGRAM
4 WATER CONTENT IN HYDROGEN FOR OIL-LUBRICATED COMPRESSORS AS GRAMM/M2 SWEPT CYLINDER AREA
Mechanical Seals
The document provides information on mechanical seals used in engineering applications. It discusses the basic principles of how mechanical seals work, including balance, lubrication, materials selection and heat removal considerations. Mechanical seals are an alternative to packed glands for sealing rotating shafts, with advantages of reduced maintenance costs and leakage but also higher costs and less tolerance for misalignment than packed glands. Key factors that influence the performance of mechanical seals are proper balance to control pressures, adequate lubrication of the seal faces, suitable materials selection based on wettability and corrosion resistance, and removal of frictional heat generated during operation.
Mixing of Gas Liquid Systems
Mixing of Gas Liquid Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FLUID INTERFACE AND REACTION EFFECTS
5 EQUIPMENT SELECTION
6 DESIGN OF BUBBLE COLUMNS
6.1 Recommendations
6.2 Design Procedure
6.3 Mass Transfer and Voidage
6.4 Heat Transfer
6.5 Mixing Patterns
7 DESIGN OF GAS-LIQUID STIRRED VESSELS
(Re > 104 ONLY)
7.1 Recommendations
7.2 Design Procedure
7.3 Mass Transfer
8 DESIGN OF GAS-LIQUID STATIC MIXERS
8.1 Recommendations
8.2 Design Procedure
9 NOMENCLATURE
TABLE
1 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID
CONTACTING DEVICES
FIGURES
1 BUBBLE COLUMN
2 STIRRED VESSEL
3 JET-MIXED VESSEL
4 STATIC MIXER
5 JET EJECTORS
6 THIN FILM
7 THIN FILM
8 DOUGH MIXER
9 IN-LINE DYNAMIC MIXER
10 MULTI-PIPE GAS SPARGER
11 VESSEL GEOMETRY
12 AGITATORS
How to Use the GBHE Mixing Guides
How to Use the GBHE Mixing Guides
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE MIXING GUIDES
4.1 Mixing Guides
4.2 GBHE Mixing and Agitation Manual
5 DEVICE SELECTION
6 MIXING QUESTIONNAIRE
6.1 What is being mixed?
6.2 Why is it being mixed?
6.3 How is it to be mixed?
6.4 Is Heat Transfer Important?
6.5 Is Mixing Time Important?
6.6 Is Inventory Important?
6.7 Is Subsequent Phase Separation Important?
6.8 What Quantities?
6.9 What are the Selection Criteria?
6.10 What Data are required?
7 BASICS
7.1 Bulk Movement
7.2 Shear and Elongation
7.3 Turbulent Diffusion
7.4 Molecular Diffusion
7.5 Mixing Mechanisms
APPENDICES
A ROTATING MIXING DEVICES
B MIXING DEVICES WITHOUT MOVING PARTS
Homogeneous Reactors
The document is a process engineering guide from GBH Enterprises that discusses the design of homogeneous reactors. It provides definitions and outlines the key design steps, including determining reaction kinetics, selecting the ideal reactor type based on required residence time and flow pattern, and modeling different reactor configurations. Examples of equipment for gas and liquid phase reactors are also included to aid in the initial selection process.
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Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
Suspensions Processing Guide - Basic Principles & Test Methods
Suspensions Processing Guide - Basic Principles & Test Methods
Equinix and Customers to Present on "Mobility" at PTC '13.
Equinix and Customers to Present on "Mobility" at PTC '13.
Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to...
Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to...
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A Process
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A Process
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Similar to Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
0.1 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans < 500 kW
0.2 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans > 500 kW
0.3 Critical Classification for High Substance Hazard
Reasons
0.4 Centrifugal Blowers
0.5 General Purpose Fans
1 SCOPE 3
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3
3 DEFINITIONS 3
4 PRINCIPLES 4
5 CONDITION MONITORING 4
6 EXAMINATION 4
6.1 Impeller 5
6.2 Shaft and Sleeves 5
6.3 Bearings 5
7 ADDITIONAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
ALL FANS DEEMED CRITICAL FOR HIGH PROCESS
SUBSTANCE HAZARD REASONS 7
7.1 Casing 7
7.2 Dynamic Seals 7
APPENDICES
A EXAMINATION LOGIC DIAGRAM
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
5 ROUGH METHOD OF COLUMN DESIGN
5.1 Sharp Separations
5.2 Sloppy Separations
6 DETAIL DESIGN USING THE CHEMCAD DISTILLATION PROGRAM
6.1 Sharp Separations
6.2 Sloppy Separations
7 COMPLEX COLUMNS
7.1 Multiple Feeds
7.2 Sidestream Take-Offs
8 DESIGN USING A LABORATORY COLUMN
SIMULATION
9 DESIGN USING ACTUAL PLANT DATA
9.1 Uprating or Debottlenecking Exercises
10 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A WORKED EXAMPLE
B SLOPPY SEPARATIONS
C SIMULATION USING PLANT DATA : CASE HISTORIES
TABLES
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THEORY
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Batch Distillation
Batch Distillation
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN
4.1 General
4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation
4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy
4.4 Method of design
4.5 Scope of calculations required for design
5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION
6.1 General
6.2 Approximate methods
6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model
6.4 Other factors influencing the design
6.4.1 Occupation
6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping
6.4.3 Batch size
6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy
6.4.5 Liquid Holdup
6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time
6.4.7 Column operating pressure
6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still
6.6 Special design problems
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN
7.1 Kettle reboilers
7.2 Column Internals
7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes
8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN
BATCH DISTILLATION
9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
The purpose of this checklist is to identify the stages and potential problems associated with the scale up of fixed bed reactors from the drawing board to the full scale plant, and to determine how they should be checked.
The checking can be done using various methods. These are:
• Literature data.
• Lab testing.
• Calculation.
• Modeling.
• Semi-tech testing.
• Piloting or Sidestream testing.
Identifying the stages that need to be addressed for a particular catalyst/reactor development will help in estimating the time needed for the development of the reactor
Cast White Metal Bearings
Cast White Metal Bearings
1 SCOPE
2 BACKING MATERIAL
3 SURFACE
4 THICKNESS
5 CLEANING PROCEDURE
6 TINNING
7 WHITE METAL
8 BOND SOUNDNESS
9 WITNESSED INSPECTION
10 MACHINING
11 FINAL INSPECTION OF BOND FOR SEAL RINGS
APPENDIX
A - METHOD OF CALCULATING REFLECTANCE RATIO
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN
Case Study #0618416GB/H
Contents
1. SMR Pre-Reformer Design
2. Inlet Baffle Design
3. Outlet Collector
4. Hold Down Grating
5. Floating Hold Down Screen
6. Catalyst Drop Out Nozzle
7. Thermowell Detail
8. Technical Performance requirements
9. SMR Pre-Reformer Isolation
Technical Review and Commentary on Proposed Design
APPENDIX
A. Operating / Mechanical Data
B. Materials Specifications
C. Fabrication and Inspection Requirements
D. Weights
E. Nozzle Data
F. Instrument Connections
G. Manholes
Thermal Design Margins for Heat Exchangers
Thermal Design Margins for Heat Exchangers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 TERMINOLOGY
5 REASONS FOR SPECIFYING A DESIGN MARGIN
5.1 Instantaneous Rates
5.2 Future Uprating
5.3 Plant Upsets
5.4 Process Control
5.5 Uncertainties in Properties
5.6 Uncertainties in Design Methods
5.7 Fouling
6 COMBINATION OF DESIGN MARGINS
7 CRITICAL AND NON-CRITICAL DUTIES
7.1 General
7.2 Penalties of Over-design
8 OPTIMIZATION OF EXCHANGER DUTY
9 WAYS OF PROVIDING DESIGN MARGINS
9.1 The Provision of Excess Surface
9.2 Decreasing the Design Temperature Difference
9.3 Increasing the Design Process Throughput
9.4 Increasing the Design Fouling Resistance
9.5 Reducing the Design Process Outlet Temperature Approach
9.6 Adjusting the Physical Properties
10 ACCURACY OF THE DESIGN METHODS FOR SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS
10.1 Pressure Drop
10.2 Heat Transfer
11 SUGGESTED DESIGN MARGINS
11.1 No Phase Change Duties
11.2 Condensers
11.3 Boilers
12 EFFECT OF UNDER- OR OVER-SURFACE ON PERFORMANCE
FIGURES
1 EFFECT OF LENGTH ON EXCHANGER DUTY COUNTERCURRENT FLOW, C* = 1.0
2 EFFECT OF NUMBER OF TUBES ON EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE COUNTERCURRENT FLOW, C* = 1.0, ALL RESISTANCE IN TUBES
3 EFFECT OF TUBE LENGTH ON NUMBER OF TUBES, AREA AND PRESSURE DROP
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 NOTATION
3 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF NUMBER OF FANS
3.1 Volume Flow Q o
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Estimate of Equivalent Pressure Rise Δ P e
3.4 Choice of Fan Type
3.5 Choice of Control Method
4 GAS DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Calculation of Inlet Pressure
4.2 Calculation of Gas Density
4.3 Atmospheric Air Conditions
5 CAPACITY AND PRESSURE RISE RATING
5.1 Calculation of Fan Capacity
5.2 Calculation of Fan Pressure Rise
5.3 Multiple Duty Points
5.4 Stability
5.5 Parallel Operation
6 GUIDE TO FAN SELECTION
6.1 Effect of Gas Contaminants
6.2 Selection of Blade Type
6.3 Selection of Rotational Speed
6.4 Wind milling and Slowroll
6.5 Estimate of Fan External Dimensions
7 POWER RATING
7.1 Estimate of Fan Efficiency
7.2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
7.3 Calculation of Driver Power Rating
7.4 Motor Power Ratings
7.5 Starting Conditions for Electric Motors
8 CASING PRESSURE RATING
8.1 Calculation of Maximum Inlet Pressure ΔP i max
8.2 Calculation of Maximum Pressure Rise Δ P s max
8.3 Calculation of Casing Test Pressure
8.4 Rating for Explosion
9 NOISE RATING
9.1 Estimate of Fan Sound Power Rating LR
9.2 Acceptable Sound Power Level LW
9.3 Acceptable Sound Pressure Level L p
9.4 Assessment of Silencing Requirements
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B FAN LAWS
FIGURES
3.4 GUIDE TO FAN TYPE
4.5 VARIATION OF AIR DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE
6.3.1 DUTY BOUNDARY FOR SINGLE - INLET IMPELLERS
6.3.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD COEFFICIENT AND SPECIFIC SIZE
6.3.6 ROTATIONAL SPEEDS FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH BACK SWEPT VANES
6.3.7 ROTATIONAL SPEED FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH RADIAL VANES
6.3.8 RELATIONSHIP OF IMPELLER TIP SPEED TO SHAPE
6.3.9 BOUNDARY DEFINING ARDUOUS DUTY
7.1 NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE STAGE FAN
7.2 GRAPH: COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY vs PRESSURE RATIO
7.5 GRAPH: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FAN AND MOTOR (wR2) vs kW
Boiler Feedwater Pumps
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE - INTEGRATING.THE PUMP INTO THE SYSTEM
2 AVAILABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF PUMPS
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
4.1 Barske Type
4.2 Peripheral Type
4.3 Multistage Centrifugal Type
4.4 Inlet Booster Pumps
5 DRIVERS
5.1 Steam Turbines
5.2 Electric Motors
5.3 Dual Drivers
6 DUTY
6.1 Differential Head
6.2 Capacity
6.3 NPSH
7 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
7.1 Limit due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
7.2 Minimum Flow Arrangements
7.3 Variable Speed Control
8 TRANSIENT EFFECTS
8.1 Reverse Flow upon Trip
8.2 Flashing
9 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CASINGS
10 INLET STRAINERS AND CASING PIPING CONNECTIONS
10.1 Strainers
10.2 Casing Piping Arrangements
11 SEAL COOLING
11.1 Packed Glands for Category 1 Pumps
11.2 Mechanical Seals
SECTION TWO - PUMP CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
12 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
12.1 Limit Due to First Stage Cavitation Damage
12.2 Limit Due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
13 IMPELLER/DIFFUSER STAGE
13 .1 Local Cavitation
13.2 Labyrinth or Bushing Clearances
13.3 Clearances Affecting Hydraulic Forces
14 ROTOR
14. 1 Rotor Dynamics
14.2 Rotor Mechanical Balance
14.3 Torsional Critical Speeds
14.4 Rotor Assembly
15 GLAND ARRANGEMENTS
15.1 Guarding
15.2 Soft-Packed Glands
15.3 Mechanical Seals for Category 1 Pumps
15.4 Mechanical Seals for Category 2 Pumps
16 AXIAL HYDRAULIC THRUST BALANCE METHODS
16. 1 Opposed Impeller Configuration
16.2 Balance Disc
16.3 Balance Piston
17 CASING
17.1 Casing Type
17.2 Casing Connections
18 MATERIALS
19 DRIVER CONSIDERATIONS
Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a Process
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF COMPRESSOR TYPE
2.1 Parameters
2.2 Preliminary Choice of Machine Type
2.3 Review of Other Types of Compressor
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF COMPRESSORS
3.1 Influence of Reliability Classification
3.2 Driver Considerations
3.3 Deterioration of Standby Machines
4 EFFECTS OF PROCESS GAS COMPOSITION
4.1 Particulate Contamination
4.2 Droplets in Suspension
4.3 Polymer Deposit
4.4 Molecular Weight Variation
4.5 Compressibility Variation
4.6 Gas Dryness
4.7 Gas Solution in Lubricating Oil for Cylinder and Gland
5 THROUGHPUT REGULATION
5.1 Inlet Line Throttle Valve
5.2 Inlet Line Cut-off Valve
5.3 Compressor Inlet Valve Lifter
5.4 Clearance Volume Variation
5.5 Speed Variation
5.6 Bypass
5.7 Hybrid Regulation Systems
6 PRINCIPAL FEATURES
6.1 Calculate Discharge Gas Temperature
6.2 Choice of Number of Stages
6.3 Configuration
6.4 Valve Operation Limit on Piston Speed
6.5 Limits for Mean Piston Speed
6.6 Estimation of Volumetric Efficiency
6.7 Estimation of Crankshaft Rotational Speed
6.8 Calculation of Piston Diameter
6.9 Choice of Number of Cylinders
7 DRIVER TYPE
7.1 Electric Motors
7.2 Steam Turbines
7.3 Special Drivers
8 VESSELS
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B CONDITIONS FOR LUBRICATED CYLINDERS AND GLANDS
C ESTIMATE OF LUBE OIL CONTAMINATION OF PROCESS GAS
D INFLUENCE OF GAS COMPOSITION AND MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
ON FILLED PTFE PISTON RING SEALS
E LIMITS ON GAS TEMPERATURES
FIGURES
1 SELECTION CHART
2 DESIGN SEQUENCE 1 - ESTIMATE NUMBER OF STAGES
3 DESIGN SEQUENCE 2 - ESTIMATE CYLINDER SIZES
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
This document discusses optimization strategies for catalytic reforming processes in oil refineries. It outlines best practices for identifying and monitoring critical variables, and provides examples of critical variables like catalyst activity and recycle gas composition. The document also discusses principles of reformer optimization like defining objectives, layered management practices, and optimizing operations. Overall it provides guidance on monitoring performance, catalyst management, and using online optimization to improve profitability of refinery catalytic reforming units.
Pressure Systems
This document provides guidance on implementing procedures for managing critical pressure systems as outlined in PEG 4. It covers the design, manufacture, repair, modification and periodic examination of pressure vessels, piping systems, and pressure relief streams. Key requirements include using recognized standards, qualified personnel, design verification, registration of equipment, and periodic inspections to ensure safety. The document is intended to support the development of detailed local engineering procedures for managing pressure equipment over its lifecycle.
Gas Mixing
Gas Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
PLUG FLOW
5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
BACKMIXED INITIAL ZONE
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SUITABILITY FOR AIR COOLING
4.1 Options Available For Cooling
4.2 Choice of Cooling System
5 SPECIFICATION OF AN AIR COOLED HEAT
EXCHANGER
5.1 Description and Terminology
5.2 General
5.3 Thermal Duty and Design Margins
5.4 Process Pressure Drop
5.5 Design Ambient Conditions
5.6 Process Physical Properties
5.7 Mechanical Design Constraints
5.8 Arrangement
5.9 Air Side Fouling
5.10 Economic Factors in Design
6 CONTROL
7 PRESSURE RELIEF
8 ASSESSMENT OF OFFERS
8.1 General
8.2 Manual Checking Of Designs
8.3 Computer Assessment
8.4 Bid Comparison
9 FOULING AND CORROSION
9.1 Fouling
9.2 Corrosion
10 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
10.1 Performance Testing
10.2 Air-Side Cleaning
10.3 Mechanical Maintenance
10.4 Tube side Access
11 REFERENCES
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
This document provides an engineering design guide for pumps used in ammonium nitrate service. It discusses the properties of ammonium nitrate and its solutions, including decomposition, combustion, detonation, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and freezing point. It also covers the calculation of pump duty, choice of pump type (centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating), recommended line diagrams, construction features of different pump types, materials of construction, and appendices on bearing lubricants. The guide is intended to help with the integration and design of pump systems for handling ammonium nitrate and its solutions in industrial processes.
Centrifugation
SYNOPSIS
The principles underlying centrifugal separation of particulate species are briefly considered, and the main types of separator available are noted. The procedures available for scale-up from laboratory or semi-technical data are then discussed in detail with particular reference to perhaps the most important class of machine for fine particle processing: the disc-nozzle centrifuge.
Starting with the basic concepts behind their design, discussion follows to explain the factors which may limit centrifuge performance. It is shown how a few simple; laboratory scale tests can give a valuable insight into the design and operation of full-scale industrial machines.
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF PUMP
SECTION A - INLET CONDITIONS
Al Calculation of Basic Nett Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
A2 Correction to Basic NPSH for Temperature Rise at Pump Inlet
A3 Correction to Basic NPSH for Acceleration Head
A4 Calculation of Available NPSH
A5 Correction to NPSH for Fluid Properties
A6 Calculation of Suction Specific Speed
A7 Priming
A8 Submergence
SECTION B – FLOW / HEAD RATING SEQUENCE
B1 Calculation of Static Head
B2 Calculation of Margins for Control
B3 Calculation of Q-H Duty
B4 Stability and Parallel Operation
B5 Corrections to Q-H Duty for Fluid Properties
B6 Guide to Pump Type and Speed
SECTION C – DRIVER POWER RATING
C1 Estimation of Pump Efficiency
C2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
C3 Calculation of Driver Power Rating
C4 Preliminary Power Ratings of Electric Motors
C5 Starting Conditions for Electric Motors
C6 Reverse Flow and Reverse Rotation
SECTION D - CASING PRESSURE RATING
D1 Calculation of Maximum Inlet Pressure
D2 Calculation of Differential Pressure
D3 Pressure Waves
D4 Pressure due to Liquid Thermal Expansion
D5 Casing Hydrostatic Test Pressure
SECTION E – SEALING CONSIDERATIONS
E1 Preliminary Choice of Seal
E2 Fluid Attributes
E3 Definition of Flushing Arrangements
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
Similar to Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers (20)
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a Process
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process
More from Gerard B. Hawkins
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Pressure Relief Systems
This document provides guidelines for engineering design of pressure relief systems. It discusses key principles such as identifying potential overpressure and underpressure causes, sizing relief systems to prevent hazards, and safely disposing of relieved materials. The guidelines cover statutory requirements, recommended design procedures, and documentation standards. The overall goal is to preserve equipment integrity and prevent failure from over or under pressure during all process phases.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
This document discusses common problems that can occur in primary reformers and associated equipment. It identifies issues that can lead to plant shutdowns or efficiency losses, grouping them under catalysts, tubes, furnace boxes, burners, flue gas ducts, headers, and refractories. Some examples discussed include carbon formation, tube overheating, flame impingement, leaks in air preheaters, combustion air maldistribution, and damage to coffins. The document provides an overview of these issues to improve plant reliability over its lifespan.
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El documento describe los procesos de refinería y catalizadores, así como los efectos del envenenamiento y ensuciamiento en el rendimiento de los catalizadores. El envenenamiento reduce la actividad de los catalizadores al bloquear los sitios activos o modificar la química de la superficie, lo que afecta la actividad y selectividad. Los niveles bajos de contaminantes tienen un mayor impacto en catalizadores con menor área de superficie. El envenenamiento también puede causar cambios estructurales en el catalizador y permitir
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
The document discusses adiabatic reactor analysis for methanol synthesis from syngas. It provides the reaction kinetics and calculates conversion, temperature, and reactor volume needed at different conversions. Energy and mass balances are used to derive relationships between conversion, temperature and reaction rate. Data is generated to plot conversion versus volumetric flow rate for reactor sizing. The plot indicates a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) could achieve 85% conversion before switching to a plug flow reactor (PFR) for higher conversion with less volume.
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
The document discusses procedures for steaming Vulcan steam reforming catalysts to recover from sulfur poisoning and carbon formation incidents. It describes maintaining steam flow at 30-40% of design levels and an outlet temperature above 780°C. Gas samples should be taken hourly to monitor CO2, CH4, H2S and SO2. Steaming is complete when CO2 levels stabilize over 2-3 samples after increasing the temperature. The process typically takes 12-24 hours to complete and closely monitors pressure drop and tube conditions. After steaming, the catalyst requires reduction before restarting hydrocarbon feed.
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0601
Pickling & Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY
2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process
2.2 Outline of Methodology
2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology
3 WORKBOOK
4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS
4.1 Start of Stage 1
4.2 Stage 1
4.3 Stage 2
4.3 Stage 3
5 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE
3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH
4 FUNCTION
5 OPERATION
6 FAILURES
7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET)
8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE
9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST
10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS
12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
FIGURES
1 DESIGN PROCESS
2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY.
3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT
5 OPERATING STATES
6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS
7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM
8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD”
9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”.
10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS
11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1)
12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM”
13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Deberes de purificación
Eliminación de azufre
Eliminación de haluro
Reducción de gases - CO, H2
Oxígeno
Mercurio, Arsano
Hidrocarburos insaturados
CO2, oxigenadores
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
The document discusses using immobilized ionic liquids (IILs) in shale gas sweetening reactions. It proposes immobilizing a cobalt catalyst in the surface ionic liquid layer of a solid supported ionic liquid catalyst. This would create a "homogeneous catalyst" dissolved within the fixed IIL layer. Competing reactions like oxidation of sulfides to sulfones would need to be considered. Related work on using similar approaches for hydroformylation reactions is referenced. The concept aims to develop a solid IIL catalyst for sweetening reactions involving oxidation using techniques from other areas like hydroformylation.
GBHE Over View jan_13_español
El documento proporciona una descripción general de los servicios y tecnologías de procesamiento de catalizadores de GBH Enterprises Ltd. (GBHE), incluyendo refinación de petróleo, procesamiento de gas, industrias petroquímicas y venta de catalizadores. GBHE ofrece servicios de ingeniería, soporte técnico y consultoría, así como una línea de catalizadores patentados para aplicaciones como desulfuración y purificación de gas.
More from Gerard B. Hawkins (20)
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
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Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
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Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers
- 1. GBH Enterprises, Ltd. Engineering Design Guide: GBHE-EDP-MAC-3222 Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition (statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
- 2. Engineering Design Guide: Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers CONTENTS 1 SCOPE 2 COST ESTIMATE 2.1 Calculation of Absorbed Power 2.2 Obtaining Basic Cost from Figure 1 APPENDICES A TURBO BLOWER COSTS FIGURES 1 GRAPH SHOWING TURBO BLOWER COSTS VERSUS POWER Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
- 3. 1 SCOPE This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by vendors. 2 COST ESTIMATE This Engineering Guide applies to all lubricated air compressors. 2.1 Calculate 2.2 Obtain Basic Cost from Fig 1 The basic cost is for a single stage, integrally geared blower operating beyond the limit of an arduous duty fan and constructed in standard materials of construction, i.e. cast or fabricated steel casing, forged steel welded impellor, steel shaft running in plain bearings. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
- 4. The cost includes: (a) Blower; (b) Gear box (integral) ; (c) Inlet guide vane control (manual); (d) Couplings and guard ; (e) Lubrication system (base frame mounted); (f) Combination baseplate. APPENDIX Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
- 5. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
- 6. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com