The term ‘correlation’ in its simplest form means “connect or to be connected” . To be more precise, ‘Correlation’ means mutual relations of two or more things/persons. Thus ‘Correlation’ is a mutual relationship between various subjects of school/college curriculum. Purpose Correlation in teaching is a technique which shows reciprocal relationship between various subjects of curriculum for making knowledge concrete and permanent. It is the conscious effort made by teachers teaching various subjects, to show similarities or dependence of one subject on another to make the knowledge concrete and permanent.

1. ORIENTATION
ON
CORRELATION
FOR B.ED. PROGRAMME
BY:
Dr. Rakhi Sawlani

2. CORRELATION
 INTRODUCTION
 MEANING
 DEFINITION
 IMPORTANCE
 TYPES:
 CORRELATION WITH LIFE
 INTERNAL CORRELATION
 EXTERNAL CORRELATION
 EXAMPLES

3. INTRODUCTION: CORRELATION
 Education is a co-ordinated process and the major aim of
Education is the ‘unification of knowledge’ existing in
the different branches of learning.
 Teaching of various subjects is hence correlated and a
conscious effort is made to integrate various subjects to
treat the subject as a synthetic whole.
 HERBERT first conceived the idea of correlating the
teaching of various subjects. All knowledge is one unit.
 The power of the mind does not depend upon the
amount of information accumulated in pieces, not related
to one another, but is rather on well-organised system on
which all these pieces of knowledge are taught, showing
their relationship with one another.

4. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF CORRELATION
o The term ‘correlation’ in its simplest form means “connect or
to be connected” .
 To be more precise, ‘Correlation’ means mutual relations of
two or more things/persons.
 Thus ‘Correlation’ is a mutual relationship between
various subjects of school/college curriculum.
Purpose
 Correlation in teaching is a technique which shows
reciprocal relationship between various subjects of
curriculum for making knowledge concrete and permanent.
 It is the conscious effort made by teachers teaching various
subjects, to show similarities or dependence of one subject
on another to make the knowledge concrete and
permanent.


5. SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRELATION
 To impart unified, integrated and meaningful
knowledge to the pupils.
 A child’s mind is an integrated whole that wants
to receive experiences in an integrated manner.
 Association of ideas
 All round growth and development of child
 Bridging gap between school and society
 Correlation becomes integration when subjects
lose their identities.

7. USES OF CORRELATION
1. Mind perceives knowledge as a whole.
o Mind consists as a whole and so receives knowledge as a
whole.
o All the subjects aim to develop the intellectual power of the
students as a whole.
o Therefore it becomes necessary to correlate one subject with
another. No subject can be taught in isolation.
2. Retention of earlier knowledge
 Fragments of knowledge may accumulate at one place in the
form of distinct layers.
 Since every piece of knowledge is gained through one and the
same mind.
 Failure in establishing links between the current layers of
knowledge and previous ones may be an obstacle to retention
of earlier knowledge.
 Always LINK OLD KNOWLEDGE WITH NEW.

8. USES OF CORRELATION
3. Useful knowledge
Knowledge is useful when it can be applied to day to
day life. Correlation of a subject with daily life helps to
make the knowledge broad-based and makes
knowledge useful.
4. All round development
The aim of education “to achieve the development of an
all round personality”, cannot be done by teaching only a
few subjects in isolation.
5. It helps to achieve unity of knowledge and develops
worthy interests and attitudes in students for acquiring
knowledge, because it provides the practical and life
related learning to the students.

9. USES OF CORRELATION
6. It develops the mental abilities like imagination
power, logical thinking and analytical power of students,
because they can easily correlate one acquired
knowledge with the other.
7. It strengthens skills that students encounter in one
content area but also practice in another, leading to
mastery of those skills.
Eg. skill of making graph in maths and economics
8. It makes learning concrete and permanent.

10. USES OF CORRELATION
9. It makes the lesson easy and clear.
10. It helps to enable the students to acquire knowledge in a
short period of time.
11. Develops various human and social qualities such as co-
operation, citizenship etc.
12. It helps to lighten the burden of curriculum.
e.g. economics teacher having taught ‘the law of demand and
supply’, a commerce teacher may not have to again teach it
from beginning.
13. It helps the teacher to complete the curriculum in
very short period of time.

11. PRINCIPLES OF CORRELATION
 It should be simple, natural, suited to the nature of the
subject and the stage of the pupil’s mental
development.
 It should be adequate and judicious.
 Main topic or main subject should be the main focus.
Other topics/subjects should be linked to it and then
revert again to the main topic.
 It should involve the previous knowledge of the
students.
 It should be done only where it is possible, else it leads
to superficial correlation.

12. Types of Correlation
Correlation with
Practical Life
correlation of the given
subject with daily
activities.
Vertical / Internal
Correlation
correlation between
the different branches
of a given subject.
Horizontal / External
Correlation
correlation between
the given subject and
other subjects

13. CORRELATION WITH PRACTICAL LIFE
 The main aim of education is to prepare students for
future life. This aim can be achieved only if education is
correlated with life. Therefore, teaching of various
subjects should be correlated with various aspects of
life.
 A subject is best understood when it is applicable to
daily life.
 Correlation of any subject with practical life is very
important to create interest in the subject.
 Correlation with daily life makes the subject relevant
instead of being only theory with no practical
applications.

14. Subjects Correlation and Application in Daily Life
Maths Apply the formulas of areas of rectangle or square
to calculate area of classroom, garden, playground or home.
Science Give evidences of the scientific phenomena.
Eg. Condensation – formation of droplets outside the glass filled
with ice cold water. (AC Car)
Eg. Uses of Metals - Aluminium foil to pack foods, Gold in
making jewellery, steel in making utensils
Eg. Effects of light/ noise/ pollution/ hard water on health
Eg. Heat, Energy, Force, Magnet
English Writing formal/informal letters,
Giving speeches
Economics Eg. Unemployment

15. INTERNAL CORRELATION
 This type of correlation indicates the relationship
between different branches ( or various divisions) of a
given subject.
 It also includes correlation of different topics in the
same branch of a given subject.(correlation of old
knowledge with new knowledge)
 Branches of a subject many a times are taught by
different teachers, such that each branch is treated as a
different entity.
 Internal correlation is necessary for continuity of
knowledge and understanding of the subject.

16. Subject Vertical or Internal Correlation
Commerce Correlation between trade, internal trade, external trade and export-
import procedures etc.
Economics Correlation between production, consumption, distribution, exchange,
etc
Science Correlation between physics and chemistry. Eg. Atom and atomic
structure, Electrolysis and Electrochemical cell
Correlation between Biology and Chemistry Eg. Living bodies
Correlation between physics and chemistry
Maths Correlation between Arithmetic and Algebra
Correlation between Algebra and Geometry
History Correlate History of early age to ancient or medieval or modern age
Correlate political history to economic history or social history
Correlate ancient history to economic history
Correlate world history to local history
Geography Correlate physical geography with human geography
Correlate economic geography with political geography
Correlate physical geography with historical geography
Language Correlation between poetry, prose, grammar, composition.

17. HORIZONTAL/EXTERNAL CORRELATION
 This type of correlation is between different school
subjects and a given school subject.
 All subjects of the school curriculum contribute towards
the realization of the aims of education.
 Since they have the same purpose , study of one subject
helps in the study of other subjects.

18. Hist and science Story of earth, diseases, big-bang theory, great inventors
Maths and social
Science subjects
Drawing bar graph to compare Population, Per capita income and
population density, lattitude and longitude,
History and
Geography
A topic on success of Shivaji in history and geographical conditions of
that place.
Topic of Indus Valley Civilization in history could be explained with the
climate and the effect of the climate on the civilization before telling
about the development and the downfall of it.
Science and
Geog
Study of rocks and soils, plant and animal life, barometer, thermometer,
sundial, magnetic needle.
Maths And
science
in converting numbers between exponential form, factor form, and
standard form. Eg. To write the distance between the sun and each
planet using scientific notation1.23x1011
Solving numericals in physics, deriving scientific formula/ equation in
chemistry, calories nutritive values in biology,
Maths and Hist Calculation of dates, occurrence of events
Maths and lang Interpretation of pie chart or data

19. CORRELATION OF ECONOMICS WITH SUBJECTS
Economics
History
science
Maths
geography
statistics
Political
science
Sociology
commerce

20. CORRELATION OF ECONOMICS WITH OTHER SUBJECTS
History Industrial revolution gave a new turn to the history of the world. various
developed powers of Europe started fighting among themselves. first and second
world wars were fought only on account of economic considerations.
Theory of population, India trade and commerce, economic life, forms of
exchange, money, means of transport, industry
Geography India has agricultural based economy because of its climate, rainfall, rivers etc
hence land is very fertile, so contribute to grain stores, but no mines , so less
industries there. Topic of production in economics and geographical factors like
soil, climate, rainfall, rivers could be correlated.
Indian minerals, Indian vegetation, localisation of industry, Indian trade
and commerce, sources of energy, agriculture, sources of irrigation,
crops, economic development, etc
Science Tools - Many of problems related with agriculture have close relationship with
chemistry and physics. due to scientific inventions, lot of growth of economy
takes place.
Commerce Law of demand and supply, Industry and Trade Indian Banking system,
Indian Money, Economic Laws and Theories, etc
Maths Theory of probability used in evaluating insurance policies. Trade cycle, volume
of trade, Drawing bar graph to compare Population, Per capita income and
population density, lattitude and longitude.
Political developmental schemes, problem of distribution, taxation system,