A 101 (or 100.5) on Systems Approaches to Capacity Building for Community Health _Ligia Paina_5.8.14
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Causal loop diagrams are a systems thinking method used to qualitatively conceptualize the internal structure of a system. They focus on visualizing mental models and facilitating consensus building through identifying key variables and causal relationships. Causal loop diagrams indicate the sign and direction of causality and type of feedback in the system. They are used to develop qualitative understanding as part of system dynamics modeling approaches but are not used for simulation. Developing causal loop diagrams is an iterative participatory process involving field studies, identification of variables and linkages, and group model building.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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A 101 (or 100.5) on Systems Approaches to Capacity Building for Community Health _Ligia Paina_5.8.14
- 1. Causal loop diagrams A brief introduction
- 2. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Overview of systems thinking analytical tools
- 3. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Example of applying systems thinking approach “Overview of system dynamics modeling approach”, from: Martinez and Richardson (2013)
- 4. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. What are causal loop diagrams and why are they useful? • System dynamics method used to develop a qualitative conceptualization of a system • Focus on visualizing internal, mental models • Facilitates consensus-building and brainstorming • Can help bring together perspectives and data from different disciplines • Complements “traditional” data collection and analysis
- 5. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. What are causal loop diagrams and why are they useful? • Emphasis on causality and feedback effects • Causal loop diagrams indicate the sign and direction of the causality and the type of feedback in the system • Communication – NOT simulation • Whether modeling is appropriate depends on the question you are trying to solve
- 6. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Paina et al (under review) Dual practice policy in Uganda
- 7. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Rwashana et al (2008) Immunization System CLD
- 8. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Causal loop diagram components • Causality: AB • Changes in B are caused by changes in A • Polarity: + or – • If A and B change in the same direction (either both increase or both decrease), then polarity is + • If A and B change in opposite directions, then polarity is –
- 9. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Causal loop diagram components • Feedback loops – a change in the system catalyzes a cascade through other variables to either reinforce or balance the initial change. • Reinforcing feedback loop (vicious or virtuous) – amplifying effect • Balancing feedback loops – dampening effect
- 10. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Causal loop diagram components • Delays • The effect that A has on B is delayed (||) • Balancing loops are often self-regulating, experience delays
- 11. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Developing a causal loop diagram • Qualitative and quantitative data collected using rigorous methods • Iterative process for identification of key variables and causal linkages • E.g. Rwashana’s dynamic systems methodology • Stage 1 – Problem statement • Stage 2 – Field studies • Stage 3 – Model building ***This is where CLDs come in*** • Stage 4 – Case study • Stage 5&6 – Simulations and Policy analysis • Participatory modeling and diagram development • Group model building • E.g. Peter Hovmand’s work (for example (2012) Hovmand - Group Model-Building ‘Scripts’ as a Collaborative Planning Tool)
- 12. © 2014, Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Learning and management tools – not a focus of this presentation
- How to read a CLD
- Reinforcing if all polarities in the loop are the sameBalancing if not all polarities in the loop are the same