The document discusses various organizational control techniques used by managers. It describes control methods such as budgeting, non-budgetary devices, benchmarking, financial ratio analysis, linear programming, Gantt charts, critical path method, program evaluation and review technique, management by exception, and information technology. Each technique is explained along with its advantages and limitations for organizational control.
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
It is defined as the specification of roles and functions of the nature of job of each individual who has to deliver effectively in order to be retained in the institution.
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
It is defined as the specification of roles and functions of the nature of job of each individual who has to deliver effectively in order to be retained in the institution.
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Fourth stage of labor: The hour or two after delivery when the tone of the uterus is reestablished as the uterus contracts again, expelling any remaining contents. These contractions are hastened by breastfeeding, which stimulates production of the hormone oxytocin.
A PRESENTATION ON IN-SERVICE EDUCATION FROM NURSING EDUCATION deepakkv1991
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IN SERVICE EDUCATION IS ALWAYS MISUNDERSTOOD FOR CONTINUING NURSING EDUCATION. BUT THIS BOTH COME UNDER THE MAIN HEADING OF STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. AND MUST BE SEEN FROM VARIOUS ANGLE. THIS SLIDE WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF THE SAME IN AN BETTER MANNER.
Introduction
Screening of high risk cases
High risk cases (according to WHO)
Management of high risk cases
Risk approach (according to WHO)
Interventions to reduce maternal mortality
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Fourth stage of labor: The hour or two after delivery when the tone of the uterus is reestablished as the uterus contracts again, expelling any remaining contents. These contractions are hastened by breastfeeding, which stimulates production of the hormone oxytocin.
A PRESENTATION ON IN-SERVICE EDUCATION FROM NURSING EDUCATION deepakkv1991
Â
IN SERVICE EDUCATION IS ALWAYS MISUNDERSTOOD FOR CONTINUING NURSING EDUCATION. BUT THIS BOTH COME UNDER THE MAIN HEADING OF STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. AND MUST BE SEEN FROM VARIOUS ANGLE. THIS SLIDE WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF THE SAME IN AN BETTER MANNER.
Introduction
Screening of high risk cases
High risk cases (according to WHO)
Management of high risk cases
Risk approach (according to WHO)
Interventions to reduce maternal mortality
Advanced Project Analysis and Project Benchmarking with Acumen Cloudâ˘Acumen
Â
A presentation on project analysis, visualization and resolution including tips, tools and techniques for improved project intelligence through advanced analytics. Project benchmarking with Acumen Cloud was also introduced.
For decades, persistent failure has marred the delivery of capital investment projects in the resource development sector. Regrettably even though the causes are well known, companies have been slow to respond with effective control strategies. As the scale and complexity of projects has increased so too has the magnitude of shareholder value destruction. It seems that when the biggest projects fail, they fail spectacularly. Performance statistics going back several decades demonstrate that mining projects of all sizes and complexity mostly fail to achieve objectives. For a time, the commodities super cycle, which peaked in 2011, concealed poor capital expenditure discipline. High sales prices cover many sins, but recent price turbulence has exposed companies to a legacy of record impairments and over-priced and under-performing assets unprecedented in the modern era. This has led to a renewed focus on reducing or eliminating capital expenditure. Companies spending on capital developments have an opportunity to apply new levels of discipline to both the allocation and delivery of capital in an environment of stagnating labour costs and increasing competitiveness. Contracting approaches that provide greater opportunities for cost certainty or gross cost reduction are now more readily available as contractors are prepared to accept greater levels of cost and schedule risk to secure work. Mining companies must also improve in-house project management capability, especially in risk management and performance control. Teams of proven performers should be equipped with sound management processes and tools to capture the value of the opportunity at the front-end of the project delivery cycle and maintain that value through to completion. We conclude with an overview of our proprietary capital delivery process and management system to demonstrate a methodology that reduces risks in a project portfolio and greatly increases the likelihood of achieving predictable project outcomes.
GEMS (Growth & Employment in States), a DFID funded project in Nigeria, uses the market systems development approach. This handbook outlines the framework used in GEMS to capture and report results.
Preliminary Modeling & Life Cycle Costing: Underpinnings of Integrated Design.Illinois ASHRAE
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Paul Erickson of Affiliated Engineers presents Preliminary Modeling & Life Cycle Costing: Underpinnings of Integrated Design at the 2012 Chicago Energy Modeling Conference.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder â active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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đĽ Speed, accuracy, and scaling â discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Miningâ˘:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing â with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs â GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
đ¨âđŤ Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
đŠâđŤ Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
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Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navyâs DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATOâs (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Â
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projectsâ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, youâre in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part âEssentials of Automationâ series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Hereâs what youâll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
Weâll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Donât miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
2. TRADITIONAL
NONBUDGETARY
CONTROL BALANCED
DEVICES SCORECARD
BENCHMARKING
BUDGETING
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
LINEAR
PROGRAMMING
COST
CONTROL TECHNIQUES CONTROL
MANAGEMENT
BY
EXCEPTION
FINANCIAL
PERT RATIO
ANALYSIS
CRITICAL GANTT
PATH CHART
METHOD
June 27, 2012 2
3. WE HAVE FOLLOWING COMMONLY KNOWN
ORGANISATIONAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES
ďś BUDGET AS CONTROL TECHNIQUE
ďś TRADITIONAL NONBUDGETARY CONTROL DEVICES
ďś BALANCED SCORECARD
ďś BENCHMARKING
ďś FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
June 27, 2012 3
4. ďś LINEAR PROGRAMMING
ďś GANTT CHART
ďś CRITICAL PATH METHOD(CPM)
ďś PROGRAM EVALUATION & REVIEW TECHNIQUE(PERT)
ďś MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION AS CONTROL DEVICE
ďś INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
June 27, 2012 4
5. BUDGETING
BUDGETING: THE FORMULATION OF PLANS FOR A GIVEN
FUTURE PERIOD IN NUMERICAL TERMS
SOME BUDGET DEVELOPMENT METHODS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
ď TOP-DOWN BUDGETING
ď BOTTOM-UP BUDGETING
ď ZERO-BASED BUDGETING
ď FLEXIBLE BUDGETING
June 27, 2012 5
6. ADVANTAGE OF BUDGETING
1. BUDGET IS AN INSTRUMENT WHEREBY MANAGEMENT
DETERMINES THE FUTURE COURSE OF ACTION.
2. BUDGET IS ALWAYS RELATED TO A SPECIFIED PERIOD.
3. BUDGET IS EXPRESSED IN QUANTITATIVE TERMS.
4. BUDGET IS ONLY AN ESTIMATED PLAN OF ACTION.
5. BUDGET PROVIDES STANDARD TO BE ACHIEVED.
June 27, 2012 6
7. LIMITATIONS OF BUDGETING
1. PROVES DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS BASED ON WRONG
ESTIMATES.
2. SOMETIMES BUGETARY CONTROL BECOMES
COMBERSOME.
3. BUDGET OFTEN CONTROL WRONG THINGS.
June 27, 2012 7
8. TRADITIONAL NONBUDGETARY
CONTROL DEVICES
THE ARE SEVERAL TRADITIONAL NON BUDGETARY
CONTROL DEVICES SUCH AS USE OF;
ď STATISTICAL DATA OF MANY ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION
ď SPECIAL REPORTS AND ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC AREAS
ď THE OPERATIONAL AUDIT AND INDEPENDENT APPRIASAL
BY
A STAFF OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL AUDITORS
ď PERSONAL OBSERVATION SUCH AS BY WALKING AROUND
June 27, 2012 8
9. FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS-
EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC
FIGURES ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
HELPS
TO EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE FIGURES.
LIQUIDITY RATIOS
PROFITABILITY RATIOS
DEBT RATIOS
ACTIVITY RATIOS
June 27, 2012 9
10. COST CONTROL
COST CONTROL- COST CONTROL IS APPLIED MAINLY BY
BIG MANUFACTURING COMPANY, HOTELS ETC TO HAVE
STRICT CONTROL OVER COST AND REDUCE PER UNIT
COST. THE OTHER OBJECTIVES OF THE COST CONTROL
INCLUDE:
2. ACCURATELY ASSERTING PER UNIT, PER PROCESS AND
PER DEPARTMENT COST.
3. DETERMINING SOURCES OF WASTAGE RELATING TO
LABOUR AND MATERIALS.
4. ON THE BASIS OF STANDARD COST FIGURES,
ESTIMATING THE COST OF PROPOSED PRODUCTION LOT
TO QUOTE COPETITIVE TENDER PRICE.
June 27, 2012 10
11. 1. PREPARING COMPARATIVE COST FIGURES OF
REPLACEABLE MATERIALS, MACHINES OR LABOUR.
2. COMPARING FINANCIAL FIGURES WITH COST FIGURES.
June 27, 2012 11
12. BENCHMARKING
BENCHMARKING- THE SEARCH FOR THE BEST PRACTICES
AMONG COMPETITORS OR NONCOMPETITIVES THAT
LEAD TO THEIR SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE.
BENCHMARK- THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE AGAINST
WHICH TO MEASURE AND COMPARE.
THE METHODOLOGY ADOPTED IS AS UNDER:
ď˘ IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM AREAS.
ď˘ IDENTIFY OTHER INDUSTRIES.
June 27, 2012 12
13. 1. IDENTIFY ORGANISATIONS THAT ARE LEADERS IN
THESE AREAS.
2. SURVEY COMPANIES FOR MEASURES AND PRACTICES.
3. VISIT THE âBEST PRACTICEâ COMPANIES TO IDENTIFY
LEADING EDGE PRACTICES.
4. IMPLEMENT NEW AND IMPROVED BUSINESS PRACTICES.
June 27, 2012 13
14. COST OF BENCHMARKING
BENCHMARKING IS MODERATELY EXPENSIVE PROCESS,
BUT MOST ORGANISATIONS FIND IT MORE THAN PAYS
FOR ITSELF. THREE MAIN TYPES OF COSTS ARE:
⢠VISIT COSTS
⢠TIME COSTS
⢠BENCHMARKING DATABASE COSTS
June 27, 2012 14
15. BALANCED SCORECARD
BALANCED SCORECARD- A PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
TO THAT LOOKS AT FOUR AREAS- FINANCIAL, CUSTOMER,
INTERNAL PROCESSES, AND
PEOPLE/INNOVATION/GROWTH ASSETS-THAT
CONTRIBUTES TO A COMPANYâS PERFORMANCE.
THE FOUR GENERAL PERSPECTIVES WHICH HAVE BEEN
PROPOSED BY BALANCE SCORECARD ARE AS UNDER:
⢠FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE
⢠CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
June 27, 2012 15
16. ⢠INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE
⢠INNOVATION AND LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
LIMITATIONS
⢠SCORES ARE NOT BASED ON ANY PROVEN ECONOMIC OR
FINANCIAL THEORY.
⢠BALANCED SCORECARD DOES NOT PROVIDE A
BOTTOMLINE SCORE.
June 27, 2012 16
17. LINEAR PROGRAMMING
ACCORDING TO WILLIAM M. FOX
âLINEAR PROGRAMMING IS A PLANNING TECHNIQUE
THAT PERMITS SOME OBJECTIVE FUNCTION TO BE
MINIMISED OR MAXIMISED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK
OF GIVEN SITUATIONAL RESTRICTIONS.â
REPRESENTATION-
AX1+BX2â¤Z
REQUIREMENTS-
6. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION.
7. CONSTRAINTS.
8. LINEARITY.
9. NONEGATIVITY
10. FINITENESS.
June 27, 2012 17
18. ADVANTAGES
1. FACILITATES LOGICAL THINKING AND STUDY
OF DATA.
2. ONE CAN EVALUATE THE COSTS AND BENEFITS
OF DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES.
3. HELPFUL IN MAKING ADJUSTMENTS IN THE
PLAN.
4. CAN BE APPLIED TO A VARIETY OF
MULTIDIMENSIONAL
PROBLEMS.
June 27, 2012 18
19. LIMITATIONS
⢠SOLVES PROBLEM OF LINEAR NATURE.
⢠CANNOT PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS WHICH
INVOLVE VARIABLES NOT CAPABLE OF BEING
EXPRESSED QUANTITATIVELY.
⢠UNCERTAINTIES ARE NOT CONSIDERED.
⢠RESULT UNDER THIS TECHNIQUE ARE NOT
NECESSARILY TO BE IN WHOLE NUMBERS.
June 27, 2012 19
20. GANTT CHART
⢠THIS CHART SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED BY HENRY
L. GANTT.
⢠GANTT CHART- A BAR CHART THAT SHOWS THE
TIME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE âEVENTSâ
OF A PRODUCTION PROGRAM.
⢠MILESTONE BUDGETING OR MILEPOST-
ADVANCED TECHNIQUE OF GANTT CHART
MILESTONE BREAKS A PROJECT DOWN INTO
CONTROLLABLE PIECES.
June 27, 2012 20
21. CRITICAL PATH METHOD(CPM)
⢠DEVELOPED BY M.R. WALKER OF USA IN 1956.
⢠IT IS USED FOR OPTIMISING RESOURCE ALLOCATION
AND MINIMISING OVERALL COST FOR A GIVEN PROJECT.
⢠PROCEDURE-
4. BREAK DOWN THE PROJECT INTO VARIOUS ACTIVITIES
SYSTEMATICALLY.
5. NUMBER ALL THE EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES.
6. CALCULATE THE EARLIEST START TIME, EARLIER FINISH
TIME, LATEST START TIME AND LATEST FINISH TIME.
7. DETERMINE TOTAL FLOAT TIME.
8. IDENTIFY THE CRITICAL ACTIVITIES AND CONNECT
THEM WITH DOUBLE LINE ARROW.
9. CALCULATE TOTAL DURATION OF PROJECT.
June 27, 2012 21
23. ADVANTAGES
⢠HIGHLIGHTS THE CRITICAL ACTIVITIES.
⢠PROVIDES A TECHNIQUE OF PLANNING AND SCHEDULING.
⢠GIVES COMPLETE INFORMATION OF ACTIVITY.
⢠HELPS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL BOTTLENECKS.
June 27, 2012 23
24. LIMITATIONS
⢠OPERATES ON ASSUMPTION OF PRECISE TIME.
⢠DOES NOT INCORPORATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN
DETERMINIG TIME ESTIMATES.
⢠FOR EVERY CHANGE INTRODUCED ENTIRE PROJECT
EVALUATION HAS TO BE REPEATED.
⢠NOT SUITABLE FOR A SITUATION WHICH DOES NOT HAVE
DEFINITE START AND FINISH TIME.
June 27, 2012 24
26. II GANTT WITH MILE STONE
A 1 2 3 4
B 5 6 7 8
C
9 10 11 12
D 13 14
E 15 16 17 18 19
June 27, 2012 26
A
27. III GANTT WITH MILE STONES AND NETWORK OF MILESTONES
A 1 2 3 4
B 5 6 7 8
C
9 10 11 12
D 13 14
E 15 16 17 18 19
June 27, 2012 27
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JUL AUG SEP
28. PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW
TECHNIQUE(PERT)
⢠PERT- A TIME EVENT NETWORK ANALYSIS SYSTEM IN
WHICH THE VARIOUS EVENTS IN A PROJECT OR PROGRAM
ARE IDENTIFIED WITH A PLANNED TIME ESTABLISHED
FOR EACH.
METHODOLOGY
⢠PREPARATION OF THE NETWORK .
⢠NETWORK ANALYSIS.
⢠SCHEDULING.
⢠TIME COST TRADE OFFS.
⢠RESOURCE ALLOCATION.
⢠PROJECT CONTROL.
June 27, 2012 28
29. PERT FLOWCHART
EVENTS(MAJOR MILESTONES OF PROGRESS) IN THE MAJOR ASSEMBLY OF AN AIRPLANE
(1)ORDER PROGRAM GO AHEAD (2)INITIATE ENGINE PROCUREMENT(3)COMPLETE PLANS AND
SPECIFICATIONS (4)COMPLETE FUSELAGE DRAWINGS (5)SUBMIT GFAE*REQUIREMENTS (6)AWARD TAIL
ASSEMBLY SUBCONTRACT (7)AWARD WINGS SUBCONTRACT (8)COMPLETE MANUFACTURE OF FUSELAGE
(9)COMPLETE ASSEMBLY OF FUSELAGE ENGINE (10)RECEIVE WINGS FROM SUBCONTRACTORS (11)RECEIVE
TAIL ASSEMBLY FROM SUBCONTRACTOR (12)RECEIVE GFAE (13)COMPLETE AIRCRAFT
*GFAE:GOVERNMENT FURNISHED AIRPLANE EQUIPMENT
102.1
2 9
17.3 10.0
17.3 56.0
4 8
12.3 10.3 40.0
1 3 8.0
13
7 10
12.0 8.6
40.6
8.6 11 18.6
6
52.0
12
5
June 27, 2012 29
30. ADVANTAGES
⢠FORCES MANAGER TO PLAN.
⢠FORCES PLANNING ALL THE WAY DOWN THE LINE.
⢠CONCENTRATES ATTENTION ON CRITICAL ELEMENT THAT
MAY NEED CORRECTION.
⢠MAKES POSSIBLE A KIND OF FORWARD LOOKING
CONTROL.
⢠ENABLES MANAGERS TO AIM REPORTS AND PRESSURE
FOR ACTION AT THE RIGHT SPOT AND LEVEL IN THE
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE AT THE RIGHT TIME.
June 27, 2012 30
31. LIMITATIONS
⢠TECHNIQUE IS NOT USEFUL WHEN THE PROGRAM IS
NEBULOUS AND NO REASONABLE ESTIMATES OF
SCHEDULE CAN BE MADE.
⢠PERT HAS ITS EMPHASIS ONLY ON TIME AND NOT COST.
⢠NOT PRACTICABLE FOR ROUTINE PLANNING OF
RECURRING ACTIVITIES.
June 27, 2012 31
32. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
THE DEVELOPMENTS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
GREATLY FACILITATES ORGANISATIONAL CONTROL AT A
RELATIVELY LOW COST.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HAS PROMOTED THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM-
A FORMAL SYSTEM OF GATHERING, PROCESSING AND
DISPERSING INFORMATION INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TO
THE ENTERPRISE IN A TIMELY, EFFECTIVE, AND
EFFICIENT MANNER TO SUPPORT MANAGERS IN THEIR
JOBS.
June 27, 2012 32
33. HOW MIS IS USED
1. MANAGERS NEED INFORMATION TO MONITOR
ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND TO
CONTROL ORGANISATIONAL ACTIVITIES.
2. COMPUTERS ARE BEING USED TO COLLECT
AND STORE INFORMATION FOR CONTROL
PURPOSES.
3. USE TO MONITOR EACH EMPLOYEEâS
COMPUTER USAGE TO MEASURE EMPLOYEE
PERFORMANCE.
June 27, 2012 33
34. LIMITATIONS OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY CONTROL
1. PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS
2. BEHAVIOURAL LIMITATIONS
3. HEALTH RISKS
June 27, 2012 34
35. MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION
⢠CONCEPT OR POLICY BY WHICH MANAGEMENT
DEVOTES ITS TIME TO INVESTIGATING ONLY
THOSE SITUATIONS IN WHICH ACTUAL RESULTS
DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PLANNED
RESULTS.
⢠ATTENTION IS GIVEN ONLY TO THOSE MATERIAL
DEVIATIONS REQUIRING INVESTIGATION.
⢠THE TOOLS THAT FACILITATES THIS CONCEPT
INCLUDE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM,
PERFORMANCE REPORT ETC.
June 27, 2012 35
36. CONCLUSION
PLANNING IS SUICIDAL WITHOUT CONTROL AND
VICEVERSA. ORGANISATIONS USE VARIOUS TOOLS FOR
CONTROLLING. HOWEVER APPLICATION OF THESE
CONTROL TECHNIQUES DEPEND ON SITUATION AND
REQUIREMENTS OF THE ORGANISATION.
June 27, 2012 36
37. REFERENCES
⢠MANAGEMENT- HEINZ WEIHRICH, MARK V. CANNICE,
HAROLD KOONTZ.
⢠MANAGEMENT- STEPHEN P. ROBBINS, MARY COULTER
⢠MANAGEMENT- STONER, FREEMAN, AND GILBERT.
⢠PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT- J.K.JAIN.
⢠WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG.
⢠WWW.ASK.COM.
⢠WWW.GOOGLE.COM.
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