Construction details of septic tank (rkg)
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The document discusses the construction details of septic tanks. It provides a brief history of septic tanks originating in France in the 1860s. It defines a septic tank as an underground concrete chamber that separates wastewater into liquids and solids and provides basic treatment through digestion by anaerobic bacteria. The document outlines two common methods for designing septic tanks - the detention period method and rational period method - which determine tank size based on wastewater flow rates and the population served. It notes advantages such as low cost and effective BOD removal but disadvantages including odor issues and need for periodic cleaning.
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The document discusses septic tanks, which are underground structures for processing wastewater. Septic tanks work through sedimentation and anaerobic sludge digestion over 12-36 hours. The wastewater separates into scum, sludge, and effluent. Effluent exits into absorption fields while sludge digests. Septic tanks are suitable for up to 300 people. Design considerations include capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Effluent can be dispersed into soak pits or trenches filled with gravel.
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3. grit chamber
- Grit chambers are used to remove grit (heavy inorganic solids like sand and gravel) from wastewater to protect equipment.
- There are three main types of grit chambers: horizontal flow, aerated, and vortex. Horizontal flow uses gravity settling, aerated uses air to create spiral flow, and vortex uses tangential inflow to induce a vortex.
- Grit chamber design considers the settling velocity and size of grit particles. Parameters like detention time, number of units, flow velocity, and loss of head are also designed.
- Cleared grit is collected manually or mechanically, then disposed of through dumping, burying, or landfilling. Odorous grit should be buried.
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This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
Laying and Testing of sewer
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
Self purification of river water
This document discusses the self-purification process of rivers and factors that affect it. The self-purification process involves biological, chemical, and physical processes that work to oxidize and break down pollutants, thereby increasing dissolved oxygen levels. Key factors that influence self-purification include dilution, water current, temperature, sunlight, and the rate of organic matter oxidation. As waste water moves through a river, it passes through zones of degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and finally a clear water zone where purification is complete.
Stabilization ponds
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
PPT on Mini Water Supply Scheme
1. The Public Health Engineering Department in Bihar is installing small water treatment plants to treat groundwater contaminated with fluoride and arsenic. The plants will supply 4000 liters of treated water per day to local communities through stand posts.
2. Key components of the treatment plants include borewells, a treatment building, solar panels, an oxidation chamber, iron removal and fluoride removal filters, an overhead tank, and a distribution system of pipes and stand posts.
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The document discusses septic tanks, which are underground structures for processing wastewater. Septic tanks work through sedimentation and anaerobic sludge digestion over 12-36 hours. The wastewater separates into scum, sludge, and effluent. Effluent exits into absorption fields while sludge digests. Septic tanks are suitable for up to 300 people. Design considerations include capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Effluent can be dispersed into soak pits or trenches filled with gravel.
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The document discusses water distribution systems. It explains that water from a source is temporarily stored and supplied to consumers through a network of pipelines called the distribution system. The distribution system consists of pumps, reservoirs, pipes and instruments to measure pressure and flow. It aims to deliver potable water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Common distribution methods include gravity systems, pumping systems, and combined gravity and pumping systems. The layout of distribution networks can include dead-end, radial, grid-iron or ring systems. Distribution reservoirs store and regulate water flow and pressure in the distribution mains. Their design considers operating storage, emergency storage and fire storage requirements.
3. grit chamber
- Grit chambers are used to remove grit (heavy inorganic solids like sand and gravel) from wastewater to protect equipment.
- There are three main types of grit chambers: horizontal flow, aerated, and vortex. Horizontal flow uses gravity settling, aerated uses air to create spiral flow, and vortex uses tangential inflow to induce a vortex.
- Grit chamber design considers the settling velocity and size of grit particles. Parameters like detention time, number of units, flow velocity, and loss of head are also designed.
- Cleared grit is collected manually or mechanically, then disposed of through dumping, burying, or landfilling. Odorous grit should be buried.
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This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
Laying and Testing of sewer
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
Self purification of river water
This document discusses the self-purification process of rivers and factors that affect it. The self-purification process involves biological, chemical, and physical processes that work to oxidize and break down pollutants, thereby increasing dissolved oxygen levels. Key factors that influence self-purification include dilution, water current, temperature, sunlight, and the rate of organic matter oxidation. As waste water moves through a river, it passes through zones of degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and finally a clear water zone where purification is complete.
Stabilization ponds
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
PPT on Mini Water Supply Scheme
1. The Public Health Engineering Department in Bihar is installing small water treatment plants to treat groundwater contaminated with fluoride and arsenic. The plants will supply 4000 liters of treated water per day to local communities through stand posts.
2. Key components of the treatment plants include borewells, a treatment building, solar panels, an oxidation chamber, iron removal and fluoride removal filters, an overhead tank, and a distribution system of pipes and stand posts.
3. The water treatment process involves pumping groundwater through an oxidation chamber, iron removal filter, alum dosing, and finally a fluoride removal filter before being stored in an overhead tank and distributed to stand posts.
Sources of water supply
The document discusses different types of water intake structures. Intakes collect water from sources like lakes, rivers, reservoirs and canals. The main types are lake intakes, river intakes, reservoir intakes and canal intakes. Lake intakes use submersible pipes with bell mouths and screens. River intakes have intake towers with penstocks and screens. Reservoir intakes are towers constructed on dam slopes with intake pipes at different levels. Canal intakes are simple structures with intake pipes in chambers with screens. The document provides details on the design and functioning of each type.
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4. Zones of Storage
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8. Reservoir Sedimentations
9. Life of Reservoir
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A septic tank is an underground watertight box, usually about 9x5x6 feet, that separates liquids and solids from wastewater. Bacteria help digest some organics without oxygen and the septic tank discharges partially filtered effluent to the drainfield for further treatment. An on-site wastewater system includes a septic tank, distribution device, and drainfield to collect, treat, and dispose of all wastewater from a building not connected to a city sewer. A typical septic system consists of a septic tank that provides primary treatment through sedimentation and anaerobic digestion before the effluent is discharged to the drainfield for further treatment.
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The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
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The document discusses the construction details of septic tanks. It provides a brief history of septic tanks originating in France in 1860. It then describes septic tanks as underground concrete chambers that separate liquids and solids in wastewater and provide digestion of organics by anaerobic bacteria. The document outlines two common methods for designing septic tanks - the detention period method and rational period method - which determine tank size based on wastewater flow rates and the population served. Finally, it discusses the advantages of low cost and effective wastewater treatment as well as the disadvantages of odor, need for periodic cleaning, and potential for mosquitoes.
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Reservoir Planning
Topics:
1. Reservoir Classification
2. Investigations
3. Selection of Site for Reservoir
4. Zones of Storage
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The document discusses low-cost sanitation systems, specifically septic tanks. It describes how septic tanks work and the situations where they are suitable. Septic tanks are underground structures that use anaerobic bacteria to treat wastewater and are used where sewer systems are not available. The document outlines the components, design considerations, and disposal methods for effluent from septic tanks, including soak pits and dispersion trenches which allow the liquid to absorb into the soil. Design examples are provided to demonstrate how to size a septic tank and calculate the area required for effluent disposal trenches.
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This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
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Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
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The document discusses different sewerage systems including the conservancy system, water carriage system, combined system, and separate system.
The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
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supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
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This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
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The document discusses symbiotic wastewater treatment technology as an innovative approach for water and energy conservation in Saudi Arabia. It provides background on the country's wastewater situation, goals for treatment and reuse, and key challenges. The symbiotic technology combines wastewater treatment and irrigation techniques in one system using biological reactors and drip irrigation. Case studies demonstrate high treatment efficiency up to 99.999% and significant advantages over conventional systems in terms of costs, energy usage, and environmental impacts. The technology can be applied across various scales from individual homes to industrial and municipal facilities.
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The document discusses different types of stormwater filtering systems including surface sand filters, perimeter sand filters, organic sand filters, underground sand filters, pocket sand filters, and bioretention systems. It provides details on the design components, media, maintenance needs, and sizing considerations for each type of filter. Key factors in selecting a filter type include the available space, minimum head requirements, maintenance burden, and costs.
Excreta Disposal ppt.pptx
After defecation, a few litres of water must be poured, or thrown, into the bowl in order to flush the excreta into the pit or sewerage system below. Pour-flush latrines may be constructed directly above a pit or may be offset, whereby the waste travels through a discharge pipe to a pit or septic tank
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal ppt
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
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unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal ppt
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Construction details of septic tank (rkg)
- 1. seminar on Construction details of septic tank DEPARTMENTOFRURALTECHNOLOGYANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENT, G.G.V., BILASPUR(C.G.) SESSION - 2018-19 Presenting BY RAKESH KUMAR GHRITLAHARE M.SC. (RT) 2ND SEMESTER s
- 2. Contents………… History What is Septic Tank ? Design of Septic Tank Advantages Disadvantages Cleaning of Septic Tank
- 3. History Originating in France, septic tanks were invented by John Mouras around 1860 . The tank was made of concrete and piping was made of clay. He received a patent in 1881 and that design was introduced into the United States in 1883
- 4. Septic Tank A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic through which domestic wastewater flows for basic treatment. often about 9x5x6 feet. It separates the liquids and solids and provides digestion of some organics ( mainly by bacteria which live without oxygen ) and storage.
- 5. Anaerobic bacterias that can survive without oxygen Peptostreptococcus spp. Clostridium spp.
- 6. Diagram of Septic Tank
- 9. Design of Septic Tank Detention Period Method Rational Period Method
- 10. Detention Period Method Detention period (t) is assumed in between 12 to 36 hours ( common value = 24 hours ) Assuming rate of sewage flow (lpcd),( 90 to 150 lpcd ) and knowing population to be served; total discharge (Q) is determined. The depth is assumed 1 to 2 meter. Volume is calculated by V = Q.t Surface area is calculated by A = V / depth
- 11. Rational Period Method Settling zone is kept min 30 cm deep. Digestion zone is provided as 0.032 meter cube/capita. Sludge storage zone of 7.30 meter cube / 100 persons for clearing interval of 1year is provided. Surface area of 0.92 meter cube / 10 lpm of flow is provided. Free board of 0.3 meter is provided. Depth is 1 to 2 meter provided.
- 12. Advantages It can be easily constructed. No maintenance problem. It excellently remove BOD. Very less amount of solids are produced. Low cost.
- 13. Disadvantages Its size should be very large to serve many people. Smell problem. It needs periodic cleaning. Mosquitoes born.
- 14. Cleaning of Septic Tank
- 18. Conclusions Septic tank is widely used in waste water treatment. This method has several significant advantages likes very less by-products low energy, low space requirement and highly efficient.