The document discusses septic tanks, which are underground structures for processing wastewater. Septic tanks work through sedimentation and anaerobic sludge digestion over 12-36 hours. The wastewater separates into scum, sludge, and effluent. Effluent exits into absorption fields while sludge digests. Septic tanks are suitable for up to 300 people. Design considerations include capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Effluent can be dispersed into soak pits or trenches filled with gravel.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engg-II as per syllabus of solapur university for TE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engg-II as per syllabus of solapur university for TE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Scholarly notes for Environmental and Public Heath Learners in tertiary institutions.As recommended by Dr Tumwebaze Mathias PhD, Bishop Stuart University
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
There exists a wide range of alternative sanitation technologies that are low cost, easily maintainable and can be chosen to suit different hydrological, socio- economic and cultural conditions.
Titles Included:- Background- Liquid waste and its types- On site liquid waste treatment techniquesa) at household level b) at industrial level.
Septic tank, soak tank, biotanks, Package Type Anaerobic Filter System
Package Contact Aeration System
Package Anaerobic Filter–Contact Aeration System.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. SHEMEERA K.H
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IIIT NUZVID
Low cost sanitation: Septic tanks
Low cost sanitation: Septic tanks by Shemeera is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0
International License.
4. Process:
Horizontal continuous flow sedimentation tank
(with longer detention time)
12-36 hours detention
Closed tank – Anaerobic decomposition of settled
sludge
Thus Two processes-Sedimentation and
Anaerobic Sludge digestion
It is suitable for population up to 300.
7. WORKING
The septic tank is a buried, water-tight container
usually made of concrete, brick masonry,
fiberglass or polyethylene.
Its job is to hold the wastewater long enough to
allow solids to settle down to the bottom (forming
sludge), while the oil and grease floats to the top
(as scum).
Compartments and a T-shaped outlet prevent the
sludge and scum from leaving the tank
The liquid wastewater (effluent) then exits the
tank into the drainfield.
From there it percolates into the soil, naturally
removing harmful bacteria, viruses, and nutrients.
8.
9. Following reaction occurs:
Organic materials +Nutrients = CH4 + CO2
+NH3 + H2S + Biomass
Sulfates, under the anaerobic conditions of septic
tanks, are reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a
pungent and toxic gas.
Nitrates and organic nitrogen compounds are
reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Because of the anaerobic conditions,
fermentation processes take place, which
ultimately generate carbon dioxide and methane.
10. Construction details:
Long, continuous flow tank of RCC and sides
water proof.
Facility for gas vent through vent pipe.
Bottom (slope) to facilitate pumping of sludge.
Manhole for removal of sludge
Inlet and outlet, Tee’s will be provided
Sometimes baffles to reduce disturbances
12. DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Design criteria:
Capacity of septic tank: capacity for sewage+
capacity for sludge
Quantity of sewage :40-70litres/capita/day (if
only water closets are connected to septic
tank),90-150litres/capita/day if sullage is also
discharged into septic tank.
Quantity of sludge accumulated -30 l/capita/
years
Depth - 1.2 – 1.8 m
Length to Breadth ratio: 2-3
13. Min width – 90 cm
Outlet ~ in let level difference = 5-7.5 or up
to 15 cm
Detention time = 24 hours
Free board: 0.3-0.5m
14. DESIGN STEPS
1. Detention period (t) is assumed in between 12 to 36 hrs
(common value = 24 hrs)
2. Assuming rate of sewage flow (lpcd) [90 to 150 lpcd]
and knowing population to be served; total discharge
(Q) is determined.
3. Volume for sewage storage ,V1 is calculated by
V=Q. t
4. Assuming rate of accumulation of sludge 30 l/capita/
years and period of cleaning as 1 year, total sludge
deposited,V2 is determined
volume of sludge deposited in liters =30 l/capita/
years *population*1
5. Total Capacity of septic tank: V1+V2
6. Depth is assumed 1 to 2 m
15. 7. Surface area is calculated by
As = V / depth
8. Assuming L/B ratio in between 2 to 4, length and
breadth can be fixed.
16. Advantages
1.Ease in construction.
2.No maintenance problem(except periodical
cleaning).
3.Cost of construction is less.
4.Effluent can be discharged without any trouble.
5.It is suitable for isolated community.
6.Very little attention is needed.
17. Disadvantages
1.If ST is not properly functioning, effluent will be
very foul & dark.
2.Leakage of gases from top cover of ST may
cause bed smells & environmental pollution.
3.Periodical cleaning, removal and disposal of
sludge remains a tedious problem.
4.Size required is large for larger communities.
5.Effluent contains high BOD.
6.Problem of ground water contamination
18. Disposal Of Effluent
Effluent from septic tank can be disposed by soil
absorption systems and anaerobic filters.
The soil absorption system may be of the
following types:
1. Soak pit/ Cess pool
2.Under drain /absorption /dispersion trenches
21. SOAK PIT/SEEPAGE PIT
A closed circular or rectangular pit through which
effluent will be soaked or absorbed into the
surrounding soil.
Soak pit may be either be filled with stone
aggregates or may be kept empty.
Soak pits are used for soils where percolation
rate is below 30 min/cm.
They are not appropriate for areas that are prone
to flooding or have high groundwater tables
25. DISPERSION TRENCHES
Effluent is allowed to enter into a masonry
chamber(distribution box) from where it is
uniformly distributed through an underground
perforated pipes into absorption trenches which
are filled with gravel and well graded aggregate.
Trenches are 0.5 to 1 m deep and 1 m wide.
Maximum length of trench is 30 m.
Spacing between trenches is 2m.
One distribution box is provided for every 3 to 4
trenches
Suspended organic matter will be absorbed in the
trenches where as clear water will seep down to
the water table.
27. They are not recommended in areas where
fibrous roots of trees or vegetation are likely to
penetrate the system and case blockages.
Dispersion trenches are used for soils where
percolation rate is below 60 min/cm.