This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Common carp introduction & Morphology and its behaviour characteristicsArubSultan
The Eurasian carp or European carp (Cyprinus carpio), widely known as the common carp, is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia. The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture) into environments worldwide, and is often considered a destructive invasive species, being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae.
A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
This is a presentation about the culture and breeding aspects of Red Sea bream,Pagrus major (Chrysophrys major).This fish have high aquaculture Importance today because of its meat quality and high growth rate
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquaculture), also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Khandaker Anisul Huq
Professor,
FMRT Discipline,
KhulnaUniversity,
Khulna.
SUBMITTED BY:
Group-09
Shazid Hasan(160632)
Jannatul Ferdose(160642)
2nd year, 1st term.
FMRT Discipline, Khulna University.
4. POLY-CULTURE
Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops (plant /
animal) in the same space.
Avoids large stands of single crops.
Provides crops diversity.
Polyculture includes multi-cropping, intercropping,
companion planting, beneficial weeds, and alley cropping.
6. FISH POLYCULTURE
Fish polyculture is the system in which fast growing compatible species of
different feeding habit and possibly of different age of the same species, are
stocked together in the same water body (ponds, lakes etc) so that all its
ecological niches are occupied by fish.
Utilization of three layers of aquaculture pond is assured.
Example: polyculture of carp fish with pangash, carp with tilapia, shrimp with
tilapia, different types of carps etc.
7. PRINCIPLE OF POLYCULTURE
Main target is to obtain high production from
a unit of water body .
Fast growing compatible species of different
feeding habit are stocked in different
proportion in the same pond so that all its
ecological niches are occupied.
The maximum utilization of all the
requirements of life takes place without doing
any harm to each other.
8. POLYCULTRURE OF CARP FISHES
Polyculture of carp fishes means the culture of
diffrent carp species in a pond at the same time.
In this case, several carp species of diffrent niches
are chosen.
For example: Katla ,Bighead carp, Silvercarp as
upper layer carp; Rohu as middle layer carp;
Mrigel, Kalbasu, Black carp as bottom layer carp
and Grass carp, Java barb for all layer.
Figure: Polyculture of Carpn Fish
9. CARP
Carp is a common name for various species of
freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae.
Posses Weberian ossicles (an anatomical
structure that connects the swim bladder to
the auditory system).
Have scales and teeth on the inferior
pharyngeal bones.
Exclusively freshwater fish family.
Sometimes can be found in brakish water area.
Native to Europe and Asia.
Carp fishes of Bangladesh are divided into two
groups –
і) Indigenous carp & іі) Exotic carps
10. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE
Reba carp Reba Crrihinnus reba
Bata Bata Labeo bata
Orange fin labeo Kalbaus Labeo calbasu
Kuria labeo Kuria Labeo gonius
LIST OF INDUGENOUS CARPS
11. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE
Rohu Rui Labeo rohita
Mrigal carp Mrigel Cirrhinus cirrhosus
12. LIST OF EXOTIC CARPS
COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE
Common carp Common carp Cyprinus carpio
Grass carp Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon
idella
Silver carp Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix
13. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE
Java barb Sorputi Barbonymus
gonionotus
Mirror carp Mirror carp Cyprinus carpio
carpio
14. CONCIDERATIONS FOR CHOSING
SPECIES FOR POLYCULTURE
Fry of two or three species, one commercially important, are
available in the nature.
Growth of a single species is not hampered by others.
Food habit is different.
Climate is suitable/Favorable.
High demand in the local market.
Market value should be considerable.
15. CULTIVABLE SPECIES
Upper Layer Species: Catla catla (Indian carp), Labeo bata
(Bata), Hyphophthamichthys molitrix (Silver carp), etc.
Middle Layer Species: Labeo rohita (Rohu).
Bottom Layer Species: Cirrhinus Cirrhinnus (Mrigel carp),
Labeo calbasu (Kalbasu), etc.
Other Species: Barbonymus gonionotus (Java barb),
Ctenopharyngodon idella (common carp), etc.
16. PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT
Pre means before and stocking means storing. So literally pre-
stocking management means management before stocking
Broadly it can be said that all the management of fish culture
before stocking of fry in order to prepare the water body and its
surrounding environment for living and growth of the fry by
increasing the natural food in the water body
17. STEPS OF PRE-STOCKING
MANAGEMENT
Site selection: Selection of a suitable site for
constructing a new pond depending on some features.
Pond construction: Construction of new suitable pond
for aquaculture.
Pond preparation: Preparation of an old pond for
aquaculture. There are two types of pond preparation.
-Dry method,
-Wet method.
18. SITE SELECTION
ECOLOGICAL
FACTORS
Water supply,
Water quality,
Climat,
Hydrological
characteristics,
Soil type,
Land, etc.
BIOLOGICAL &
OPERATIONAL
FACTORS
Species to be
cultured,
Availability of fry/
fingerling,
Type of project,
System of culture,
etc.
ECONOMICAL &
SOCIAL FACTORS
Electricity,
All weather road
connection,
Land value
Availability of
supplementary food,
Skilled and semi skilled
labourers,
Near to market,
Availability of equipmrnts,
etc..
19. POND COSTRUCTION
Making new aquaculture pond.
Must be free from flood are.
Pond slop must be 1:2
Embankment should be high enough
-to prevent flood water,
-to prevent over flow.
Drainage system should be constructed.
Depth of the pond should be around 1-1.5 meters.
Dike has to be strong and at least 3 feed wide.
20. POND PREPARATION (DRY METHODS)
Dike and canal reconstruction.
Cleaning aquatic weeds and dike.
De watering.
Bottom mud excavation.
Cultivation of nitrogen fixing plant.
Tilling the bottom.
Fertilizing
Watering
21.
22. POND PREPARATION (WET METHOD)
Control of excess aquatic weed.
Control of predator fish and
undesirable species.
Liming.
Fertilizing.
23. LIMING
Liming is an important step in pond preparation, both dry and
wet method.
It helps in maintaining pH at a level suitable for culture.
It removes turbidity of water.
It increases the efficiency of fertilizer.
It creates necessary environment for the growth of plankton.
It supplies calcium.
It increases the supply of carbon di oxide for photosynthesis.
It makes the decomposition of organic matters fast so nutrient
supply increases in water.
It destroys the parasites, diseases, pests and bacteria
26. PROCESS OF USE LIME
During mixing lime with water and application in
pond, entire face should be covered with a piece of
cloth (gamchha).
In no condition, lime should be mixed with water in
a plastic bucket.
Before pouring water in the bucket containing lime,
its top should be covered with jute made bag
(chot/bosta).
Lime should be added after putting water in the
bucket.
Lime should be applied in the direction of air flow.
If the eyes get in touch of lime, eyes should be
repeatedly washed with clean water
28. NATURAL FOOD
It can be determined in two technique.
One technique includes a transparent
glass filled with the pond water.
when the glass is kept against light , if
phytoplankton and zooplankton are
visual then the pond water contain
enough natural food.
Another technique includes a secchi
disk .
Here the secchi depth is considered to
determine the amount of natural food.
29. FERTILIZING
If there is not enough natural food present in the pond then
fertilizers should be used to increase the amount of that.
A pond should be fertilized daily or weekly at following rate,
NAME OF FERTILIZER AREA OF THE
POND
QUANTITY
DAILY WEEKLY
ORGANIC
FERTILIZER
Cow dung 1 decimal 150-200 g 1-1.5 kg
Chicken
faeces
1 decimal 75-100 g 500-700g
Compost 1 decimal 300-400 g 2-3 kg
CHEMICAL
FERTILIZER
Uria 1 decimal 5-10 g 35-70 g
TSP 1 decimal 2.5-5 g 18-36 g
30. STOCKING RATE
Healthy and descries free fry must be stocked at a certain rate to
gain a good harvest.
In total the stock rate must be between 60-80/decimal.
Surface feeder 40% (Catla 10%, Silver carp 30%, or vice versa)
Column feeder (rohu) 20%
Bottom feeder 30% (Mrigal and common carp)
Macro vegetation feeder (Grass carp) 10%
31. STOCKING RATE
Bighead carp can be used as alternate to catla.
For poly culture various type of fishes are stocked for using
different feeding level. In this case. 5-8 cm. of fishes is stocked at
a rate of 50-75 pieces decimal.
32. STOCKING DENSITY
NAME OF SPECIES STOCKING RATE (per decimal)
Silver carp 7-12
Catla 3-4
Rohu 5-8
Mrigel 6-10
Common carp 1-2
Grass carp 2-4
Java barb 10-15
33. FRY COLLECTION & PACKING
Healthy and descries free fry should be collected
from nearer hatchery.
To ensure the quality of fry the quality of the
brood fish, used in spawning should be checked.
Fry should be collected in a plastic bag pumped
with oxygen.
If fingerling is transported then plastic container
should be used, which is continuously aerated.
Nowadays, small fishes have become popular for
it’s almost 0% mortality. That can be transported
more roughly than the fry and fingerlings.
35. TRANSPORTATION OF FRY
Transporting and releasing the fry carefully is very important.
Temperature variation must be avoided during the transportation period.
Abundant supply of oxygen must be ensured during the transportation.
pH, salinity and other chemical factors must be chacked before transporting.
A optimum density must be followed during the transportation period to
reduce mortality.
37. NURSING
Nursing process is carried out in both hatchery and aquaculture
farm.
It is generally carried out in a small pond or tank or in a small
hapa.
Here small fry is transformed into fingerlings (4-7 inches).
It helps to decrease the mortality rate.
38. WATER QUALITY & MANAGEMENT
Water quality for aquaculture refers to the quality
of water that enables successful propagation of the
desired organisms.
Required water quality is determined by the
specific organism to be cultured and has many
components that are interwoven.
To determine the water quality of aquaculture
pond, some parameters are used.
For example: pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
hardness, alkinity, BOD, COD, temperature,
turbidity, etc.
39. SUITABLE PARAMETERS FOR CARP
POLY-CULTURE
NAME OF PARAMETER STANDERDED VALUE
Temp. (°C) 23-30
pH 7-8
DO (mg/L) >4-5
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/ L) 30-300
Hardness (mg/L) <0.5-1
Salinity (ppt) <0.2
CO2 (ppm) <0.05
NO2 (ppm) <10
NH3-N (ppm) 0.2
40. PRE-STOCKING WATER TOXICITY TEST
This process is carryed out to determine the
prescence of toxic substance in the pond.
In this process 5-10 fingerlings are kept in a
small hapa for 24 hours.
If no mortality occer then it will be decleired as
a toxin free pond.
Than the fingerlings should be relised into the
pond.
41. RELEASING OF FINGERLINGS
Fingerlings should be adapted to condition of the
pond.
At first the temperature of the carrying tank must be
equalized with the that of the pond.
Then the pot or tank should be mixed with the pond
water just like the picture.
A slow flow of water should be sent into the pot /
tank/ polybag with the help of hand. This will
promote the fry to come out of its container.
Different technical devices, such as flexible tubes or
slides, should be used for releasing fish gently.
42. Food and feeding
Fish needs adequent nutritius food for living.
Besides natural food, supllementary food assuers
the fast body growth.
25-30% protein is compolsery in fish feed.
Food must provided 2 times a day at rate of 8-
10% of the weight of the fish.
Food must be provided in some certain places of
the pond,
The demand of food should check regulerly using
the food trey.
Supplementary food can made at home and can
be bought from the market.
43. HOME MADE SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD
Supplementary food with balanced nutrition can be prepared at
home with the following procedeur,
COMPONENTS QUANTITY
Rice bran 35%
Khoil 45%
Fish meal 5%
Fish concentret 10%
Flour 5%
Vitamin premix 0.1%
Total 100%
44. RATE OF FOOD APPLICATION
TYPES RATE MEALS PER
DAY
APPLICATION METHOD
Nurserry food: 10-15% of total
weight
3-4 times Food should be spread in
certain 4-5 places all
around the pond
Food for polyculture:
Pileta food 2-5% 0f total fish
weigth
1-2 times Food should be spread in
certain 4-5 places all
around the pond
Wet food 6-4% of total fish
weigth
1-2 times Food should be given
usingmetal trey or other
things in certain 4-5
places all around the
pond under 1-2 foot
45. REGULAR SAMPLING AND HEALTH &
GROWTH CHECK
This procedure is carried out for
collecting information about the
growth and health of fishes.
Generally mesh barrier is used for
sampling. But cast net and other
gears are also used.
Helps farmers to identify disease
affected fish and to find solution for
it.
Growth rate reveal the quality and
demand of food.
46. DISEASES
As other animals fishes also suffer from different
types of diseases and infections and also affected
by parasites.
Generally different types of parasites, bacteria,
virus causes the fish diseases.
Sometimes lack of food, unsuited food, low
oxygen concentration, high temperature
variation, unhealthy environment also cause fish
disease.
47. DISEASES PREVENTION
Diseases prevention is more preferable over treatment of
diseases.
Standard water quality and environmental conditions
should kept.
Pond should be free of aquatic weeds.
Enough sun light penetration should be assured.
Removal of undesirable species.
Removal of extra mud from the pond bottom.
Not to use the pond for any other purpose but fish
culture.
49. DISEASE CAUSE SINGS REMADY
Ulcerative
syndrome
(ক্ষত র োগ)
Primarily attacked by
virus and then
attacked by algae and
bacteria.
• Primarily red laceration
appears.
• By the time the laceration
become deeper.
• Sometimes cotton fiber like
structure appear from the
wounding area.
• Fish moves abnomally and
unbalncedly.
• Lime and salt
should be
applied both at a
rate of
1kg/decimal
• For small fish
and egg bearing
fishes , their
food should
contain 60-
100mg /kg
Teramicine.
• Excessively
affected fish
should be buried
under soil.
50. DISEASE CAUSE SINGS REMADY
Fin Rot
( লেজ ও
পাখনা পচা
ল াগ )
This disease is
caused by
bacteria.
• At first some abnormal
stypes appear on the fin.
• Then it begins to decay.
• After the decay of fin is
done , it begins to decay
the fish muscle and the
coudal bone become
uncover.
• Primarily affected fish’s
affected fin is cutted
off partially. Then the
fis is treated with 2%
silver nitret or 2.5%
salt water for 2-3 min.
• For big fishes
Tetracycline injection is
injected at the rate of
10mg / kg body weight.
• The pond have to be
treated with lime and
salt both at the rate of
1kg/decimal.
51. DISEASE CAUSE SINGS REMADY
Dropsy
( লপট
ল াো
ল াগ )
When the fish is
affected by
aeromonas
bacteria.
• Scales become loose.
• Eyes become swollen.
• Greenish and light yellowish
liqued deposits in the Organs
inside the body cavity.
• Abdomen become excessivly
swollen.
• Affected fish should be
treated with Copper
sulphate solution (1:2000)
fore 1-2 min.
• Food containing 7-8 g/kg
Furazlidon or 100mg /kg
Oxyteytracycline should be
provided for 7 days
52. DISEASE CAUSE SINGS REMADY
White spot
( ু টকি
ল াগ )
Caused by
parasite
protozoans.
• Numeorus white spots
become visible on body,
fin, gill, etc.
• Overmuch mucus
secration.
• Respiration become
difficult.
• Fomalin should be applied at
the rate of 30mg/L.
• The affected fish should be
treated with 25mg/L & 0.1
mg/L malakite green for 2
houres once in a week.
• Lime should be applied to
the pond at the rate of
1kg/decimal.
53. DISEASE CAUSE SINGS REMADY
Argulosis
( উকুন)
Main cause of this
disease is a
flatened lifelike
parasite named
Argulus.
• Numerus small scathe on fish
skin become visible.
• Fish rub its body to hard
substrats.
• Liming at a rate of 1-2
kg/decimal.
• Application of 0.50mg/L
diptarex or 0.25mg/L
malathion.
• The affected fish should
be tereated with
500mg/L potassium
permanganate.
Solution for 30 min.
54. HARVEST
Hervesting means collection of fish
for marketing purpose after they
occupy a desirable size.
In our country pepole generally use
mesh barrier, cast net, scup net, etc.
After hervesting fish are rady for
marketing.
55.
56. MARKETING
After hervesting fishes are taken to
the market for selling.
If the nearest market is not so far
from the farm or pondthen the fishes
should be transported to the market
alive.
Otherwise it shuld be transported
with ice for preservation.