This document discusses conjunctive adverbs, which are similar to conjunctions but typically join only sentences. Some common conjunctive adverbs include furthermore, moreover, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore, consequently, hence, and thus. Conjunctive adverbs are more academic and formal than conjunctions. Examples are provided to show how conjunctive adverbs can join two sentences with different punctuation options, either with a semicolon or period between the sentences. The use of conjunctive adverbs avoids overusing conjunctions like "and" and "but" and allows for more sophisticated academic writing.

1. Conjunctive Adverbs
Kristi Reyes
MiraCosta College
Noncredit ESL Program

2. Review: Conjunctions
• Do you remember?
F A N B O Y S

3. Conjunctions
• Can join two or more …
• Words: soup or salad
• Phrases: go to school, go to work, and go to bed
• Sentences: I want to get a better job, so I am learning
English.

4. Conjunctive Adverbs
•Similar to conjunctions, but …
•Typically join only sentences
•Have different punctuation options
•More academic, formal

5. What are the conjunctive adverbs?
• There are many; here are a few and what they
mean (on handout):
• Furthermore
• Moreoverand
• However
• Nevertheless
• Nonetheless
but/ yet
• Therefore
• Consequently
• Hence
• Thus
so

6. Let’s look at some examples
1. You want to introduce your friend to your
teacher. You can’t think of your teacher’s
name!
Joined by a conjunction: …teacher, but you can’t
remember your teacher’s name!
Joined by a conjunctive adverb:
You want to introduce your friend to your
teacher; however, you can’t remember your
teacher’s name!
OR
You want to introduce your friend to your
teacher. However, you can’t remember your
teacher’s name!

7. Examples
2. I was worried about memory loss. I decided
to look into the problem.
Joined by a conjunction: … loss, so I decided…
Joined by a conjunctive adverb:
I was worried about memory loss; therefore, I
decided to look into the problem.
OR
I was worried about memory loss. Therefore, I
decided to look into the problem.

8. Examples
3. Glucose helps maintain memory function. Mental
activity helps prevent memory loss.
Joined by a conjunction: …memory function, and
mental activity…
Joined by a conjunctive adverb:
Glucose helps maintain memory function;
furthermore, mental activity helps prevent
memory loss.
OR
Glucose helps maintain memory function. Furthermore,
mental activity helps prevent memory loss.

9. Sentence formation and punctuation
The form for using conjunctive adverbs is often
one of the following:
• Sentence 1; conjunctive adverb, sentence 2.
• Sentence 1. Conjunctive adverb, sentence 2.

10. Why use conjunctive adverbs?
• No more but, but, but, and, and, and…
• Speak and write in a more academic, sophisticated manner…
Who, me?

11. Any questions?
• Let’s practice …