Conflicts presentation
•Download as PPT, PDF•
3 likes•3,719 views
The document discusses communication and conflict mediation techniques used in Sudan in June 2005. It defines conflicts as disagreements between individuals that create tension. Conflicts can be structural, involving unequal control of resources, or values-based, such as democracy vs oligarchy. Gandhi and Niels Christie are cited regarding transforming rather than suppressing conflicts by involving local people. The circle of conflict model and mediation paradigms such as focusing on satisfying needs for all parties rather than having winners and losers are presented. Empathetic communication techniques like nonviolent communication are also discussed.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Discourse
This document provides information about discourse analysis. It defines discourse as language beyond the sentence level and discusses key concepts like cohesion, coherence, intentionality and context. It also outlines different types of discourse such as narrative, descriptive, argumentative. The document compares written and spoken discourse and highlights differences in areas like grammatical complexity, repetition and fillers. Context is emphasized as important for interpreting discourse.
Language and discourse - cultural studies
Language is a basic form of communication that allows humans to express thoughts, emotions, and establish social rules and structures. Discourses constitute more than just ways of thinking and producing meaning - they also influence knowledge, social practices, power dynamics, and subjectivity. Different discourses, like those used in gendered toys and clothing, reinforce patriarchal social constructs by associating things like dolls with femininity and tools with masculinity. While most cultures use verbal and physical language as well as gestures to communicate, some regions like parts of Southeastern Europe rely more on body language than words.
Politcal Discourse
This document discusses political discourse and how language is used in political contexts. It examines how discourse can be considered inherently political and how the study of political discourse has evolved from ancient Greek philosophers to modern analysis. Political language has the potential for representation and transformation, and politicians often use language strategically through word choice, syntax, and other linguistic elements to portray their messages and viewpoints. The document analyzes different linguistic levels like syntax, phonology, and lexical choices that can shape political discourse and interpretation.
01 sociolinguistic
This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
Generativism
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
Davidson on truth and meaning
The document discusses the philosopher Donald Davidson. It provides biographical details, including that he was born in 1917 and spent much of his career at Stanford, Princeton, Rockefeller, and the University of Chicago before moving to UC Berkeley. The document discusses Davidson's influential work across philosophy of language, semantics, epistemology, and other areas. It notes both criticism of and continued engagement with Davidson's ideas among philosophers. The document also discusses issues and arguments in Davidson's philosophy regarding theories of meaning and truth.
Critical Discourse Analysis adel thamery
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines how power, dominance, inequality and bias are maintained and reproduced within social contexts through discourse. There are three main models of CDA: Norman Fairclough's Dialectal-Relational Approach analyzes texts, production/interpretation processes, and social conditions in three stages; Teun van Dijk's Socio-Cognitive Approach focuses on the interaction between cognition, discourse and society; Ruth Wodak's Discourse-Historical Approach developed in the Frankfurt School tradition, aims for practical applications through large interdisciplinary research projects.
The use of componential Analysis in Translation
The document discusses componential analysis, a method proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meanings. It breaks down words into semantic features or components, using plus and minus signs. Examples are given of decomposing the meanings of words like "man", "woman", "boy", "girl" into their semantic components. Componential analysis provides insight into word meanings and how words related in meaning are related. It allows analyzing synonyms, cultural words, and translating neologisms or new words not found in dictionaries. The method focuses on universal components of word meanings beyond linguistic and cultural differences between languages.
Recommended
Discourse
This document provides information about discourse analysis. It defines discourse as language beyond the sentence level and discusses key concepts like cohesion, coherence, intentionality and context. It also outlines different types of discourse such as narrative, descriptive, argumentative. The document compares written and spoken discourse and highlights differences in areas like grammatical complexity, repetition and fillers. Context is emphasized as important for interpreting discourse.
Language and discourse - cultural studies
Language is a basic form of communication that allows humans to express thoughts, emotions, and establish social rules and structures. Discourses constitute more than just ways of thinking and producing meaning - they also influence knowledge, social practices, power dynamics, and subjectivity. Different discourses, like those used in gendered toys and clothing, reinforce patriarchal social constructs by associating things like dolls with femininity and tools with masculinity. While most cultures use verbal and physical language as well as gestures to communicate, some regions like parts of Southeastern Europe rely more on body language than words.
Politcal Discourse
This document discusses political discourse and how language is used in political contexts. It examines how discourse can be considered inherently political and how the study of political discourse has evolved from ancient Greek philosophers to modern analysis. Political language has the potential for representation and transformation, and politicians often use language strategically through word choice, syntax, and other linguistic elements to portray their messages and viewpoints. The document analyzes different linguistic levels like syntax, phonology, and lexical choices that can shape political discourse and interpretation.
01 sociolinguistic
This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
Generativism
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
Davidson on truth and meaning
The document discusses the philosopher Donald Davidson. It provides biographical details, including that he was born in 1917 and spent much of his career at Stanford, Princeton, Rockefeller, and the University of Chicago before moving to UC Berkeley. The document discusses Davidson's influential work across philosophy of language, semantics, epistemology, and other areas. It notes both criticism of and continued engagement with Davidson's ideas among philosophers. The document also discusses issues and arguments in Davidson's philosophy regarding theories of meaning and truth.
Critical Discourse Analysis adel thamery
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines how power, dominance, inequality and bias are maintained and reproduced within social contexts through discourse. There are three main models of CDA: Norman Fairclough's Dialectal-Relational Approach analyzes texts, production/interpretation processes, and social conditions in three stages; Teun van Dijk's Socio-Cognitive Approach focuses on the interaction between cognition, discourse and society; Ruth Wodak's Discourse-Historical Approach developed in the Frankfurt School tradition, aims for practical applications through large interdisciplinary research projects.
The use of componential Analysis in Translation
The document discusses componential analysis, a method proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meanings. It breaks down words into semantic features or components, using plus and minus signs. Examples are given of decomposing the meanings of words like "man", "woman", "boy", "girl" into their semantic components. Componential analysis provides insight into word meanings and how words related in meaning are related. It allows analyzing synonyms, cultural words, and translating neologisms or new words not found in dictionaries. The method focuses on universal components of word meanings beyond linguistic and cultural differences between languages.
Syntax
This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
British national corpus
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a large text corpus of samples of written and spoken British English from the late 20th century. It was created between 1991 and 1994 by an academic consortium and contains over 100 million words. The BNC consists of both written texts that make up 90% of the corpus, as well as spoken texts that comprise the remaining 10%. It provides information about English usage and helps researchers study collocations and how words are used in different contexts.
Fundamental concepts in linguistics
This document discusses Saussure's concepts of langue and parole, and key linguistic concepts like linguistic signs, linguistic structure and relationships between elements. It explains that langue refers to the abstract rules and conventions of a language shared by a language community, while parole is the individual usage and performance of language. It describes language as a system with elements in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. Saussure prioritized the synchronic study of language as it exists at a point in time over the diachronic study of language changes over time.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
EDDE 802 - Discourse Analysis Presentation
This is a brief presentation on the subject of Discourse Analysis as a Research Method in Education. This was created by Apostolos Koutropoulos and Rosemarri Klamn for EDDE 802, assignment 2.
Dialectology
This document discusses the topic of dialectology, which is the scientific study of linguistic dialects. It defines dialect as a specific form of a language that is peculiar to a certain region or social group. Dialectology studies variations in language based on geographic distribution and associated features. To distinguish between dialects of the same language, speakers must be able to understand each other. The document outlines levels of dialect analysis including geography, ethnicity, and social class. It also discusses the need to study dialects from both linguistic and social perspectives.
Hieber - An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology
An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology. First in a three-part lecture series on language typology given to the Research & Development divisions of Rosetta Stone, June 15, 2012.
3 the referential-theory2
This document discusses different theories of semantics and meaning. It begins by describing early theories that saw meaning as the direct link between words and things. Later theorists argued that meaning involves the relationship between words, concepts, and things, with concepts mediating between words and what they refer to. Meaning was then seen as emerging from the use of words in specific contexts. Later sections discuss theories of sense versus reference, how meaning can be studied quantitatively using methods like "20 questions", and how semantic fields can be used to organize vocabulary.
Word meaning
This document discusses dictionary meaning and the differences between dictionaries and encyclopedias. It covers the history of dictionaries, how they define words, and the different types of information included in definitions. It also discusses sense relations between words and how dictionaries represent word meanings. While dictionaries define words, encyclopedias provide factual information about topics. The line between dictionary definitions and encyclopedic facts can sometimes be blurred.
Sapir and Whorf
This document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which was first proposed by Edward Sapir and later expanded upon by Benjamin Lee Whorf. It presents the key figures and their backgrounds, including Sapir's work in linguistics and Whorf's study of the Hopi language. The hypothesis is introduced as having both a strong version, that language determines thought, and a weak version, that language influences thought. While heavily criticized, most linguists now accept the weak version to some degree. Examples are given of how language can reflect cultural differences in areas like kinship terminology. The conclusion is that while the extreme versions have been disproven, most agree there is some influence of language on thought.
Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics developed by Michael Halliday that views language as a social semiotic system. In SFL, grammar is seen as a meaning-making resource that evolved to serve social functions. Halliday proposed that languages involve three metafunctions: using language to construe experience, enact social relations, and create coherent texts. SFL analyzes language from both a general semantic perspective as a system of options and a specific perspective as socially constructed texts.
Second language acquisition
This document discusses key concepts in second language acquisition, including the distinction between learning and acquisition, affective factors that can impact adult L2 learning, methods and approaches to teaching languages, and components of communicative competence. It addresses differences between acquiring an L1 and learning an L2, barriers to L2 acquisition for adults, and theories like the critical period hypothesis. Input/output processing and the role of practice producing the L2 are covered. The concept of an interlanguage is introduced, as well as positive/negative transfer from the L1.
Discourse and the sentence
Defining discourse
Discourse analysis
The scope of discourse analysis
Sentence and utterance
Discourse and the sentence
Poststructuralism literary criticism
This document discusses post-structuralism and provides examples of its application. It begins by defining post-structuralism as studying how knowledge is produced and critiquing structuralist assumptions, arguing that history and culture influence interpretations. It notes post-structuralism is less defined as a single movement than structuralism. The document then gives two literary examples - a poem about a black rose questioning social perceptions, and a poem using an ocean metaphor for a family - to demonstrate post-structuralist analysis focusing on reader interpretation over authorial intent.
Corpus linguistics
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Introduction to sociolinguistics
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
The document discusses discourse analysis and the differences between spoken and written language. It summarizes that discourse analysis focuses on language beyond the sentence level. It notes that language serves both a transactional function of expressing content and an interactional function of expressing social relations and attitudes. While spoken and written language are related, they differ in form. The document analyzes in spoken language is based on natural language utterances rather than constructed examples, and involves discovering regularities in authentic data within a context.
Genre
Genre analysis examines how language is used in different social and cultural contexts. There are three main approaches discussed in the document: the ESP school, the Sydney school, and the rhetorical genre studies school. The ESP school focuses on describing genres and their structures to inform materials development. The Sydney school analyzes genres using systemic functional linguistics, examining field, tenor, and mode. The rhetorical genre studies school focuses on how genres are acquired, critiqued, and used by students in real contexts. Genre analysis is useful for language pedagogy by helping students understand genres and develop competence in new genres.
Presentation on cda
The document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA emerged from critical linguistics and examines how language both shapes and is shaped by society. CDA is concerned with studying texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias. The document also describes Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA and how it analyzes the text, discursive practice, and social practice dimensions of language.
The language conflict in belgium
Belgium has faced a language conflict between its Dutch-speaking Flanders region and French-speaking Wallonia region since its founding in 1830, with Brussels at the center due to its French-speaking majority. The country established linguistic equality laws in 1898 and divided into autonomous Dutch, French, and bilingual regions in 1932 in an attempt to balance the interests of both linguistic communities, but tensions and disagreements over the role of each language remain an ongoing political issue.
Reading belgium’s lingual troubles
Belgium faces deep political divisions between its French-speaking and Dutch-speaking communities, as language differences have led to the development of distinct cultural identities. The Flemish population now outnumbers French speakers but still feels their identity is threatened, leading many to refuse speaking French. This has split Belgium along linguistic lines in many aspects of public life. It remains unclear whether this divide will ultimately separate Belgium into two independent countries, but language has clearly become strongly tied to political divisions and nationalist sentiments within the country.
More Related Content
What's hot
Syntax
This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
British national corpus
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a large text corpus of samples of written and spoken British English from the late 20th century. It was created between 1991 and 1994 by an academic consortium and contains over 100 million words. The BNC consists of both written texts that make up 90% of the corpus, as well as spoken texts that comprise the remaining 10%. It provides information about English usage and helps researchers study collocations and how words are used in different contexts.
Fundamental concepts in linguistics
This document discusses Saussure's concepts of langue and parole, and key linguistic concepts like linguistic signs, linguistic structure and relationships between elements. It explains that langue refers to the abstract rules and conventions of a language shared by a language community, while parole is the individual usage and performance of language. It describes language as a system with elements in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. Saussure prioritized the synchronic study of language as it exists at a point in time over the diachronic study of language changes over time.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
EDDE 802 - Discourse Analysis Presentation
This is a brief presentation on the subject of Discourse Analysis as a Research Method in Education. This was created by Apostolos Koutropoulos and Rosemarri Klamn for EDDE 802, assignment 2.
Dialectology
This document discusses the topic of dialectology, which is the scientific study of linguistic dialects. It defines dialect as a specific form of a language that is peculiar to a certain region or social group. Dialectology studies variations in language based on geographic distribution and associated features. To distinguish between dialects of the same language, speakers must be able to understand each other. The document outlines levels of dialect analysis including geography, ethnicity, and social class. It also discusses the need to study dialects from both linguistic and social perspectives.
Hieber - An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology
An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology. First in a three-part lecture series on language typology given to the Research & Development divisions of Rosetta Stone, June 15, 2012.
3 the referential-theory2
This document discusses different theories of semantics and meaning. It begins by describing early theories that saw meaning as the direct link between words and things. Later theorists argued that meaning involves the relationship between words, concepts, and things, with concepts mediating between words and what they refer to. Meaning was then seen as emerging from the use of words in specific contexts. Later sections discuss theories of sense versus reference, how meaning can be studied quantitatively using methods like "20 questions", and how semantic fields can be used to organize vocabulary.
Word meaning
This document discusses dictionary meaning and the differences between dictionaries and encyclopedias. It covers the history of dictionaries, how they define words, and the different types of information included in definitions. It also discusses sense relations between words and how dictionaries represent word meanings. While dictionaries define words, encyclopedias provide factual information about topics. The line between dictionary definitions and encyclopedic facts can sometimes be blurred.
Sapir and Whorf
This document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which was first proposed by Edward Sapir and later expanded upon by Benjamin Lee Whorf. It presents the key figures and their backgrounds, including Sapir's work in linguistics and Whorf's study of the Hopi language. The hypothesis is introduced as having both a strong version, that language determines thought, and a weak version, that language influences thought. While heavily criticized, most linguists now accept the weak version to some degree. Examples are given of how language can reflect cultural differences in areas like kinship terminology. The conclusion is that while the extreme versions have been disproven, most agree there is some influence of language on thought.
Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics developed by Michael Halliday that views language as a social semiotic system. In SFL, grammar is seen as a meaning-making resource that evolved to serve social functions. Halliday proposed that languages involve three metafunctions: using language to construe experience, enact social relations, and create coherent texts. SFL analyzes language from both a general semantic perspective as a system of options and a specific perspective as socially constructed texts.
Second language acquisition
This document discusses key concepts in second language acquisition, including the distinction between learning and acquisition, affective factors that can impact adult L2 learning, methods and approaches to teaching languages, and components of communicative competence. It addresses differences between acquiring an L1 and learning an L2, barriers to L2 acquisition for adults, and theories like the critical period hypothesis. Input/output processing and the role of practice producing the L2 are covered. The concept of an interlanguage is introduced, as well as positive/negative transfer from the L1.
Discourse and the sentence
Defining discourse
Discourse analysis
The scope of discourse analysis
Sentence and utterance
Discourse and the sentence
Poststructuralism literary criticism
This document discusses post-structuralism and provides examples of its application. It begins by defining post-structuralism as studying how knowledge is produced and critiquing structuralist assumptions, arguing that history and culture influence interpretations. It notes post-structuralism is less defined as a single movement than structuralism. The document then gives two literary examples - a poem about a black rose questioning social perceptions, and a poem using an ocean metaphor for a family - to demonstrate post-structuralist analysis focusing on reader interpretation over authorial intent.
Corpus linguistics
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Introduction to sociolinguistics
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
The document discusses discourse analysis and the differences between spoken and written language. It summarizes that discourse analysis focuses on language beyond the sentence level. It notes that language serves both a transactional function of expressing content and an interactional function of expressing social relations and attitudes. While spoken and written language are related, they differ in form. The document analyzes in spoken language is based on natural language utterances rather than constructed examples, and involves discovering regularities in authentic data within a context.
Genre
Genre analysis examines how language is used in different social and cultural contexts. There are three main approaches discussed in the document: the ESP school, the Sydney school, and the rhetorical genre studies school. The ESP school focuses on describing genres and their structures to inform materials development. The Sydney school analyzes genres using systemic functional linguistics, examining field, tenor, and mode. The rhetorical genre studies school focuses on how genres are acquired, critiqued, and used by students in real contexts. Genre analysis is useful for language pedagogy by helping students understand genres and develop competence in new genres.
Presentation on cda
The document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA emerged from critical linguistics and examines how language both shapes and is shaped by society. CDA is concerned with studying texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias. The document also describes Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA and how it analyzes the text, discursive practice, and social practice dimensions of language.
What's hot (20)
Hieber - An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology
Hieber - An Introduction to Typology, Part I: Morphological Typology
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
Viewers also liked
The language conflict in belgium
Belgium has faced a language conflict between its Dutch-speaking Flanders region and French-speaking Wallonia region since its founding in 1830, with Brussels at the center due to its French-speaking majority. The country established linguistic equality laws in 1898 and divided into autonomous Dutch, French, and bilingual regions in 1932 in an attempt to balance the interests of both linguistic communities, but tensions and disagreements over the role of each language remain an ongoing political issue.
Reading belgium’s lingual troubles
Belgium faces deep political divisions between its French-speaking and Dutch-speaking communities, as language differences have led to the development of distinct cultural identities. The Flemish population now outnumbers French speakers but still feels their identity is threatened, leading many to refuse speaking French. This has split Belgium along linguistic lines in many aspects of public life. It remains unclear whether this divide will ultimately separate Belgium into two independent countries, but language has clearly become strongly tied to political divisions and nationalist sentiments within the country.
Sociolinguistics - 8. language existence online version
A short lecture capsule for my students.
Two major references are: (i) Bell, A. (2014). The guidebook to sociolinguistics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, and (ii) Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Essex: Pearson Education.
Language maintenance and shift
Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
CONFLICT POWERPOINT
The document discusses conflict in organizations. It defines conflict as a situation where someone believes their needs have been denied. It lists symptoms of conflict such as tensions, poor communication, and falling productivity. Causes of conflict include disagreements over relationships, data, values, interests, and organizational structure. The document advocates for constructively addressing and resolving conflicts rather than ignoring or suppressing them.
Ethnic Conflict and Its Threats to Democracy
In the past two decades, ethnic and national conflicts have clearly re-emerged as one of the greatest, and potentially most dangerous, political problems in the international arena. A series of violent conflicts have erupted in Europe, Asia and Africa, claiming the lives of many thousands of victims, and injuring and displacing many more. In sight of this overwhelming evidence, academia finds itself obliged to ask why nationalism and ethnonationalism can prompt such violence, how they can wreck havoc and in what way these horror-scenarios can be adverted. This presentation considers the threats posed to democratic values by the existence of serious ethnic conflict within a single national territory, and investigates several structural solutions (including, but not limited to, partition, secession, integration, federalism and consociationalism). As such, it hopes to clear out which holds the best hope of success.
Guitar blues
Este documento fornece informações sobre o blues, incluindo sua origem, grandes guitarristas, forma musical e elementos de acompanhamento. O autor também discute escalas e modos usados no blues, como o pentatônico e o dórico, além de fornecer exemplos de frases e dicas para transcrições.
Guide to Global GDP Guidelines
This one-page document provides a summary of Good Distribution Practice (GDP) guidelines around the world. GDP ensures that medical products are stored, transported, and handled under suitable conditions as required by their authorizations. There is no single global GDP standard. The document lists GDP requirements for various countries and regions, including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Denmark, the UK, Ireland, India, China, Canada, the US, and the European Commission. It also lists GDP guidelines from organizations like IATA, IPEC Europe, PDA, and WHO. Users can click on locations for more detailed information on each area's GDP guidelines.
The disintegration of yugoslavia and the ensuing civil war in the balkans
The document discusses the formation and disintegration of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). It summarizes that FRY was formed to unite ethnically diverse groups but eventually broke apart in the 1990s due to ethnic divisions, the death of the leader Tito, and economic crisis. The disintegration led to Balkan civil wars and the formation of six new countries from the former Yugoslav republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Today the countries have varying relationships with the EU and NATO and stability in the region remains a work in progress.
The end of yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was composed of six republics and two provinces in 1990. Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina fought for independence, leading to fierce fighting between Serbians and Croatians that spread to Bosnia. The Serbian army engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims, killing over 250,000 by 1995 and displacing two million into refugee camps. NATO bombing intervened and forced a peace treaty splitting Bosnia into a Muslim-Croat and Serb entities. War broke out again in Kosovo in 1998 as Serbs began killing ethnic Albanians, leading to NATO freeing Albanians within Serbia in 1999. Serbia and Montenegro then formed a new union and dropped the name Yugoslavia.
Power Sharing in belgium and sri lanka class 10
The document compares power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka. Belgium adopted a power sharing system that gave equal representation and rights to its Dutch and French communities. This resolved tensions between the groups. In contrast, Sri Lanka's system favored the Sinhalese majority, denying equal rights and representation to Tamils and sparking a long civil war. Effective power sharing that accommodates all communities, as in Belgium, can promote political stability over alternatives like Sri Lanka's majoritarian approach.
Power sharing in belgium and Srilanka. Enjoy!!!!!
It took 4 hrs for me to make this content.So. please share and enjoy it.My mam appreciated it and I deserved it. Hard work worth it. Make your teacher too happy and your result will be well..............................................................................................................................
Language Contact and Its Outcomes - Kyle Shiells
Languages have been coexisting and influencing each other since long before history was recorded. What are the situations in which contact can arise, how are the languages and communities changed in the process, and how can we learn about histories of contact from the languages themselves?
Language maintenance and shift
This document discusses language maintenance and shift that can occur when speakers are exposed to a second language. There are three main outcomes: 1) language maintenance, where speakers maintain their mother tongue, 2) language shift, where speakers shift to the new second language as their main or only language, or 3) bilingualism. Typically, a full language shift takes around three generations, though it can be slower or faster depending on factors like the use of a standardized written language or arranged marriages keeping the original language alive. Studies have found language shift can occur through five stages from monolingualism in the minority language to monolingualism in the majority language over multiple generations.
Eu and usa key differences 1
The document compares regulatory frameworks and GMP requirements between the EU and US. Some key differences include:
- EU GMP requirements are outlined in regulations, directives and guides while US requirements are in the CFR which has legal binding force.
- In the EU, the EMA and national competent authorities oversee drug approvals and inspections while in the US the FDA fulfills these roles.
- Process validation approaches have been expanded in the EU to include continuous and hybrid methods in addition to traditional approaches.
- The EU places greater emphasis on quality systems, process monitoring and product quality reviews over the lifetime of the product.
- Collaboration initiatives between the EU and US aim to further harmonize regulations and inspection processes
Language maintenance
The document discusses factors that influence language maintenance or loss. It summarizes Giles, Bourhis and Taylor's model which identifies three main factors: 1) Status - including economic, social, and language status, 2) Demographic factors like population size and distribution, and 3) Institutional support through representation of the minority language in various institutions. Additional linguistic factors like standardization and cultural factors like emphasis on ethnic identity and community also influence whether a language is maintained or lost.
Language Attitude by Karahan F
This study examined language attitudes of Turkish students towards English. A questionnaire was administered to 190 Turkish 8th grade students measuring their attitudes on 5-point scales. Results found students have mildly positive attitudes towards English, seeing it as important but not very interesting. Females had more positive attitudes than males. Students exposed to English earlier (ages 0-6) also had more positive attitudes. Students recognized English's importance but were less willing to actively learn it. They welcomed English culture but were ambivalent about using the language in Turkey. The findings partially supported the relationship between positive language attitudes and orientation to learning English.
Conflict management presentation
The document summarizes information about conflict management presented in an organizational behavior presentation. It discusses the causes, advantages, and disadvantages of conflicts, as well as types of conflicts, the conflict process, levels of conflicts, and steps to manage conflicts. Key points covered include the five stages of the conflict process, the five conflict handling intentions, and five steps identified to manage conflicts positively which are anticipate, prevent, identify, manage, and resolve.
Causes of conflict
Conflict can arise when basic needs are not met or goals are obstructed. The main causes of conflict include incomplete or inaccurate data, poor relationships and communication, differing values or belief systems, unjust structural systems, competing interests, and limited resources. Conflicts over data often involve disagreements over the best solution, while relationship issues question motives. Differing values make compromise difficult, and structural causes prevent needs from being met. Interest and resource conflicts stem from perceptions of limited options or materials.
Viewers also liked (20)
Sociolinguistics - 8. language existence online version
Sociolinguistics - 8. language existence online version
The disintegration of yugoslavia and the ensuing civil war in the balkans
The disintegration of yugoslavia and the ensuing civil war in the balkans
Similar to Conflicts presentation
Conflicts and Communication (MedSIN, 2005)
This document discusses communication, conflict, and mediation. It defines conflict as disagreements that create tension between two or more individuals. It presents different philosophies of conflict, including that conflicts exist everywhere and are socially constructed, and that the destructive aspects are not inevitable. It also discusses structural causes of conflict, including unequal control of resources, and different paradigms of mediation, traditional which sees conflicts as disturbing versus modern which sees them as natural. The document advocates for empathetic communication and nonviolent communication techniques.
A Democratic Government
The document discusses different approaches to democratic institutions in divided societies, specifically comparing the views of Lijphart and Horowitz. Lijphart focuses on inclusion through consociational democracy, while Horowitz advocates for moderation through incentives-based approaches. The author argues that both inclusion and moderation are needed to address the fundamental issue of representation. Pure deliberative democracy may not be practical or inclusive enough in deeply divided post-conflict societies.
humr5131_h-rights-in-intern-rel-2014.ppt
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on human rights in international relations. It discusses different perspectives on how human rights fit within international relations theories and debates challenges in studying this issue. It provides an overview of key authors and examines how global challenges and human rights obligations impact inter-state relations. It also analyzes the "peace vs. justice" debate through cases like R2P in Libya and Syria and controversial questions that arise in peace negotiations when addressing human rights violations and political issues.
International Relations ( Ir )
International Relations is an important field that helps explain how nation-states interact globally. Two prominent IR theories, liberalism and realism, both recognize the existence of anarchy and the importance of states in the international system. While realism sees anarchy as a lack of central authority, the international system also allows for some cooperation through international organizations and principles like collective security. Studying IR helps provide understanding of global political and economic issues and possible solutions.
FinalpaperHRC
This document discusses the relationship between human rights and conflict through examining a case study on Syria. It provides background on the conflict in Syria, noting it started as a rebellion against President Assad due to human rights abuses, but turned into a civil war. The document analyzes the conflict through the lens of various articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, finding that even before the civil war, there were widespread abuses of articles protecting the rights to life, liberty, freedom from torture, and equality before the law. As the civil war intensified, grave human rights violations have become commonplace on a daily basis.
International Relations Essay Topics
International relations theories help explain how nation-states interact in a world without centralized authority, with realism focusing on self-interest and balancing of power between states and liberalism emphasizing international cooperation through international organizations. While theories provide frameworks, the field is complex as most concepts can be countered by other perspectives, suggesting a holistic approach is needed to understand contemporary international relations.
CLASSP~1.PPT
Introduction
The role of international Media in conflict
Hate Media
Social Media and Information Warfare in the Ukraine-Russia War
The role of Media in Constructing a Culture of Peace
3.1. War Quiz
The document discusses perspectives on international relations and the role of legitimacy and deception in politics and war. It outlines differences between realist and liberal perspectives, with realists viewing the international system as inherently conflictual and liberals being more optimistic about cooperation. It discusses Alexander Wendt's view that how states perceive anarchy shapes their behavior. Legitimacy is necessary to sustain war, as authorities must convince people war is necessary. There has been a shift towards new ideologies that dehumanize others and undermine respect for civilians. The three kinds of deception in politics are concealment, spinning, and lying, with lying being more accepted in international politics due to the anarchic system between states.
Global Trend AASTU.pptx
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on global affairs and international relations. It covers several key topics:
- The course details including name, instructor, code and chapters on international relations and concepts like nationalism, nations, and states.
- International relations is defined as comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and related to contemporary issues like foreign policy, globalization and the global political system.
- Key concepts in international relations like power, anarchy, sovereignty and theories like liberalism and realism are introduced. Different levels of analysis including the individual, group, state and system levels are also outlined.
Assignment on Conflict Management Studies.pdf
This document provides an overview of ethnicity conflict and conflict resolutions in Somalia. It begins with introductions to the historical background of ethnic conflict in Somalia and the nature and causes of conflicts there. It then discusses various tools and approaches that have been used for conflict resolution in Somalia, including establishing rules and procedures, reducing tension between parties, and improving communication between opposing groups. The document also examines specific conflict resolution approaches like forcing, win-win collaborating, compromising, withdrawing, and smoothing over differences.
Similar to Conflicts presentation (10)
More from Dr Ghaiath Hussein
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
10 Tips to make your search in Google Scholar more effective.pdf
10 Tips to make your search in Google Scholar more effective
10 نصائح لجعل بحثك على موقع (Google Scholar) أكثر فعالية
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptx
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Medically Assisted Dying in (MAiD) Ireland - Mapping the Ethical Terrain (May...
This document outlines a presentation on mapping the ethical terrain of medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It does not take a stance but provides a framework to guide conceptual discussion. It focuses on the decision, decision makers, and outcomes using Canada as an example country that has legalized MAiD. Key ethical questions are raised about patients' autonomy and consent, physicians' conflicting duties, and impacts on public perception and resource allocation. Data from Canada on MAiD providers and annual reported deaths is presented. The conclusion emphasizes the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before a decision is made.
Research or not research (JCB 17.11.21).pptx
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
Medically assisted dying in (MAiD) Ireland - mapping the ethical terrain
This document provides an outline for a presentation on medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It aims to establish an ethical framework for conceptual discussion of MAiD by considering: the decision, the decision makers, and the outcome. It does not endorse any viewpoint. The presentation raises several ethical questions around patient autonomy and consent, concepts of life and death, the role of healthcare providers, and impacts on community and public trust. Examples are provided from Canada, where MAiD is legal, to illustrate challenges in practice. The document stresses the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before legalizing MAiD in Ireland.
الاحتضار والموت والمنظور الشرعي له التعامل مع المحتضر والميت طلب عدم الإنعاش...
الاحتضار والموت والمنظور الشرعي له التعامل مع المحتضر والميت طلب عدم الإنعاش والأحكام الشرعية المترتبة عليه(1)
More from Dr Ghaiath Hussein (20)
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
10 Tips to make your search in Google Scholar more effective.pdf
10 Tips to make your search in Google Scholar more effective.pdf
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptx
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptx
Medically Assisted Dying in (MAiD) Ireland - Mapping the Ethical Terrain (May...
Medically Assisted Dying in (MAiD) Ireland - Mapping the Ethical Terrain (May...
Medically assisted dying in (MAiD) Ireland - mapping the ethical terrain
Medically assisted dying in (MAiD) Ireland - mapping the ethical terrain
الاحتضار والموت والمنظور الشرعي له التعامل مع المحتضر والميت طلب عدم الإنعاش...
الاحتضار والموت والمنظور الشرعي له التعامل مع المحتضر والميت طلب عدم الإنعاش...
Recently uploaded
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
在线办理(latrobe毕业证书)拉筹伯大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(latrobe毕业证书)拉筹伯大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptx
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu Biography
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75LUMINATIVE MEDIA/PROJECT COUNSEL MEDIA GROUP
From his beginnings with a daily newspaper, he moved easily through Newsweek magazine to cable news and, later, to the frontiers of online journalism.A draft Ukraine-Russia treaty from April 2022
A draft Ukraine-Russia treaty from April 2022, published here in full for the first time.
Recently uploaded (8)
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Conflicts presentation
- 1. Communication and Conflict MedSIN Sudan June 2005
- 3. Crisis (greek):Verdict, Culumination
- 6. Structural: Inequal control of resources on a political level Value: Democracy vs. Oligarchy Pseudo: Misconception of the other person Info: Monopolizing of international and national media Interest: Between the legitimate interest of the people and the oligarchy THE CIRCLE OF CONFLICT
- 7. Structural: Inequal control of resources on a political level Value: Democracy vs. Oligarchy Pseudo: Misconception of the other person Info: Monopolizing of international and national media Interest: Between the legitimate interest of the people and the oligarchy THE CIRCLE OF CONFLICT The people have to read the objective story of Burundi The creation of a new army and security force without any form for discrimination Laws that ensures fair and equal distribution of goods and power We want to develop the values of democracy Train people in human rights.
- 8. Structural: Inequal control of resources on a political level Value: Democracy vs. Oligarchy Relation: Misconception of the other person Hutu vs. Tutsi Info: Monopolizing of international and national media Interest: Between the legitimate interest of the people and the oligarchy The people have to read the objective story of Burundi The creation of a new army and security force without any form for discrimination Laws that ensures fair and equal distribution of goods and power We want to develop the values of democracy Train people in human rights. The Burundi Case:
- 12. Empatisk kommunikasjon: Dr. Marshall B. Rosenberg is the founder of- and director of educational services at Center for Nonviolent Communications, an international, non-profit organization.
Editor's Notes
- Konflikter finnes alltid og kan ikke fjernes uten å tilsidesette utvikling, frihet eller demokrati Konflikter blir slik ansett å være en sosial realitet, som det er nødvendig og forholde seg konstruktivt til Det destruktive i en konflikt blir slik ikke en naturnødvendighet, og evnen til å håndtere en konflikt konstruktivt blir en kompetanse som kan tilegnes
- Presisering 1: en konflikt antas å eksistere når bare en part opplever spenninger. Man kan slik ikke hevde at det kun er den ene parten som har en konflikt, konflikten er felles, selv om de involverte ikke kjenner den like tydelig Presisering 2: Det er ikke nødvendig at spenningen er artikulert, for at konflikten skal eksistere, men for at at man skal kunne arbeide med den må den formuleres Presisering 3: Det skilles mellom konflikter og pseudokonflikter, som er konflikter forårsaket av misforståelser som oppløses når det kommer tilstrekkelig informasjon på bordet. Presisering 4: konflikter mellom personer og konflikter i den enkelte person, en avklaring av en personsambivalens er å betrakte som et gunstig utgangspunkt for enhver mekling.
- ...forpliktelsen til i videst mulig omfang å være, og forbli, både upartisk og nøytral... ...å sikre seg at alle forstår og aksepterer prosessen de er involverte i, og de roller de har i prosessen... ...å være tydelig med hensyn til omfang og begrensninger i fortroligheten... ...å iverksette og utføre prosessen under en rimelig tidshorisont... ...å sikre at alle involverte oppfatter avtaler som inngås og beslutninger som tas som sine egne.
- ...forpliktelsen til i videst mulig omfang å være, og forbli, både upartisk og nøytral... ...å sikre seg at alle forstår og aksepterer prosessen de er involverte i, og de roller de har i prosessen... ...å være tydelig med hensyn til omfang og begrensninger i fortroligheten... ...å iverksette og utføre prosessen under en rimelig tidshorisont... ...å sikre at alle involverte oppfatter avtaler som inngås og beslutninger som tas som sine egne.