Computer start up process
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Computer memory
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
booting steps of a computer
The document discusses the boot process of a computer system. It begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and checking for a boot sector. If found, the boot sector loads the operating system kernel which takes control. Common boot devices include local hard drives, optical drives, USB drives, and network interfaces. The boot process completes when the operating system is loaded into memory and the computer is ready for use.
Computer software
Computer software, also called software, is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system.
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Computer keyboard
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer. Christopher Latham Sholes invented the modern keyboard design in 1868 with his patent of the typewriter. There are several types of keyboards including standard, laptop, gaming, ergonomic, laser/infrared, and rollup keyboards. Keyboards can connect via wired connections like USB or wireless connections like Bluetooth. Keyboards contain letter keys, number keys, function keys, navigation keys, and special keys like shift, tab, escape and control keys.
RAM/ROM and its TYPES
RAM is the primary memory of a computer that can access any memory cell directly. The two main types are DRAM and SRAM. DRAM (dynamic RAM) is commonly used in computers and needs to be refreshed to retain data. It stores each bit in a storage cell with a capacitor and transistor. ROM is a permanent, non-volatile memory that usually cannot be written to by the user. The main types are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory.
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Case
Power switch
Reset switch
Hard drive
Floppy
CD/DVD
Zip drive
Serial ports
Parallel port
USB port
Keyboard/mouse
Network card
Modem
Sound card
Video card
RAM
Motherboard
Bus
Fan
Cables
How to install windows 7
To install Windows 7, first enter the system BIOS and set the boot device priority to boot from the installation DVD or CD. Insert the installation media and select the language and keyboard settings. Choose between an upgrade or custom installation and select the partition to install Windows to. The setup will then copy files and create a user account. Finally, configure the date and time, network settings, and protection options before completing the installation.
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Computer memory
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
booting steps of a computer
The document discusses the boot process of a computer system. It begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and checking for a boot sector. If found, the boot sector loads the operating system kernel which takes control. Common boot devices include local hard drives, optical drives, USB drives, and network interfaces. The boot process completes when the operating system is loaded into memory and the computer is ready for use.
Computer software
Computer software, also called software, is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Computer keyboard
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer. Christopher Latham Sholes invented the modern keyboard design in 1868 with his patent of the typewriter. There are several types of keyboards including standard, laptop, gaming, ergonomic, laser/infrared, and rollup keyboards. Keyboards can connect via wired connections like USB or wireless connections like Bluetooth. Keyboards contain letter keys, number keys, function keys, navigation keys, and special keys like shift, tab, escape and control keys.
RAM/ROM and its TYPES
RAM is the primary memory of a computer that can access any memory cell directly. The two main types are DRAM and SRAM. DRAM (dynamic RAM) is commonly used in computers and needs to be refreshed to retain data. It stores each bit in a storage cell with a capacitor and transistor. ROM is a permanent, non-volatile memory that usually cannot be written to by the user. The main types are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory.
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Case
Power switch
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Hard drive
Floppy
CD/DVD
Zip drive
Serial ports
Parallel port
USB port
Keyboard/mouse
Network card
Modem
Sound card
Video card
RAM
Motherboard
Bus
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Cables
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Application software directly manipulates text, numbers, and graphics to perform dedicated tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, and multimedia. Word processing software creates and edits documents, spreadsheet software allows calculations in cells like Excel, and presentation software displays slideshows like PowerPoint. Database software stores and retrieves data from databases, while multimedia software plays audio and video files.
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References = computer fundamental book
published by = P.K Sinha
Course= BCA ,Sem=1,Yr=1
presentation- 13 slides
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Difference between hardware and software?
Computer related topic.
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This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
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This document provides information about RAM and ROM, two types of computer memory. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that allows reading and writing and is used to run applications, while ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile and only allows reading to store programs for booting the computer. Key differences between RAM and ROM are outlined, such as RAM being faster but losing data when powered off, while ROM retains data when powered off but only allows writing once. Characteristics of each type of memory are also described.
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*ROM is READ ONLY MEMORY - I had a typo...sorry!
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COMPUTER MEMORY
The document discusses computer memory, including random access memory (RAM) and how it works. It provides three key points:
1) RAM is the computer's temporary storage area that allows the CPU to access data more quickly than from permanent storage like a hard drive. When applications, files, or programs are opened they are loaded into RAM.
2) The CPU continuously requests data from RAM, processes it, and writes new data back to RAM in a cycle that happens millions of times per second.
3) When an application closes, it and any files are purged from RAM to free up space, so they must be saved to permanent storage or the changes will be lost.
Application software and system software
This document discusses system software and application software. It defines system software as programs that operate and control computer hardware to provide a platform for running application software. It lists common system software programs like assemblers, compilers, and file management tools. It then discusses operating systems in detail, explaining their functions like starting and shutting down computers, providing user interfaces, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, and more. It also covers types of operating systems and defines application software as programs that perform useful tasks for users. It provides examples of different types of application software.
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The document discusses how computers represent and store data. Computers use binary digits (bits) represented as electrical voltages to store all types of data. Bits are grouped into bytes of 8 bits to represent characters, numbers, images, sound etc. Memory is measured in bytes, kilobytes and megabytes. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions. Caches improve performance by storing frequently used data closer to the CPU.
1.ProcessorProcessor is a small chip which is placed in the compu.pdf
1.Processor:
Processor is a small chip which is placed in the computer.The main purpose of this processor is,it
receives the input and generates the output.This one task.Like this it can perform Trillions of
tasks or calculations in 1 second.This is also called as MicroProcessor.Most computer contains
processors developed by Intel or AMD.This processor is the central processing unit of any
computer called CPU.
2.RAM Memory:
RAM stands for Random Access Memory.It is made of small memory memory chips which
forms a memory module.In our computer these are installed in the RAM slots of the
MotherBoard.
These are used to access the data fast from the hard disk.We we open any program in the
computer .First that program related data will be loaded into the RAM.This is because reading
the data directly from the hard disk is slower.But reading the data from the RAM is faster.If the
Ram is sufficient without any lag time our computer will work fastly.If we want to improve the
computer performance we have to add additional Ram to the Ram slots .
3.ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory.RAM is different from ROM .This is small piece of
memory which contains instructions which is used by the computer while booting and before the
software loads.These instructions are present in the small program inside ROM called
BIOS(Basic Input /Output System).
In BIOS there will be settings.Which will be read by the computer before the operating gets
loaded.
4.Cache
This is also small amount of memory which will store the information about the recently
accessed information. If we are trying to access the same information again then we will get it
from the Cache which will improve the performance of the system.
We will have different types of Cache like:
a.Broswer Cache:
Most web broswers uses this Type of cache.If we are accessing any Web site for the first
time.All the images,HTML pages etc will be saved inside the cache.If next time if we accessed
the same web site then once again it won’t get the images of the site,HTMl pages from the site.It
will get from the broswers cahce memory.Which will improves the Browsing speed.
b.Disk Cache:Most of the 1Tera Byte hard disks contain 32 MB of cache Memory.
If we are opening a folder which contains so many file for the first time from the hard disk.All
the references of the files will be stored inside the cache.Next time when we open the same
folder then the list of files will load instantly without taking much time.
c. Processor Cache.
Which contains frequently used instructions by the processor. These instructions are stored in L1
Cache,L2 cache.
5:Computer Bus:
Usually the computer has several buses which will transmit the data to different parts of the
machine.It is made of set of wires which will allows data to passed back and forth.The size of the
bus depends upon the data it is transmitting at a time.The size of the bus is like 32-bit and 64-
bit.The buses will also have speed will be measured in megahertz.This will determi.
Operating system
This document discusses different types of operating systems, how operating systems load, and key concepts related to how operating systems function. It describes single-tasking and multi-tasking operating systems, as well as embedded operating systems designed for small devices. It explains how firmware performs initial checks and loads the operating system from a hard disk into memory. Finally, it defines concepts like buffers, polling, interrupts, handshaking, and utility software.
Internal storage of a computer system
RAM (random access memory) is the primary storage area in a computer for programs and data that the processor can access. It is temporary memory that stores bytes of data and instructions until the computer is powered down. RAM needs to match the processor's abilities and most operating systems require at least 1GB of RAM to run smoothly. ROM (read only memory) provides permanent storage for instructions and firmware needed to boot the computer. It stores data using fixed circuits that don't erase when powered down, including the BIOS (basic input/output system) which contains hardware information and boot instructions.
Components of computer systems
The major hardware components of a computer are the processor, main memory, secondary memory, input devices, and output devices. The processor performs computations, main memory temporarily stores active data and instructions, and secondary memory provides long-term storage. Input devices such as keyboards allow data to enter the computer, while output devices like monitors allow data to leave. Software includes programs and data, which are stored in memory and processed by the processor. An operating system coordinates the hardware and software components to allow application programs to run.
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The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. An operating system acts as an intermediary between users and computer hardware. It hides hardware details and provides a convenient interface. Operating systems execute programs, allocate resources efficiently between users and applications, and make the computer system easier to use.
Operating system concepts (notes)
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, describing what operating systems do and how they are viewed from both the user and system perspectives. It defines key components of a computer system including hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users. The operating system acts as an intermediary that controls hardware resources and coordinates their use among applications and users. It also describes the basic organization and operation of computer systems, how storage is structured in a storage hierarchy with caching, and how input/output devices are controlled.
operating systems By ZAK
The operating system controls the computer's hardware and software, acting as an interface between applications and hardware. It loads itself into RAM during startup through a bootstrapping process. The operating system manages user accounts, runs programs, allocates memory, controls devices, and performs housekeeping tasks. It uses various interfaces like graphical user interfaces and command line interfaces. Utility programs perform important system tasks like formatting disks, managing files, compressing files, and scanning for viruses. The operating system also manages buffers for temporary data storage, uses interrupts to communicate with devices, performs handshaking for connections, and calculates checksums to check data integrity. It is responsible for file creation, deletion, directories, and mapping files to storage.
operating system1.pdf
This document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics like what an OS is, its main functions, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows.
The main functions of an OS are process management, memory management, file management, and I/O (input/output) device management. Process management involves creating, running, and terminating processes. Memory management involves allocating and managing RAM and virtual memory. File management involves file and directory creation/deletion and mapping files to storage. I/O management involves interfacing between the CPU and devices using device drivers and controllers.
When a computer boots up, the BIOS runs initial checks and loads the master boot record from the hard drive
Some topics of Computer
This document defines and provides examples of utility programs, language processors, compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. It then discusses primary memory types like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile memory used to temporarily store active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent programs like an operating system. The document also covers binary numbering, storage vs memory, storage mediums, and defines systems software and applications software.
Introduction and fundamentals of Operating System.ppt
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It discusses key topics such as what an operating system is, its main functions, popular types of operating systems, and the history and evolution of operating systems. Specifically, it covers how operating systems manage processes, memory, files, devices, security, and the user interface. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, network, and real-time operating systems.
Memory units
The document summarizes the different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary storage. RAM is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage is non-volatile and stores long-term data at a lower cost than primary memory.
Operating systems
The document discusses operating systems and utility programs. It defines operating systems as software that controls computer hardware and coordinates activities. It describes operating system functions like booting, providing interfaces, managing memory/tasks, and updating software. It also outlines types of operating systems and defines utility programs as software for maintenance tasks like file management, security, and disk cleanup.
OS - Operating System
Topic covers:
what is operating system?
need of operating system
Loading of operating system
types of operating system?
Functions of operating system?
System Security Plan?
Hardening of operating system
Lecture1,2,3 (1).pdf
The operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. Its primary goals are to execute user programs, coordinate access to physical resources like the CPU and memory, and make the computer system convenient to use. The operating system controls and coordinates hardware use among applications and users. It manages resources like CPU time and memory allocation to ensure efficient and fair use between processes. The operating system also protects the system through dual-mode operation separating user programs from kernel programs.
Memory Organization of a Computer System
This document discusses the memory organization of a computer system. It describes the memory hierarchy which includes the cache memory, main memory, and auxiliary memory. The main memory is divided into volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM. RAM is further divided into static RAM and dynamic RAM. The document explains the characteristics and uses of different memory types. It emphasizes that the memory hierarchy enables faster access to frequently used data and programs through the cache memory.
Fundamentals of operating system
1. The document discusses the basics of operating systems, including definitions, architecture, and booting process. It describes how an OS manages hardware and software resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware.
2. The key components of an OS architecture include the user, user applications, system programs, the operating system itself, and underlying hardware. The booting process involves POST, BIOS initialization, and loading the operating system kernel into memory.
3. The document provides several examples of OS functions like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, security, and user interfaces. It also discusses different types of OSs such as batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing,
Computer architecture
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation.
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- 1. As soon as you press CPU power button computer performs several tasks before it starts it means arranging things that open up the windows.
- 2. You turn the computer “ON”
- 3. The computer loads data from read-only memory (ROM) and performs a power-on self-test (POST) to make sure all the major components are functioning properly. As part of this test, the memory controller checks all of the memory addresses with a quick read/write operation to ensure that there are no errors in the memory chips. Read/write means that data is written to a bit and then read from that bit.
- 4. The computer loads the basic input/output system (BIOS) from ROM. The BIOS provides the most basic information about storage devices, boot sequence, security, Plug and Play (auto device recognition) capability and a few other items.
- 5. The computer loads the operating system (OS) from the hard drive into the system's RAM. Generally, the critical parts of the operating system are maintained in RAM as long as the computer is on. This allows the CPU to have immediate access to the operating system, which enhances the performance and functionality of the overall system.
- 6. When you open an application, it is loaded into RAM. To conserve RAM usage, many applications load only the essential parts of the program initially and then load other pieces as needed.
- 7. After an application is loaded, any files that are opened for use in that application are loaded into RAM.
- 8. When you save a file and close the application, the file is written to the specified storage device, and then it and the application are purged from RAM.
- 9. -In the list above, every time something is loaded or opened, it is placed into RAM. This simply means that it has been put in the computer's temporary storage area so that the CPU can access that information more easily. The CPU requests the data it needs from RAM, processes it and writes new data back to RAM in a continuous cycle. In most computers, this shuffling of data between the CPU and RAM happens millions of times every second. When an application is closed, any accompanying files are usually purged (deleted) from RAM to make room for new data. If the changed files are not saved to a permanent storage device before being purged, they are lost.
- 10. In this way a computer starts and performs its jobs in a continuous cyclic process, every time in RAM something is loaded and it is purged from it after the application gets closed.