Information technology & information system lectureNyamdorj Dugar
Revolution of Technology
Introduction
Brief History of computers
Categories of Computers
The Hardware Components of a Basic System
Software Basics
Operating system
Windows 7 operating system & Control Panel
The document discusses the roles and functions of operating systems. It explains that an operating system manages resources like the processor, memory and storage devices efficiently. It also allows for consecutive processing of jobs and multi-programming to improve efficiency. Key functions of an operating system include job management, process management, memory management and input/output management.
The document discusses wide area networks (WANs) and how they connect remote sites over long distances. It covers WAN connection types, components, and cabling used at layer 1. Layer 2 encapsulation protocols are explained, including HDLC, PPP, SLIP, X.25, Frame Relay and ATM. The summary restates that WANs connect distant sites, different connection options exist depending on needs, and common layer 2 protocols are used to encapsulate data for transmission over WAN links.
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) and port address translation (PAT). It provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT from an address pool, and overloading NAT using a single global address. Troubleshooting tips are also included such as using the debug ip nat command and checking for issues like incorrect NAT configuration, denied inbound access, permissions in the ACL, available addresses in the pool, and proper interface definitions.
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
A firewall monitors and controls transmissions between an internal network and the internet. There are different types of firewalls including host-based, network-based, software-based, and hardware-based. Firewalls can also be categorized as packet filters, application-level proxies, or stateful packet filters. Stateful packet filters make access decisions based on layer 3 and 4 parameters as well as derived state information to provide high security while maintaining performance.
This document discusses how to configure user accounts and profiles in Active Directory. It describes the different property tabs for managing a user's account information, group memberships, terminal services settings, and remote access permissions. It also explains the three types of user profiles - local profiles, roaming profiles, and mandatory profiles - and provides steps for creating and configuring a roaming or home profile that follows a user across different computers.
This document provides an overview of Active Directory, including its logical and physical structures. Logically, Active Directory uses domains, organizational units (OUs), trees, and forests to organize objects in a hierarchical manner. Physically, it leverages sites and domain controllers to replicate data across network locations. Key Active Directory components include objects like users and groups, attributes that describe these objects, and the schema that defines object classes and permissible attributes.
The document discusses the five main units of a computer: input, storage, operation, control, and output. It focuses on explaining the roles and functions of each unit. The processor, composed of the control unit and arithmetic unit, controls the retrieval, decoding, and execution of instructions stored in main storage. The control unit implements sequential control to process instructions one by one. The document provides details on processor structure and operation principles.
There are four editions of Windows Server 2003: Web Edition, Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, and Datacenter Edition. Web Edition is optimized for hosting websites and has limited features. Standard Edition supports up to two processors and 4GB of RAM and includes features like Active Directory and IIS. Enterprise Edition adds high-level memory management and session management for Terminal Services. It also supports eight-node clustering and booting from SAN. Datacenter Edition supports from 8 to 32 processors and 64GB of RAM and two to eight node clusters, and has the same features as Enterprise Edition except for more extensive firewalling.
This document discusses the architecture of processors. It describes how a CPU is composed of a control unit and arithmetic unit. The control unit retrieves and decodes instructions from main storage and sends signals to other units for execution. Instructions are represented in binary machine language and contain an operation code and addresses. Instruction formats include zero-address, single-address, two-address, and three-address formats depending on how many operands are specified. The instruction decoding process involves storing the instruction in a register, decoding the operation code, and retrieving or storing data at specified addresses.
The document discusses various networking devices and their functions. Repeaters work at the physical layer to regenerate signals and extend the distance of a network by combating attenuation. Bridges operate at the data link layer, segmenting networks and reducing traffic by only forwarding frames to relevant segments based on MAC addresses. Switches improve performance over bridges by opening virtual circuits between communicating devices to avoid contention. Routers connect multiple network segments and operate at the network layer, using logical IP addresses to route packets. Gateways have the most negative impact on performance as they must fully translate between different protocol suites.
The document discusses the functions and components of operating systems. It can be summarized as:
1. Operating systems perform important functions like efficient resource management, concurrent job processing, multi-programming, reducing response times, and improving reliability.
2. Operating systems are composed of control programs, language processors, and service programs. The control program manages jobs, processes, memory, input/output and acts as the core of the operating system.
3. Key functions of operating systems include job management using job control languages, process management using states like ready, running and waiting, and interrupt handling using mechanisms like dispatching.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses the Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations. It propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates. OSPF supports hierarchical routing to minimize routing updates. Single-area OSPF configurations assign networks to areas using the network command under the OSPF routing process.
13. Software copyright and distribution
Freeware
Хэрэглэгчидэд үнэ төлбөргүйгээр хэрэглэгддэг програм
хангамж
Shareware
Үнэгүй боловч ашиглах хугацаа болон функцын
хязгаартай програм хангамж
Public domain
Public domain works
14. Software copyright and distribution
Open-source software
Provide the source code
Users can freely modify or change
Site license
Software copyright-н онцлог нь тодорхой
байгууллагад хамаарагдах ажилтан юмуу ,тодорхой
төрлийн мөн тодорхой тооны компьютерт зөвшөөрөх
ASP(Application Service Provider)
Үнэтэй hardware, software татаж оруулахгүйгээр
сүлжээг ашиглан төрөл бүрийн мэдээлэл болон
шийдлийг ашиглах боломжтой Application Service
Provider
15. Computer hardware structure
CPU, Central Processing Unit Memory device
Input device
Output device
Other hardware device
16. Computer Hardware
Компьютерийн техник
хангамж
CPU
Control unit
ALU, Arithmetic and Logical Unit
Register
Санах ой
Primary
memory
RAM
ROM
Secondar
y memory
Optical disk,Hard disk
Оролтын
төхөөрөмж
Keyboard, mouse, , scanner, digital
camera
Гаралтын
төхөөрөмж
Monitor, printer, speaker ,etc.
Бусад Mainboard, graphic card, sound card, etc.
17. CPU, Central Processing Unit
CPU, Central Processing Unit
Оролтын төхөөрөмжөөс эхлэн өгөгдлийг хүлээн авч
боловсруулсны дараа гаралтын төхөөрөмжрүү
дамжуулах хүртэл бүх үйл явцыг зохицуулдаг
Personal Computer-т microprocessor мөн processor ч
гэж дууддаг
18. CPU бүтэц
Control unit
ALU, Arithmetic and Logical Unit
Register
AC, ACcumulator
PC, Program Counter
IR, Instruction Register
MAR, Memory Address Register
MBR, Memory Buffer Register
CPU internal bus
19. CPU функц
CPU –с програм ачааллуулах процесс
instruction fetch
instruction decode
data fetch
data processing
data store
20. The performance of central processing unit
Operating speed
Hz, Hertz гэсэн нэгжээр илэрхийлдэг
CPU- ий clock давтамжийг илэрхийлэхэд ашигладаг
Bus-н өргөн
Bit нэгжээр илэрхийлдэг
Нэгж хугацаанд боловсруулагдаж байгаа өгөгдлийн
хэмжээ
Боловсруулалтын хурдыг илэрхийлэх нэгж
FLOPS(FLoating point Operations Per Second)
MIPS(Million Instructions Per Second)
21. Secondary memory
Auxiliary storage unit
CPU-нд боловсруулах програм юмуу өгөгдлийг
тогтмол хадгалдаг төхөөрөмж
Magnetic disk
Plastic or metal disc coated with magnetic material to
create a device to record data
Floppy disk
Hard disk
