The document provides information about processors: - A processor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU), is an electronic circuit that executes instructions of a computer program and processes data. It handles the central management functions of a computer. - The main components of a processor include the execution unit, branch predictor, floating point unit, primary cache, and bus interfaces. - Processor speed is measured by its clock speed in gigahertz (GHz), and it comes in different architectures like AMD and Intel. Parallel processing uses multiple CPUs or processor cores simultaneously.

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2. COMPUTERS ( I.T.)Topic – ProcessorsProf. – SheetalVyas

3. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS"Computer" is a collection of devices that function as a unit. The most basic collection includes a Computer CPU, a Monitor, a Keyboard, and a Mouse.Processors (CPU)A Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor is an electronic circuit that can execute computer programsA processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drives a computer.It handles the central management functions of a high-powered PC.

4. Computer Processor: What is it?A computer processor analyzes data and controls data flow in a computer.Its speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), with common speeds ranging from 2.6 to 3.66 GHz.It comes in a small microchip and fits into a socket on the motherboard.

5. GraphicsA graphics processing unit or GPU is a specialized processor that offloads 3D graphics rendering from the microprocessor. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card, or it can be on the motherboard.

6. Functioning of ProcessorsMAINLY 3 FunctionsMACHINE CYCLE TIMECLOCK SPEEDWORD LENTHBUS SPEED

7. Machine cycle time :-An instruction cycle' is the time period during which a computer processes a machine language instruction from its memory or the sequence of actions that the central processing unit (CPU) performs to execute each machine code instruction in a program.Clock Speed :-Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations and operations. a clock speed of 800MHz is running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a 2.4GHz computer is running 2,400,000,000 cycles per second.Word length :- The word length is the number of bits the CPU can process per second. Early CPUs were 4 bits /sec, but now we have 8, 16 and 32 , 64 bit machines.Bus speed :Data is transferred from CPU to other systems components via the Bus lines The number of bits a bus line can transfer at any one time is known as bus line width.

8. Two Types of ProcessingMULTIPROCESSING - When two or more computers are used, they are tied together with a high-speed channel and share the general workload between themPARALLEL PROCESSING - The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads

9. COMPONENTS OF PROCESSORS

10. Processors ComponentsExecution unit - the core of the CPU, the execution unit processes instructions.Branch predictor- he branch predictor attempts to guess where the program will jump Floating point unit- The floating point unit (FPU) is a specialized logic unit optimized to perform non integer calculations much faster than the general purpose logic unit can perform them Primary cache - also called Level 1 or L1 cache, primary cache is a small amount of very fast memory that allows the CPU to retrieve data immediately Bus interfaces - Bus interfaces are the pathways that connect the processor to memory and other components.

11. Processor Speed-The processor clock coordinates all CPU and memory operations by periodically generating a time reference signal called a clock cycle or tick Processor Architecture Clock speeds increase every year, but the laws of physics limit how fast CPUs can run Wider data busses and registersFor a given clock speed, the amount of work done depends on the amount of data processed in one operationFPUs All CPUs work well with integers, but processing floating-point numbers to high precision on a general-purpose CPU requires a huge number of operations

12. KINDS OF PROCESSOR

13. AMD PROCESSORSAMD - Advanced Micro Devicespopular models are AMD Athlon™ XP and AMD Athlon™ 64Best for gaming and softwares

14. History of AMDBegan operation in 1969. The company has specialized in developing products such as computer processors, microprocessors and motherboard chipsetsAMD, founded by Jerry Sanders and Edwin Turney has grown to become the second largest global supplier of microprocessors and the third largest supplier of the world’s graphics processing units.

15. AMD chipsetsBefore the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generationsThe chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751 and the AMD-761 chipsets.

16. Embedded systemsAMD has been introducing 64-bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor

17. AMD Flash technologyWhile less visible to the general public than its CPU business, AMD is also a global leader in flash memoryAMD established a 50-50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003

18. AMD Mobile platformsAMD started a platform in 2003 aimed at mobile computing, but, with fewer advertisements and promotional schemes, very little was known about the platform. The platform used mobile Sempron processors.

19. The FutureAfter 32 bit and 64 bit chips new chip 128 bit with 4.5 GHZName - dual-core POWER6

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