The document discusses computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to programmers, such as instruction sets, while organization refers to how features are implemented physically. Architecture describes what a computer does at a high level, while organization describes how it does it at a low level. Architecture deals with functional behavior and indicates performance, while organization deals with structural relationships and physical implementation.

1. Advance Computer Architecture

2. Introduction

3. Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to
the programmer
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are
implemented
—Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.

4. Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
—At least backwards
What is backward compatibility?

5. • Backward compatibility (also known as
backwards compatibility) is a property
of a system, product, or technology that
allows for interoperability with an older
legacy system.

6. What is the difference between a 32bit
and 64bit system/OS?

7. In computing, there exist two type processor i.e., 32-bit and 64-
bit. This type of processor tells us how much memory a
processor can have access from a CPU register. For instance,
A 32-bit system can access 232 memory addresses, i.e 4 GB of
RAM or physical memory ideally, it can access more than 4 GB
of RAM also.
A 64-bit system can access 264 memory addresses, i.e actually
18-Quintillion bytes of RAM. In short, any amount of memory
greater than 4 GB can be easily handled by it.

8. Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Architecture describes what the computer
does.
Organization describes how it does it.
Computer Architecture deals with functional
behavior of computer system.
Computer Organization deals with structural
relationship.
It deals with high-level design issue. It deals with low-level design issue.
Architecture indicates its hardware. Where, Organization indicates its
performance.
For designing a computer, its architecture is
fixed first.
For designing a computer, organization is
decided after its architecture.
Computer Architecture is also called as
instruction set architecture.
Computer Organization is frequently called as
micro architecture.
Computer Architecture comprises logical
functions such as instruction sets, registers,
data types and addressing modes.
Computer Organization consists of physical
units like circuit designs, peripherals and
adders.
Architecture coordinates between the
hardware and software of the system.
Computer Organization handles the segments
of the network in a system.

9. Instruction Set
• An instruction set is a group of commands
for a CPU in machine language. The term
can refer to all possible instructions for a
CPU or a subset of instructions to enhance
its performance in certain situations.

10. CISC and RISC
• In CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer) processors there is also a
microcode layer, which involves
programmable instructions stored in fast
memory that may be updated.
• The RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computer) architecture, on the other
hand, has hard-wired control; it does not
require microcode but has a greater base
instruction set.

11. Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure

12. Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control

13. The Computer

14. • • Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; often simply referred to as
processor.
• • Main memory: Stores data.
• • I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
• • System interconnection: Some mechanism
that provides for communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O. A common example of
system interconnection is by means of a system
bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires
to which all the other components attach.

15. Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer

16. • • Control unit: Controls the operation of
the CPU and hence the computer
• • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):
Performs the computer’s data processing
functions
• • Registers: Provides storage internal to
the CPU
• • CPU interconnection: Some
mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers

17. Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU

18. Functional View