Computer Networks
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This document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the Internet. It covers Internet architecture including hot spots, modems, and DSL. It also discusses Internet addressing using IP addresses and domain names. Internet applications like email, file transfer, and telnet are described. The key Internet protocols are explained, with the message transfer process involving application, transport, network, and data link layers. Each layer has specific functions like formatting messages, routing packets, and transmitting data.
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This document discusses key concepts related to computer networking including:
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This document discusses various topics related to internet and intranet applications including email, internet protocols, multimedia broadcasting, internet relay chat, broadband communication technologies, data centers, e-commerce, and unified messaging. It provides details on email formats, protocols like POP3, IMAP, MAPI. It also explains technologies like DSL, cable internet, VOIP, and protocols like IRC, SIP, and RTP. Further, it summarizes concepts of data warehousing, packet clearing houses, and benefits of unified messaging and e-commerce.
Small office Home office , network setup in details
This document provides an outline for a course on Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT network setup. It includes chapters on network fundamentals like components, configurations and terminology. It also covers topics like email and file sharing setup. An initial section defines common network abbreviations.
TCP.pdf
This document provides an overview of distributed systems and the TCP/IP protocol architecture. It discusses communication architectures, distributed operating systems, and the need for protocol architectures to facilitate file transfers between systems. The key functions of protocols are described as syntax, semantics, and timing. TCP/IP is introduced as a result of ARPANET research, though it has no official model. The layers of TCP/IP are described as the physical, network access, internet, transport, and application layers. Concepts like TCP data units and packet headers are also mentioned. Finally, the document notes the OSI model is an alternative networking reference model.
Telecom Network
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various media like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Protocols provide rules for communication between nodes and multiplexing allows sharing channels. Error detection and correction ensure accurate data transfer. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches control data flow.
chapter6 intro to telecommunications.ppt
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It then covers topics such as modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, the OSI model, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
chapter1.ppt
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various cabling and wireless options. Protocols and software are required for effective data transmission and handling network traffic.
presentation on TCP/IP protocols data comunications
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol architecture. It discusses the five layers of TCP/IP including the physical, network access, internet, transport, and application layers. It describes the protocols used at each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP. The document also discusses how data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer of the TCP/IP model and is transmitted from one host to another across networks and the internet.
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09 Systems Software Programming-Network Programming.pptx
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Small office Home office , network setup in details
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presentation on TCP/IP protocols data comunications
presentation on TCP/IP protocols data comunications
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درسِ مختصر البخاری۔ کتاب العلم حدیث 77 سے 79
معلم : مولانا امیر حمزہ صاحب
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Security
1. The document discusses principles of secure communication including secrecy, authentication, and message integrity. It describes passive and active intrusion types.
2. Symmetric and public key cryptography methods are covered, including AES, RSA, digital signatures, hashes, and their use for encryption, authentication, and ensuring message integrity.
3. Secure email is discussed as an application, where a symmetric session key is used to encrypt messages and that key is encrypted with the recipient's public key for delivery.
wireless networks
This document discusses mobile IP and context-aware applications. It covers:
1. Mobile IP standards which define protocols for agent discovery, registration with home agents, and indirect routing of datagrams to mobile nodes.
2. Mobility in cellular networks including home and visited networks and location registers.
3. Context-aware applications can adapt to a user's location, environment, identities nearby, and preferences without explicit input. They consider both external physical context and internal logical context.
wireless networks
The document discusses the 802.11 MAC protocol and mobility management in wireless networks. It describes the CSMA/CA protocol used in 802.11, including carrier sensing, random backoff, and acknowledgements. It also covers mobility management principles like home and foreign agents, care-of addresses, and indirect routing using tunneling between home and foreign agents. Triangle routing is identified as an issue when a mobile node visits a correspondent's network.
Wireless networks
This document discusses key concepts in wireless networks and wireless communication technologies. It covers:
- Main elements of wireless networks including wireless hosts, base stations, and wireless links. Base stations connect wireless devices to a wired network.
- Differences between infrastructure networks with base stations and ad hoc networks without fixed infrastructure. Infrastructure networks provide traditional network services while ad hoc networks require wireless devices to provide their own routing and addressing.
- Characteristics of wireless links such as decreasing signal strength, interference, and multipath propagation which can blur signals. Handoff and mobility management for devices changing locations are also discussed.
Multimedia networks
This document discusses network support for multimedia through quality of service (QoS) principles and mechanisms. It explains that different multimedia applications have different requirements, and networks can provide multiple classes of service. The key QoS principles covered are packet marking, flow isolation, efficient resource use, and call admission control. Scheduling disciplines like priority queuing, round robin, weighted fair queuing, and policing mechanisms like the leaky bucket algorithm are also introduced. Finally, the Diffserv architecture for providing service differentiation in a scalable manner is briefly described.
Multimedia networks
RTP is a protocol for transporting real-time multimedia data like audio and video over IP networks. It works with RTCP for feedback on data delivery. RTP packet headers include fields for payload type identification, sequence numbering, timestamps, and SSRC for stream source identification. SIP establishes and manages multimedia sessions and calls over IP, allowing participants to negotiate media encodings and manage calls through actions like adding streams, changing encoding, or inviting others. SIP messages are ASCII text sent over UDP or TCP and it requires message acknowledgment.
Multimedia networks
This document discusses approaches for handling variable network delay (jitter) and packet loss in distributed multimedia systems. It describes three main approaches: integrated services, differentiated services, and managing quality of service at the application layer. It also discusses sources of end-to-end delay and various techniques for removing jitter and recovering from packet loss, such as prepending timestamps, sequence numbers, delaying playout, forward error correction, interleaving, and using content distribution networks.
Multimedia networks
This document discusses multimedia networks and properties of video and audio. It covers three types of multimedia network applications:
1) Streaming stored audio/video such as YouTube where content is pre-recorded.
2) Conversational voice/video over IP like Skype which is delay sensitive but loss tolerant.
3) Streaming live audio/video similar to broadcasting where a delay of up to 10 seconds is acceptable.
It also describes techniques for compressing, encoding, and transmitting video and audio over networks, including spatial/temporal redundancy, PCM encoding, MP3/AAC compression, and client-side buffering used in UDP, HTTP, and adaptive HTTP streaming.
Multimedia continued
1. Distributed multimedia systems involve streaming continuous media like audio and variable bit rate video, as well as block-mode media like images and text.
2. Communication modes for transmitting information streams include uni-directional, half-duplex, full-duplex, broadcast, and multicast, which can be symmetric, asymmetric, or involve a single source.
3. Quality of service parameters that determine the suitability of a network channel for an application include bit rate, error rate, delay, packet size and rate, and jitter for both circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.
Multimedia
This document discusses key concepts related to multimedia and digital multimedia. It defines multimedia as a combination of two or more media forms, with one being discrete and one continuous. Interactive multimedia allows the viewer to control what elements are delivered. Digital multimedia involves digitizing analog signals through sampling and quantization. The Nyquist sampling theorem states the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum signal frequency to reconstruct it accurately. An analog-to-digital converter is used to convert analog signals to digital for use in digital devices and compression is used to reduce data size. The document also discusses bandwidth ranges for different audio devices and the human ear.
Usability Evaluation
The document discusses various methods for evaluating the usability of interfaces and software systems. It describes the goals of evaluation as assessing functionality, interface effects, and identifying specific problems. Both analytical and empirical testing methods are covered. Analytical methods include heuristic evaluation, consistency inspection, and cognitive walkthrough. Empirical methods involve observation/monitoring of users and experimentation. Key aspects discussed for evaluation include iterative testing, formative vs. summative approaches, and the DECIDE framework.
Prototype in HCI
Prototyping allows designers to fail fast and improve designs iteratively. Designers may not effectively search the design space or recognize good designs. Prototypes are used to evaluate ideas, communicate with users, and provide feedback. Prototypes can be created at different levels from conceptual to screen design. Common techniques include rapid prototyping and incremental prototyping. Prototyping is best used when requirements are unclear, rejection costs are high, or user testing is needed before full implementation. However, prototypes may introduce early constraints and take significant time to create.
User centered Design
The document discusses principles of user-centered design (UCD) including:
1. UCD focuses on meeting users' requirements and involving users in the design process.
2. There are different levels of user involvement from technical-centered to user-led design.
3. UCD methods gather user data and employ iterative design and testing to design systems based on user needs.
HCI
The document discusses principles of user interface design for information and communication technologies. It describes reasons for using cognitive models to understand how users interact with systems. Some key design principles are discussed like visibility, feedback, and consistency. Conceptual models aim to keep interfaces simple and map concepts to users' existing knowledge through metaphors. Direct manipulation is presented as an interaction style that allows users to directly act on interface objects, bridging the gulf of execution and evaluation. Advantages of direct manipulation include being easy to learn while disadvantages include difficulties in programming and suitability for small displays.
Social and organizational perspective in HCI
This document discusses social and organizational perspectives in human-computer interaction (HCI). It covers computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and groupware, which aim to support collaborative activities over networks. CSCW focuses on how computer systems can aid collaboration and coordination between people working toward common goals. Core dimensions of CSCW include awareness of others' activities, dividing and integrating work, and adapting technology to different situations. Groupware software like email and calendars supports group work. The document also discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to studying social and organizational activities, as well as concepts like social interaction, remote collaboration, and organizational interaction. Finally, it briefly introduces social media, user-generated content, and 13 principles of effective display design.
Interaction styles
This document discusses various input, output, and interaction styles for human-computer interaction. It covers command languages, menu selection, form fill-in, natural language, and direct manipulation interfaces. For each interaction style, it outlines the main advantages and disadvantages. The document also briefly discusses ubiquitous computing and mobile computing approaches.
Cognitive frameworks
This document provides an overview of principles and perspectives on information and communication technologies (ICT) related to human memory and cognition. It discusses several models of memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also outlines design implications for ICT based on cognitive principles, including avoiding overloading users, promoting recognition over recall, and providing multiple ways to encode information. Guidelines are presented for exploiting memory and facilitating learning through dynamic linking of concepts. The document also discusses problem solving, decision making, and several cognitive frameworks used in design, including mental models, gulfs of execution and evaluation, and distributed, external, and embodied cognition.
Cognition, information processing, perception and attention
The document discusses various aspects of cognition including how information is processed through encoding, storage in memory, response selection, and response execution. It also covers cognitive models which are used by cognitive psychologists to predict human behavior and can help computer designers understand how users will interact with systems. The document outlines several cognitive processes like attention, perception, memory, learning, and problem solving and discusses design implications for supporting these processes.
Conceptual Model
The document discusses principles of information and communication technologies design including visibility, feedback, consistency, and affordance. It then covers conceptual models for human-computer interaction, describing conceptual models as high-level descriptions of how a system is organized and operated. Core components of conceptual models include metaphors, exposed concepts, relationships between concepts, and mappings between concepts. Common conceptual models discussed are instructing, conversing, manipulating, and exploring, with each having different strengths and appropriate uses.
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Computer Networks
- 3. Internet Architecture • Hot spot The area within the AP’s range • Modems (short for modulator/ demodulator) that convert the digital data to be transferred into a form compatible with the transmission medium being used • DSL (digital subscriber line) in which the frequency range below 4 KHz (4,000 kilocycles per second) is reserved for traditional voice communication and the higher frequencies are used for transferring digital data • Dial up it is used for temporary connections in which the user places a traditional telephone call to an access ISP’s router and then connects his or her telephone to the end system to be used
- 4. Internet Addressing • Internet Protocol(IP) Addresses • Originally 32 bit long written in dotted decimal notation • Mnemonic form of addressing domain, registrars, domain names • Top level domains ( TLDs), country code TLDs • domain name system (DNS) , DNS Lookup
- 5. Internet Applications • Electronic mail(email) • Email Sending SMTP • SMTP was initially designed for transferring text messages encoded with ASCII, additional protocols such as MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) have been developed to convert non- ASCII data to SMTP compatible form • Email Receiving protocols • POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) • IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) • Email Address structure
- 6. Internet Applications • File Transfer protocol • Guarded Vs Anonymous FTP • Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH)
- 7. Internet Protocols • how messages are transferred over the Internet. This transfer process requires the cooperation of all the computers in the system, and therefore software for controlling this process resides on every computer in the Internet
- 9. Internet Protocols • A message typically originates in the Application Layer • Transport Layer divides message into packets • Network Layer directs each packet through internet • Data Link Layer transfers packets according to transmission system
- 12. Application Layer • Provide an address compatible with internet infrastructure • Define protocols how host program will interface with Transport • All high level protocols like DNS (Domain Naming System), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.
- 13. Transport Layer • Format messages for internet • Dividing and creating packets • Add sequence numbers • Reconstruct at other end • Reliability: Packets might lost during transport so error detection like checksum are used. Sending ACK or NACK message to sender is also its responsibility
- 14. Network and Link Layers • Network • Logical addressing • Routing is defining function of network layer • Error Handling and Diagnostics • Data Link • Receiving and transmitting packets • Communication detail of each network
Editor's Notes
- ISP Hierarchy
- Layers sending message via internet