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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Multimedia
• Multi’ means ‘more than one’
• ‘media’ represents the plural of ‘medium’
• Medium: an intermediate agency, instrument, or channel; especially a means
or channel of communication or expression
3. Categories of media
• Continuously in time
• Video belongs to this category ( sequence of video frames)
• Other examples ??
• Continuously in space
• Text is example of this category ( Discrete in nature)
• Other examples ??
• Multimedia is a combination of two or more media, one of which is discrete,
and the other continuous
4.
5. Interactive multimedia
• when a viewer of a multimedia presentation is allowed to control what
elements are delivered and when, it is interactive multimedia.
6. Digital multimedia
• Digitization
• Analogue Vs Digital
• Continuous signal is analogue like electricity
• Computer understands binary so we have to convert analogue into digits
• This process is known as digitization
7. Digital multimedia
• Sampling
• taking samples of the continuous signal. The number of samples taken during a time
period is known as the sampling rate.
• Quantization
• restrict the value of the samples to a fixed set of levels. The unit of sampling rate is
Hertz (Hz), i.e. 1Hz means taking one sample per second. We use KHz
8. Nyquist sampling theorem
• In order to reconstruct the signal, the sampling rate must not be less than
twice the maximum frequency of the original signal
• Under sample aliasing
• quantization error if few quantization levels
9. Analogue-to-digital converter
• a digital camera or a scanner
• a digital audio recorder
• a digital camcorder.
• Data size issue, compression
10. Sound
caused by vibration of material
pressure wave fluctuations in the air
move hair-like fibers in ear
electrical impulses sent to the brain
Brain coverts them to auditory sensations
11. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the range of frequencies a device can produce or a human can hear
• FM radio 50 Hz – 15 kHz
• AM radio 80 Hz – 5 kHz
• CD player 20 Hz – 20 kHz
• Sound Blaster 16 sound card 30 Hz – 20 kHz
• Inexpressive microphone 80 Hz – 12 kHz
• Telephone 300 Hz – 3 kHz
• Children’s ears 20 Hz – 20 kHz
• Older ears 50 Hz – 10 kHz
• Male voice 120 Hz – 7 kHz
• Female voice 200 Hz – 9 kHz.
