Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulation to assist in solving complex chemical problems. It exploits methods of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into efficient computer programs, to calculate the structures, the interactions, and the properties of molecules
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles that can be used as drug carriers. Niosomes are formed using cholesterol and nonionic surfactants through techniques like thin film hydration, sonication, microfluidization. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Compared to liposomes, niosomes are more stable and less expensive to produce. Niosomes show potential for targeted drug delivery and sustained release, making them a promising drug delivery system.
1) The document discusses various barriers to targeting tumors including heterogeneity in blood flow within tumors and overexpression of efflux transporters in tumor cells.
2) It describes three main approaches to overcoming these barriers: passive targeting using the EPR effect, active targeting by attaching targeting ligands like antibodies, and physical targeting using stimuli like pH, temperature, or magnetic fields.
3) Examples are given of using each approach, such as pH-sensitive nanoparticles that degrade in the acidic tumor environment or magnetic drug targeting using nanoparticles guided by an external magnet.
Targeted drug delivery systems aim to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs while decreasing toxicity. This is achieved through passive targeting that relies on the enhanced permeability and retention effect, or active targeting using ligands that bind to receptors on tumor cells. The summary discusses key aspects of passive targeting including nanoparticle size, charge, and surface properties to maximize tumor accumulation. It also describes active targeting using ligands or antibodies directed against receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. The document provides examples of molecular targets for targeted therapies in cancer treatment.
This document provides an overview of targeted drug delivery. It defines targeted drug delivery as concentrating medication in tissues of interest while reducing it in other tissues to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. The objectives of targeted delivery are to selectively and effectively localize drugs to a pre-identified site while increasing therapeutic concentration and restricting drugs to non-specific sites to minimize toxic effects. Targeted delivery can be achieved through passive, active, inverse, dual or double targeting using various carrier systems like nanoparticles, liposomes and polymers.
This document provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and summarizes key points about nanoparticles and liposomes. It discusses advantages of targeted delivery including reducing toxicity and maximizing therapeutic effects. Nanoparticles and liposomes are described as methods for targeted delivery. Key preparation techniques for nanoparticles include solvent evaporation, double emulsification, and nano precipitation. Evaluation parameters like particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. The document concludes with describing applications of liposomes for drug and gene delivery.
This document discusses various strategies for targeting tumors, including passive and active targeting approaches. Passive targeting exploits the enhanced permeability and retention effect to preferentially deliver drug carriers to tumor tissues. Active targeting approaches conjugate targeting ligands like antibodies, peptides, vitamins and transferrin to carriers to recognize receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Recent advances include molecular targeted therapies inhibiting key pathways, targeting tumor vasculature and angiogenesis, cancer immunotherapy, and multifunctional nanoparticle systems for combined diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
Liposomes are artificially created spherical vesicles made of phospholipids and cholesterol that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They are promising drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility and ability to selectively target tissues. Liposomes vary in size from 20-5000 nm and consist of one or more phospholipid bilayers surrounding an aqueous core. There are several methods for preparing and loading drugs into liposomes to develop drug delivery systems with benefits like increased drug efficacy, stability and reduced toxicity.
This document provides an overview of targeted drug delivery systems. It discusses the reasons for targeted delivery to increase therapeutic effects and reduce toxicity. The ideal properties of targeted delivery carriers and approaches are described. The document outlines different carrier types including vesicular, particulate, cellular, polymeric, and macromolecular systems. It discusses levels of targeting including passive, active, dual and combination approaches. Active targeting can be achieved through ligand-mediated or physical approaches. The document provides examples to illustrate different targeting strategies and carrier types. In summary, it comprehensively reviews concepts and components of targeted drug delivery systems.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles that can be used as drug carriers. Niosomes are formed using cholesterol and nonionic surfactants through techniques like thin film hydration, sonication, microfluidization. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Compared to liposomes, niosomes are more stable and less expensive to produce. Niosomes show potential for targeted drug delivery and sustained release, making them a promising drug delivery system.
1) The document discusses various barriers to targeting tumors including heterogeneity in blood flow within tumors and overexpression of efflux transporters in tumor cells.
2) It describes three main approaches to overcoming these barriers: passive targeting using the EPR effect, active targeting by attaching targeting ligands like antibodies, and physical targeting using stimuli like pH, temperature, or magnetic fields.
3) Examples are given of using each approach, such as pH-sensitive nanoparticles that degrade in the acidic tumor environment or magnetic drug targeting using nanoparticles guided by an external magnet.
Targeted drug delivery systems aim to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs while decreasing toxicity. This is achieved through passive targeting that relies on the enhanced permeability and retention effect, or active targeting using ligands that bind to receptors on tumor cells. The summary discusses key aspects of passive targeting including nanoparticle size, charge, and surface properties to maximize tumor accumulation. It also describes active targeting using ligands or antibodies directed against receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. The document provides examples of molecular targets for targeted therapies in cancer treatment.
This document provides an overview of targeted drug delivery. It defines targeted drug delivery as concentrating medication in tissues of interest while reducing it in other tissues to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. The objectives of targeted delivery are to selectively and effectively localize drugs to a pre-identified site while increasing therapeutic concentration and restricting drugs to non-specific sites to minimize toxic effects. Targeted delivery can be achieved through passive, active, inverse, dual or double targeting using various carrier systems like nanoparticles, liposomes and polymers.
This document provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and summarizes key points about nanoparticles and liposomes. It discusses advantages of targeted delivery including reducing toxicity and maximizing therapeutic effects. Nanoparticles and liposomes are described as methods for targeted delivery. Key preparation techniques for nanoparticles include solvent evaporation, double emulsification, and nano precipitation. Evaluation parameters like particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. The document concludes with describing applications of liposomes for drug and gene delivery.
This document discusses various strategies for targeting tumors, including passive and active targeting approaches. Passive targeting exploits the enhanced permeability and retention effect to preferentially deliver drug carriers to tumor tissues. Active targeting approaches conjugate targeting ligands like antibodies, peptides, vitamins and transferrin to carriers to recognize receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Recent advances include molecular targeted therapies inhibiting key pathways, targeting tumor vasculature and angiogenesis, cancer immunotherapy, and multifunctional nanoparticle systems for combined diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
Liposomes are artificially created spherical vesicles made of phospholipids and cholesterol that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They are promising drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility and ability to selectively target tissues. Liposomes vary in size from 20-5000 nm and consist of one or more phospholipid bilayers surrounding an aqueous core. There are several methods for preparing and loading drugs into liposomes to develop drug delivery systems with benefits like increased drug efficacy, stability and reduced toxicity.
This document provides an overview of targeted drug delivery systems. It discusses the reasons for targeted delivery to increase therapeutic effects and reduce toxicity. The ideal properties of targeted delivery carriers and approaches are described. The document outlines different carrier types including vesicular, particulate, cellular, polymeric, and macromolecular systems. It discusses levels of targeting including passive, active, dual and combination approaches. Active targeting can be achieved through ligand-mediated or physical approaches. The document provides examples to illustrate different targeting strategies and carrier types. In summary, it comprehensively reviews concepts and components of targeted drug delivery systems.
This document discusses Aquasomes, which are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which drug molecules can be adsorbed. Aquasomes are spherical particles 60-300nm in size that are used for targeted drug and antigen delivery. They are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and then immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated core. Aquasomes have properties such as preserving the integrity of biomolecules and avoiding clearance from the body. They can be characterized through techniques like SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Potential applications of Aquasomes
Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes, and Electrosomes are novel drug delivery systems. Niosomes are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants that can encapsulate medications and offer transdermal delivery benefits. Aquasomes are three-layered nanoparticles containing a ceramic core, carbohydrate coating, and adsorbed bioactive molecules. Phytosomes contain phytoconstituents bound to phospholipids to improve absorption of plant-based compounds. Electrosomes are ion channel proteins that span cell membranes and control ion flux, enabling electrical signaling in tissues like the brain, muscles and nervous system.
This document discusses types, preparation, and evaluation of liposomes. It begins with an introduction to liposomes, describing their structure and noting their discovery in 1965. It then discusses the main types of liposomes based on structure and preparation method. The advantages of liposomes include increased drug efficacy and stability, while disadvantages include low water solubility and high production costs. The document outlines several characterization techniques for liposomes and gives examples of liposome applications in drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer therapy, and cosmetics. It concludes with references.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS): A ReviewSagar Savale
Objective: Much attention has been given to lipid-based formulation with particular emphasis on self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs.
Method: Various reports were taken from review or research articles published in journals, data from various books and other online available literature.
Conclusion: This method is suitable for all BCS class drugs where resulting emulsification gives faster dissolution and absorption rate.
Biopharmaceutics is the study of physicochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the drug's bioavailability. Key factors that can impact bioavailability include the drug's solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability. For an orally administered drug, the drug must first dissolve in the gastrointestinal fluids before it can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal membranes and enter systemic circulation. The rate of dissolution is often the slowest step and thus rate-limiting for poorly water soluble drugs. Techniques such as reducing particle size, use of salt forms, and amorphous forms can increase dissolution rate and bioavailability.
This document discusses factors that can affect drug absorption from pharmaceutical formulations. It begins by defining drug absorption and noting that solubility and permeability are important for a drug to enter blood circulation. Manufacturing variables like granulation method and compression force can impact absorption rate. The type of dosage form also influences absorption, with solutions showing faster rates than solid forms like tablets or capsules. Pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients and product storage conditions are additional formulation factors that can impact a drug's absorption and bioavailability.
Biopharm facors affecting drug bioavailabilitychiranjibi68
Biopharmaceutics considers the physicochemical properties of drugs and formulations to understand bioavailability. Key factors affecting bioavailability include drug properties like solubility, excipients, dosage form, and manufacturing methods. The rate of drug dissolution from the dosage form is often the rate-limiting step controlling systemic absorption. Excipients and polymorphic forms can impact drug solubility and dissolution rate, influencing bioavailability. Ensuring rapid drug release and dissolution through methods like reducing particle size improves absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
The document discusses concepts, events, and biological processes involved in drug targeting. It defines drug targeting as selectively delivering pharmacologically active drugs to identified targets in therapeutic concentrations while restricting access to non-targets to minimize toxicity. It describes various strategies for drug targeting including chemical modifications, carrier-mediated delivery, and active targeting. It also outlines biological processes involved like cellular uptake, transport across epithelial barriers, extravasation into tissues, and lymphatic uptake that influence drug distribution. The presentation emphasizes how targeted delivery can improve efficacy and safety of drug therapy especially for cancer.
The document discusses in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC), which aims to establish a relationship between a drug product's in vitro dissolution or release characteristics and the corresponding in vivo response. It covers topics like the importance of IVIVC, factors that affect its development, different levels of correlation, methods for establishing correlation, and applications. The overall goal of IVIVC is to use in vitro dissolution testing to predict in vivo bioavailability and performance of drug products.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of concentric phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate drugs. They were discovered in the 1960s and have been widely explored as a drug delivery system. Liposomes allow targeted delivery, extended release, and protection of drugs. They can encapsulate both water-soluble drugs within the aqueous core and lipid-soluble drugs within the bilayer. Liposomes are characterized based on size, surface charge, lamellarity, drug encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics. They have applications in drug, gene, vaccine and enzyme delivery.
Micelles are small spherical structures composed of surfactant molecules that form to reduce surface tension in a cell membrane. When the concentration of surfactant reaches a critical point known as the critical micelle concentration, the hydrophobic tails organize to form micelles with the hydrophilic heads on the outside in water. Micelles can be used as drug carriers, with polymers forming stable spherical structures below a certain size that allow accumulation of drugs in tissues like tumors.
Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier system but instead of being simple nanoparticles these are three layered self assembled structures, comprised of a solid phase nanocrystalline core coated with oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification.
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting drug absorption, pH–partition theory of drug absorption. Formulation and physicochemical factors: Dissolution rate, Dissolution process, Noyes–Whitney equation and drug dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution rate. Gastrointestinal absorption: Role of the dosage form: Solution (elixir, syrup and solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a dosage form, Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form ,Dissolution methods ,Formulation and processing factors, Correlation of in vivo data with in vitro dissolution data. Transport model: Permeability-Solubility-Charge State and the pH Partition Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight Junction Complex.
rate control drug delivery system machenism Nirmal Maurya
rate control drug delivery system
including all machenism with figures
Prepared by
NIRMAL MORYA
M.Pharma
Mob +91 7060346038
BBAU Lucknow
A Central University
This document discusses tumor targeting for drug delivery. It begins by defining tumors and the types of cancer. It then discusses the differences between tumor tissue and normal tissue that allow for targeted delivery. The main approaches to tumor targeting discussed are passive targeting, which exploits the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and active targeting using ligands that bind to receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. Examples are given of marketed products that use each approach. Triggered drug delivery is also covered, which releases drugs in response to the unique tumor microenvironment.
This document discusses various pharmacokinetic models used to analyze drug disposition data. It describes compartment models like mammillary and catenary models which represent the body as compartments connected in parallel or series. Physiological models are also covered that are based on anatomical and physiological parameters. The document outlines applications of models in characterizing drug behavior and predicting concentration profiles. Limitations of compartment models are noted and distributed parameter and non-compartment analyses are briefly introduced.
1. The document discusses loan licenses and repackaging licenses for cosmetics under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. A loan license allows a person without manufacturing facilities to have a licensed manufacturer produce cosmetics for them.
2. Requirements for obtaining loan licenses and repackaging licenses are outlined, including the application process and forms required. License holders must comply with Good Manufacturing Practices and testing standards and maintain records.
3. Offenses and penalties under the Act are provided for various violations relating to manufacturing, importing, and selling substandard or misbranded cosmetics. These include imprisonment, fines, or both.
The document discusses structure-based drug design and molecular docking. It begins with introductions to drug design, drug targets, and structure-based drug design. It then describes molecular docking as a technique to predict how small molecules bind to protein targets by calculating binding affinities. The document outlines the docking process, including generating a protein's molecular surface, matching ligand and protein atoms to determine potential orientations, and scoring docked poses to identify favorable interactions. It also discusses using docking for virtual screening to identify potential drug leads from compound libraries.
Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Techniques.pptDrVivekChauhan1
Pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques are important computational methods used in drug design and discovery. Pharmacophore models identify the essential molecular features responsible for biological activity. Molecular docking predicts how drug molecules bind to protein targets. The document discusses key concepts like pharmacophores, bioisosterism, and molecular docking workflows. It also covers common docking software and factors that influence docking results like intramolecular forces and target preparation. Overall, the document provides an overview of pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques that are widely applied in rational drug design.
This document discusses Aquasomes, which are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which drug molecules can be adsorbed. Aquasomes are spherical particles 60-300nm in size that are used for targeted drug and antigen delivery. They are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and then immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated core. Aquasomes have properties such as preserving the integrity of biomolecules and avoiding clearance from the body. They can be characterized through techniques like SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Potential applications of Aquasomes
Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes, and Electrosomes are novel drug delivery systems. Niosomes are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants that can encapsulate medications and offer transdermal delivery benefits. Aquasomes are three-layered nanoparticles containing a ceramic core, carbohydrate coating, and adsorbed bioactive molecules. Phytosomes contain phytoconstituents bound to phospholipids to improve absorption of plant-based compounds. Electrosomes are ion channel proteins that span cell membranes and control ion flux, enabling electrical signaling in tissues like the brain, muscles and nervous system.
This document discusses types, preparation, and evaluation of liposomes. It begins with an introduction to liposomes, describing their structure and noting their discovery in 1965. It then discusses the main types of liposomes based on structure and preparation method. The advantages of liposomes include increased drug efficacy and stability, while disadvantages include low water solubility and high production costs. The document outlines several characterization techniques for liposomes and gives examples of liposome applications in drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer therapy, and cosmetics. It concludes with references.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS): A ReviewSagar Savale
Objective: Much attention has been given to lipid-based formulation with particular emphasis on self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs.
Method: Various reports were taken from review or research articles published in journals, data from various books and other online available literature.
Conclusion: This method is suitable for all BCS class drugs where resulting emulsification gives faster dissolution and absorption rate.
Biopharmaceutics is the study of physicochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the drug's bioavailability. Key factors that can impact bioavailability include the drug's solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability. For an orally administered drug, the drug must first dissolve in the gastrointestinal fluids before it can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal membranes and enter systemic circulation. The rate of dissolution is often the slowest step and thus rate-limiting for poorly water soluble drugs. Techniques such as reducing particle size, use of salt forms, and amorphous forms can increase dissolution rate and bioavailability.
This document discusses factors that can affect drug absorption from pharmaceutical formulations. It begins by defining drug absorption and noting that solubility and permeability are important for a drug to enter blood circulation. Manufacturing variables like granulation method and compression force can impact absorption rate. The type of dosage form also influences absorption, with solutions showing faster rates than solid forms like tablets or capsules. Pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients and product storage conditions are additional formulation factors that can impact a drug's absorption and bioavailability.
Biopharm facors affecting drug bioavailabilitychiranjibi68
Biopharmaceutics considers the physicochemical properties of drugs and formulations to understand bioavailability. Key factors affecting bioavailability include drug properties like solubility, excipients, dosage form, and manufacturing methods. The rate of drug dissolution from the dosage form is often the rate-limiting step controlling systemic absorption. Excipients and polymorphic forms can impact drug solubility and dissolution rate, influencing bioavailability. Ensuring rapid drug release and dissolution through methods like reducing particle size improves absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
The document discusses concepts, events, and biological processes involved in drug targeting. It defines drug targeting as selectively delivering pharmacologically active drugs to identified targets in therapeutic concentrations while restricting access to non-targets to minimize toxicity. It describes various strategies for drug targeting including chemical modifications, carrier-mediated delivery, and active targeting. It also outlines biological processes involved like cellular uptake, transport across epithelial barriers, extravasation into tissues, and lymphatic uptake that influence drug distribution. The presentation emphasizes how targeted delivery can improve efficacy and safety of drug therapy especially for cancer.
The document discusses in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC), which aims to establish a relationship between a drug product's in vitro dissolution or release characteristics and the corresponding in vivo response. It covers topics like the importance of IVIVC, factors that affect its development, different levels of correlation, methods for establishing correlation, and applications. The overall goal of IVIVC is to use in vitro dissolution testing to predict in vivo bioavailability and performance of drug products.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of concentric phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate drugs. They were discovered in the 1960s and have been widely explored as a drug delivery system. Liposomes allow targeted delivery, extended release, and protection of drugs. They can encapsulate both water-soluble drugs within the aqueous core and lipid-soluble drugs within the bilayer. Liposomes are characterized based on size, surface charge, lamellarity, drug encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics. They have applications in drug, gene, vaccine and enzyme delivery.
Micelles are small spherical structures composed of surfactant molecules that form to reduce surface tension in a cell membrane. When the concentration of surfactant reaches a critical point known as the critical micelle concentration, the hydrophobic tails organize to form micelles with the hydrophilic heads on the outside in water. Micelles can be used as drug carriers, with polymers forming stable spherical structures below a certain size that allow accumulation of drugs in tissues like tumors.
Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier system but instead of being simple nanoparticles these are three layered self assembled structures, comprised of a solid phase nanocrystalline core coated with oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification.
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting drug absorption, pH–partition theory of drug absorption. Formulation and physicochemical factors: Dissolution rate, Dissolution process, Noyes–Whitney equation and drug dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution rate. Gastrointestinal absorption: Role of the dosage form: Solution (elixir, syrup and solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a dosage form, Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form ,Dissolution methods ,Formulation and processing factors, Correlation of in vivo data with in vitro dissolution data. Transport model: Permeability-Solubility-Charge State and the pH Partition Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight Junction Complex.
rate control drug delivery system machenism Nirmal Maurya
rate control drug delivery system
including all machenism with figures
Prepared by
NIRMAL MORYA
M.Pharma
Mob +91 7060346038
BBAU Lucknow
A Central University
This document discusses tumor targeting for drug delivery. It begins by defining tumors and the types of cancer. It then discusses the differences between tumor tissue and normal tissue that allow for targeted delivery. The main approaches to tumor targeting discussed are passive targeting, which exploits the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and active targeting using ligands that bind to receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. Examples are given of marketed products that use each approach. Triggered drug delivery is also covered, which releases drugs in response to the unique tumor microenvironment.
This document discusses various pharmacokinetic models used to analyze drug disposition data. It describes compartment models like mammillary and catenary models which represent the body as compartments connected in parallel or series. Physiological models are also covered that are based on anatomical and physiological parameters. The document outlines applications of models in characterizing drug behavior and predicting concentration profiles. Limitations of compartment models are noted and distributed parameter and non-compartment analyses are briefly introduced.
1. The document discusses loan licenses and repackaging licenses for cosmetics under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. A loan license allows a person without manufacturing facilities to have a licensed manufacturer produce cosmetics for them.
2. Requirements for obtaining loan licenses and repackaging licenses are outlined, including the application process and forms required. License holders must comply with Good Manufacturing Practices and testing standards and maintain records.
3. Offenses and penalties under the Act are provided for various violations relating to manufacturing, importing, and selling substandard or misbranded cosmetics. These include imprisonment, fines, or both.
The document discusses structure-based drug design and molecular docking. It begins with introductions to drug design, drug targets, and structure-based drug design. It then describes molecular docking as a technique to predict how small molecules bind to protein targets by calculating binding affinities. The document outlines the docking process, including generating a protein's molecular surface, matching ligand and protein atoms to determine potential orientations, and scoring docked poses to identify favorable interactions. It also discusses using docking for virtual screening to identify potential drug leads from compound libraries.
Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Techniques.pptDrVivekChauhan1
Pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques are important computational methods used in drug design and discovery. Pharmacophore models identify the essential molecular features responsible for biological activity. Molecular docking predicts how drug molecules bind to protein targets. The document discusses key concepts like pharmacophores, bioisosterism, and molecular docking workflows. It also covers common docking software and factors that influence docking results like intramolecular forces and target preparation. Overall, the document provides an overview of pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques that are widely applied in rational drug design.
The document discusses structure-based drug design (SBDD). It first provides background on drug design and SBDD. It then describes some key aspects of SBDD, including using the 3D structure of the biological target obtained from techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. It also discusses ligand-based and receptor-based drug design approaches. The document then outlines the typical steps involved in SBDD, including target selection, ligand selection, target preparation, docking, evaluating results, and discusses some molecular docking techniques and scoring functions used to predict binding.
Hey students here i am attaching the powerpoint presenatation on the Receptor/enzyme-interaction and its analysis, Receptor/enzyme cavity size prediction, predicting
the functional components of cavities and the concept regarding the fragment based drug design.
(Kartik Tiwari) Denovo Drug Design.pptxKartik Tiwari
Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research provides information on drug design. There are two main types of drug design: ligand-based which relies on existing molecules that bind to the target, and structure-based which relies on the 3D structure of the target. De-novo drug design uses the 3D structure of the receptor to design new molecules and involves optimizing ligands to fit the receptor's active site properties. LUDI software aids de-novo design through identifying interaction sites in the receptor, fitting molecular fragments, and linking fragments together to form new drug candidates.
This document discusses structure based drug design. It describes how drug design uses knowledge of biological targets to find new medications. Structure based drug design uses information about the 3D structure of protein targets to design ligands that bind to them. The main methods described are ligand-based drug design through database searching, and receptor-based drug design which builds ligands for a receptor. Molecular docking is also discussed as a key technique to predict how ligands bind to protein targets and identify potential drug candidates.
In Silico methods for ADMET prediction of new moleculesMadhuraDatar
The document discusses the importance of predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties of new molecules in silico during drug design. It describes how ADMET prediction techniques have evolved since 1863 and helped advance drug development. Factors considered in developing ADMET prediction models include the model purpose, required prediction speed and accuracy. Common molecular descriptors used in these models are also discussed. The document outlines methods for predicting various ADMET properties like permeability, solubility, distribution and metabolism in silico. Recent tools for computational ADMET prediction are also mentioned.
PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Detail about PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW MOLECULES AND IT’S IMPORTANCE IN DRUG DISCOVERY, including DESCRIPTORS OF ADMET PREDICTION, DATASETS USED IN ADMET PREDICTION
The document discusses various topics related to drug design and discovery including structure-based drug design, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), molecular docking, and de novo drug design. It provides details on the drug discovery process, strategies for structure-based design including pharmacophore identification and docking simulations, factors that govern drug design such as physicochemical properties, and methods for QSAR model development, validation, and applications in drug design.
COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF DRUG DISPOSITION.pptxPoojaArya34
Computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
Historically, drug discovery has focused almost exclusively on efficacy and selectivity against the biological target.
As a result, nearly half of drug candidates fail at phase II and phase III clinical trials because of undesirable drug pharmacokinetics properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET).
The pressure to control the escalating cost of new drug development has changed the paradigm since the mid-1990s. To reduce the attrition rate at more expensive later stages, in vitroevaluation of ADMET properties in the early phase of drug discovery has been widely adopted.Many high-throughput in vitro ADMET property screening assays have been developed and applied successfully .
For example, Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayers are widely used to simulate membrane permeability as an in vitro estimation of in vivo absorption.
These in vitro results have enabled the training of in silico models, which could be applied to predict the ADMET properties of compounds even before they are synthesized.
Molecular recognition is the specific interaction between two or more complementary molecules through noncovalent bonding such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, etc. This process is crucial in biological systems and modern chemical research. Molecular recognition can be static, involving a 1:1 complex between a host and guest molecule, or dynamic, where binding of the first guest induces a conformational change affecting binding of a second guest. Molecular recognition is important in fields like supramolecular chemistry, self-assembly, and host-guest chemistry. It has applications in areas like sensing, molecular motors, and enzyme mimicry.
Application of COSMO-RS-DARE as a Tool for Testing Consistency of Solubility ...Maciej Przybyłek
This study examined the solubility of coumarin, a naturally occurring compound, in various alcohols using experimental and computational methods. Inconsistencies were found in literature solubility data for coumarin. The study developed a theoretical approach using COSMO-RS-DARE modeling to test solubility data consistency and identify outliers. Experimentally measured solubility data for coumarin in a series of alcohols matched the back-calculated COSMO-RS-DARE values, validating the theoretical approach. Linear regressions were also developed to correlate COSMO-RS-DARE integration parameters with molecular descriptors.
Molecular docking is a computational method that predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to another when bound and forming a stable complex. It involves finding the best match between two molecules and can be used for drug design and development by predicting the binding affinity between potential drug candidates and their protein targets. Common molecular docking approaches include shape complementarity, which describes interacting molecules as complementary surfaces, and simulation methods, which simulate the actual docking process and calculate interaction energies between molecules. Popular molecular docking software includes AutoDock, FlexX, and GOLD.
Computer aided drug design uses computational approaches to aid in the drug discovery process. There are several key approaches including ligand based approaches which identify characteristics of known active ligands, target based approaches which use information about the biological target, and structure based drug design which utilizes 3D structural information. The main steps in drug design include target identification and validation, lead identification and optimization, and preclinical and clinical trials. Computational tools are used throughout the process for tasks like molecular docking, ADMET prediction, and structure activity relationship analysis.
Computer Added Drug Design is one of the latest technology of medicine world. This short slide will help you to know a little about CADD.If you want to know a vast plz go throw the reference book.
The document discusses various topics related to computer-aided drug design (CADD), including:
1) The definitions of drug-likeness, druggability, and the Rule of Five for screening drug-like molecules. The Rule of Five outlines molecular properties important for a drug's absorption and metabolism.
2) Pharmacophore-based and ligand-based virtual screening methods which use the structure of known active ligands to search compound libraries for similar molecules.
3) The role of virtual screening in CADD to select compounds for biological testing from large databases using techniques like structure-based docking and ligand-based similarity searching. Scoring functions are also used to rank compounds.
This document discusses structure-based drug design. It begins by explaining that structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets, usually determined through methods like X-ray crystallography. The structure of the target is then used to design ligands that will bind to the target. The process involves identifying drug targets, determining the target's structure, performing computer-aided drug design to identify potential binding ligands, and building or modifying ligands to optimize binding to the target.
1) De novo drug design involves generating new drug molecules from scratch based on the 3D structure of the target receptor.
2) It uses molecular modeling tools to modify lead compounds to better interact with the receptor's binding site.
3) The process involves defining interaction sites on the receptor, generating potential drug molecules, scoring them based on their fit with the receptor, and using search algorithms to refine candidates.
Drug discovery is an expensive and lengthy process involving high costs and extensive testing over 10-15 years. Computer-aided drug design techniques like molecular modeling, virtual screening, and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) are helping to improve the drug discovery process. Molecular docking uses computer models to predict how drug molecules bind to their protein targets. Key steps in docking include target and ligand preparation, docking simulations, and analysis of results. Factors like intermolecular forces, flexibility, and binding site selection influence docking accuracy. QSAR analyses seek mathematical correlations between compound structures and their biological activities to enable prediction of new candidates.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
2. Drug Design
2
Drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications
based on the knowledge of a biological target.
In general, drug design involves the design of organic (less commonly
inorganic) molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to
the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will
bind to it.
Drug design involves:
a) modification of lead compound (from natural/synthetic
source),
b) invention of new drug (using computational chemistry)
3. Two ways of Drug Design….
Traditional methods, (known as forward pharmacology): Relies
on trial-and-error testing of chemical substances on cultured cells or
animals, and matching the apparent effects to treatments.
Rational drug design, (or reverse pharmacology): This process of
drug design begins with a postulate that modulation of a specific
biological target, where ligand may have therapeutic value.
3
5. Ionization (Acid / Base properties)
Ionization refers to the protonation or deprotonation, resulting in
charged molecules
The acidity or basicity of a compound plays a major role in
controlling:
Absorption and transport to site of action
• Solubility, bioavailability, absorption and cell
penetration, plasma binding, volume of distribution
Binding of a compound at its site of action
• un-ionised form involved in hydrogen bonding
• ionised form influences strength of salt bridges or H-
bonds
Elimination of compound
• Biliary and renal excretion
• CYP P450 metabolism
5
6. Look at the sulphonamides (antibacterial)
These compounds are only active in their ionised forms
Despite only minor differences in half-life and lipo-solubility,
there is a huge difference in activity
This is due to their respective pKa values:
For sulfadiazine, at pH 7.4 it is ~80% ionised
For sulfanilamide, at pH 7.4 it is only 0.03% ionised
6
12. Water Solubility
The solubility of a drug in water directly affects the route of
administration, distribution, and elimination (ADME).
The two most important key factors that influence the water
solubility are:
• Hydrogen bonding: more H-bonds → solubility
• Ionisation: dissociable ions → solubility
12
13. Partition coefficient deals with:
• lipophilic vs. hydrophilic character of drug
• determines the water solubility of drug
substances
• affects drug distribution
• confers target-drug binding interactions
Partition coefficient (Hydrophylicity and Lipophylicity)
13
14. Predicting Water Solubility
1. Empirical Approach
2. Analytical Approach
Empirical Approach
Lemke developed an empiric approach to predict the water solubility of
molecules based on the carbon-solubilizing potential of several functional
groups.
In this approach, if the solubilizing potential of the functional groups are
more
than the total number of carbon atoms present, then the molecule is
considered to be water soluble. Otherwise, it is considered to be water
insoluble.
14
16. The Empirical Approach –a working example
We get a total “solubilising potential” of 9 carbons using this
theory.
Since the molecule contains 22 carbons, it suggests that the
molecule is insoluble in water. However, if we make the
hydrochloride salt, then the compound becomes water soluble.
Lemke estimates that a charge (either anionic or cationic)
contributes a “solubilising potential” of between 20 and 30 carbons
Anileridine
(Narcotic analgesic)
16
17. ⮩ The alternative approach for predicting water solubility utilises the
“logP” of molecules.
⮩ Essentially, logP is a measure of lipophilicity (hydrophobic)
properties
of a molecule.
⮩ It is determined by measuring the “partition co-efficient” between
water and octanol for a given molecule (i.e., the solubility of the
compound in octanol versus the solubility of the compound in water).
• LogP is calculated by adding the contributionsfrom each
functional group in the molecule
• A hydrophobic substituent constant π has been assigned to most
organic functional groups, such that LogP = ∑ π (fragments)
17
The alternative approach
18. • The USP definition for a water insoluble compound is solubility less
than 3.3% (1g/mL = 100%). A logP value of +0.5 is equivalent to
3.3% solubility. Therefore, compound with a logP value greater than
+0.5 are insoluble, while logP <+0.5 are water soluble.
• Therefore, anileridine, with a logP greater than + 0.5 is considered
insoluble
18
19. Stereoisomerism and Biological Activity
19
The biological activity of a drug molecule is not only dependent on its
physicochemical characteristics but also the spatial arrangement
of the functional groups in the molecule.
Stereoisomers are compounds having the same number and kinds of
atoms, the same configuration (arrangement) of bonds, but altogether
different 3D-structures i.e., they specifically differ in the 3D
arrangements of atoms in space.
20. Example (i) shows that the S-(+) naproxen sodium (left) with activity
as an antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. In contrast,
the R-(–) naproxen sodium (right) is inactive.
(i)
Example (i)
20
21. Easson-Stedman Theory
Easson-Stedman hypothesis also known as the three-point attachment
theory, a theory which proposes that three groups or moieties in a drug
molecule must simultaneously interact with three complimentary sites
on the receptor molecule. This theory is based on the knowledge that three
points are required for the desired bonding and that different enantiomers
often have markedly different biological effects.
21
22. According to this theory, the R (–) – Epinephrine has greater biological
activity than S (+) – Epinephrine or Epinine.
Because, the R-isomer can bind to all the three sites: (i) catechol binding site
‘A’ (ii) hydroxy binding site ‘B’ and (iii) anionic binding site ‘C’ (illustrated
below); whereas, the S-isomer and the deoxy isomer exclusively bind to two
of the sites, thus exhibiting identical biological activity which is lower than that
of R- isomer.
22
23. A vital, useful and latest strategy involves converting a conformationally
flexible molecule into a conformationally rigid molecule, so as to
establish and find the optimized conformation that is required for
binding to the drug receptor.
This scientific and logical approach helps -
in incorporating selectivity for receptors
in minimizing and eliminating undesired side effects
in learning more with regard to spatial relationships of
functional moieties for receptors.
Conformationally Flexible to Conformationally Rigid Molecule
23
24. Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer
simulation to assist in solving chemical problems.
⮩ It uses methods of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into
efficient computer programs, to calculate the structures and
properties
of molecules and solids.
⮩ Computational results normally complement the information
obtained by chemical experiments, in some cases predict the
unobserved chemical phenomena.
⮩ It is widely used in the design of new drugs and materials.
Again, Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) utilizes computer to aid
in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimiztion of the drug
design.
24
26. Structure-based drug design
26
Structure-based drug design (or direct drug design) relies on
knowledge of the 3D-structure of the biological target obtained
through methods such as x-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.
Using the structure of the biological target, candidate drugs are
predicted to bind with high affinity and selectivity.
Here, computational procedures may be used to suggest new
drug candidates.
27. Structure-based drug design can be divided roughly into three main
categories:
1. The first method is identification of new ligands for a given receptor
by searching large databases of 3D structures of small molecules. Then
molecular docking is performed to identify the appropriate one.
2. A second category is de novo design of new ligands. In this method,
ligand molecules are built up by assembling small pieces in a stepwise
manner. These pieces can be either individual atoms or molecular
fragments. The key advantage of such a method is that novel structures,
not contained in any database, can be suggested.
3. A third method is the optimization of known ligands by evaluating the
proposed analogs within the binding cavity.
27
Structure-based drug design
28. Molecular Docking
28
* The aim of molecular docking is to evaluate the feasible binding
of a ligand with a target whose 3D structure is known.
* Docking methods rapidly and accurately dock large numbers of
small molecules into the binding site of a receptor, allowing for a
rank ordering in terms of strength of interaction with a particular
receptor.
* Some of the docking programs are GOLD (Genetic Optimization for
Ligand Docking), AUTODOCK, LUDI, HEX etc.
29. Tasks of docking
29
There are three basic tasks that any docking procedure must
accomplish:
(1) Characterizing the binding site;
(2) Positioning of the ligand into the binding site (orientation); and
(3) Evaluating the strength of interaction for a specific ligand-
receptor complex.
In order to screen large databases, automated docking is required.
30. How DOCK works…….
Some ligands
(potential
inhibitors)
1.) Identify which fit together
the best
Areceptor (target molecule)
2.) Find the best
orientation and
conformation
30
31. If we know exactly where and how a known ligand binds...
We can see which parts are important for binding
We can suggest changes to improve affinity
Avoid changes that will ‘clash’ with the protein
31
How DOCK works…….
32. Identification of
the ligand’s
binding
geometry (pose)
in the binding
site (Binding
Mode)
Prediction of the
binding affinity
(Scoring
Function)
Molecular Docking
Rational Design of Drugs
Importance of Molecular Docking
32
33. TYPES OF DOCKING
Rigid Docking (Lock and Key): In rigid docking, the internal geometry of
both the receptor and ligand are treated as rigid.
Flexible Docking (Induced fit): The effect of the rotations of the molecules
(usually smaller one) is calculated. In every rotation, the energy is calculated;
later the most optimum orientation is selected.
Docking can be between….
Protein - Ligand
Protein – Protein
Protein – Nucleotide
33
36. 1. Electrostatic forces - Electrostatic forces are due to the
charges residing in the matter.
2. Electrodynamics forces - The most widely known is probably the
van der Waals interaction.
3. Steric forces – Steric forces generate due to the spatial
arrangement of the atoms. When atoms come close together, there is
a rise in the energy of the molecule.
4. Solvent-related forces – Molecular structures are influenced
because of the interaction with the solvent. The most common
interactions are Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
Types of interactions between ligands and biological
targets
36
37. 1. Receptor selection and preparation
Building the Receptor
The 3D structure of the receptor should be considered
which can be downloaded from PDB.
The available structure should be processed.
The receptor should be biologically active and stable.
Identification of the Active Site
The active site within the receptor should be identified.
The receptor may have many active sites but the one of the
interest should be selected.
Key Stages In Docking
37
38. Key Stages In Docking
2. Ligand selection and preparation: Ligands can be obtained
from various databases like ZINC, PubChem or can be sketched
using tools like Chemsketch, ChemDraw.
3. Docking: The ligand is docked onto the receptor and the
interactions are checked. The scoring function generates score,
depending on which the best fit ligand is selected.
40. De Novo Drug Design
40
De novo means start afresh, from the beginning, from the scratch .
• It is a process in which the 3D structure of receptor is used to
design newer molecules.
• It involves structural determination of the lead and lead
modifications using molecular modeling tools.
De novo design approach involves the ligand optimization, which
can be done by analyzing protein active site properties that
could be probable area of contact by the ligand.
41. Types of De Novo Drug Design
41
Manual
• Operator directs the study
• Allows input of designer’s ideas
• Useful for identification of a single lead compound
• Slow and limited to designer’s originality
Automated
• Program is automated
• No bias introduced by operator
• Produces novel structures
• Useful for generating a large number of possible lead compounds
• May generate impractical structures for synthesis
• Scoring structures for binding strengths is unreliable
42. 1. Determination of crystal structure by X-ray crystallography
2. Identification of the binding site
3. In silico designing of ligands to fit and bind to the binding site
4. Identification of binding interactions
5. Calculating the strength of binding
6. Synthesizing and test of the promising structures
7. Optimizing by structure-based drug design
Procedure of De Novo Drug Design
42
44. LUDI: a new method for the de novo design of enzyme
inhibitors
Stage 1: identification of interaction sites
Stage 2: fitting molecular
fragments
Stage 3: fragment bridging
44
45. LUDI
Stage 1: Identification of interaction sites
The atoms present in the binding site are analysed to identify – i) those that
can take part in hydrogen bonding interactions, and ii) those that can take
part in van der Waals interactions.
Stage 2: fitting molecular fragments
The LUDI program accesses a library of several hundred molecular
fragments. The molecules chosen are typically 5 - 30 atoms in size.
45
46. Stage 3: fragment bridging
Fragments have been identified and fitted to the binding site, the final stage
is to link them up.
The program first identifies the molecular fragments that closest to each
other in the binding site, then identifies the closest hydrogen atoms.
These now define the link sites for the bridge. The program now tries out
various molecular bridges from a stored library to find out which one
fits best.
A suitable bridge has been found, a final molecule is created.
46
47. CADD has already been used in the discovery of compounds that have passed
clinical trials and become novel therapeutics in the treatment of a variety of
diseases.
Some of the examples of approved drugs that owe their discovery in large
part to the tools of CADD:
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide, approved in 1995
the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril, approved
in 1981 as an antihypertensive drug
three therapeutics for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV): saquinavir (approved in 1995), ritonavir, and indinavir (both
approved in 1996)
tirofiban, a fibrinogen antagonist approved in 1998
47
Examples of CADDed drugs
48. Ligand-based drug design
48
The ligand-based computer-aided drug discovery (LB-CADD, also
called indirect drug design) approach involves the analysis of
ligands known to interact with a target of interest.
* These methods use a set of reference structures collected
from compounds known to interact with the target of interest
and analyze their 2D or 3D structures.
* The overall goal is to represent these compounds in such a way that
the physicochemical properties, which are most important for their
desired interactions, are reserved, whereas unrelated information
(to the interactions) is discarded.
49. The two fundamental approaches of LB-CADD
are
(1) selection of compounds based on chemical
similarity to known actives using some
similarity measure or
(2) the construction of a QSAR model that
predicts biologic activity from chemical
structure.
The difference between the two approaches is
that the later weights the features of the
chemical structure according to their influence
on the biologic activity of interest, whereas the
former does not.
49