Phospholipids are major constituents of cell membranes and are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing polar head group. There are two main types of phospholipids: glycerophospholipids, which have a glycerol backbone, and sphingolipids, which have a sphingosine backbone. These amphipathic phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers that serve as permeability barriers enclosing cells and organelles. Common phospholipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol, which each have different head groups that influence their roles in cell signaling and structure.
phospholipids
glycolipids
sulfolipids
classification of phospholipids
classification of glycolipids
functions of phospholipids
fucntions of glycolipids
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids:-
These are compounds containing, in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases, and another substituent. Polar compounds composed of alcohol attached by phosphodiester bridge to either diacylglycerol or sphingosine.
Amphipathic in nature has a hydrophilic head (phosphate +alcohol
eg., serine, ethanolamine, and choline) and a long, hydrophobic tail
(fatty acids or derivatives ).
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS:-
- Glycerophospholipids
- Spingophospholipids or Sphingomyelin
- SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF SPHINGOLIPIDS
phospholipids
glycolipids
sulfolipids
classification of phospholipids
classification of glycolipids
functions of phospholipids
fucntions of glycolipids
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids:-
These are compounds containing, in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases, and another substituent. Polar compounds composed of alcohol attached by phosphodiester bridge to either diacylglycerol or sphingosine.
Amphipathic in nature has a hydrophilic head (phosphate +alcohol
eg., serine, ethanolamine, and choline) and a long, hydrophobic tail
(fatty acids or derivatives ).
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS:-
- Glycerophospholipids
- Spingophospholipids or Sphingomyelin
- SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF SPHINGOLIPIDS
Structural Lipids - Phospholipids, Glycolipids. Phospholipids types - Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, and their importance in plant and animal cells. Examples for phospholipids and their structure. Sphingomyelin, ceramide, lecithin, cephalin.
Structural Lipids - Phospholipids, Glycolipids. Phospholipids types - Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, and their importance in plant and animal cells. Examples for phospholipids and their structure. Sphingomyelin, ceramide, lecithin, cephalin.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Phospholipids are:
• major constituents of all cell membranes
• components of bile
• anchor some proteins in membranes
• signal mediators
• components of lipoproteins
3. Structure of phospholipids
• Phospholipids have two fatty acids that help form a diacylglycerol. The third
carbon of the glycerol backbone is also occupied by a modified phosphate
group However, just a phosphate group attached to a diacylglycerol does
not qualify as a phospholipid.This would be considered a phosphatidate or
phosphatidic acid (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate), the precursor to
phospholipids. Toqualify as a phospholipid, the phosphate group should be
modified by an alcohol. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine are
examples of two important phospholipids that are found in plasma
membranes.
5. Properties of phospholipids
• Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
• Head group = alcohol attached via phosphodiester linkage
to either:
• diacylglycerol (glycerophospholipid) or
• sphingosine (sphingophospholipid = sphingomyelin).
6. Cellular membranes are composed of phospholipids and sphingolipids
• Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids spontaneously self-associate
in water to form bilayer vesicles (i.e., closed membranes)
• Bilayers are permeability barriers that enclose cells and cell organelles,
and “dissolve” intrinsic membrane proteins
7. Glycerophospholipids
• Glycerophospholipids are the main class of phospholipids
• They are the main lipid component of cell membranes, and
are important in the cell’s semipermeability
• They also interact with triacylglycerols and cholesterol to
increase their solubility in the blood
• These abilities of glycerophospholipids are due to their
amphipathic nature, with a polar head group and nonpolar
tails
Glycerol
PO4
Amino
alcohol
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
8. • Glycerophospholipids are similar to triacylglycerols, but have one ester
bond replaced with an amino alcohol phosphate ester.i.e.
Glycerophospholipid
9. Each
glycerophospholipid
includes
polar
a region:
glycerol, carbonyl O
of fatty acids, Pi, & the
polar head group (X)
non-polar hydrocarbon
1 2
tails of fatty acids (R , R ).
O
O
O
H2C O C R2
R1 C O CH
H2C O P O X
O
glycerophospholipid
polar
non-polar
"kink" due to
double bond
11. Lecithins andCephalins
• Glycerophospholipids can be classified based on the amino alcohol
group
• Two common types are lecithins (which contain choline) and
cephalins (which contain ethanolamine)
• Lecithins and cephalins are highly abundant in brain and nerve
tissues, and are also found in egg yolks, wheat germ and yeast
12. Phosphatidylinositol, with inositol as polar head
group, is one glycerophospholipid.
In addition to being a membrane lipid,
phosphatidylinositol has roles in cell signaling.
O
R1 C O CH
O
O
H2C O C R2
O
OH
H
OH
H
H OH
H
H2C O P O
H
OH
OH
H
phosphatidyl-
inositol
13. The other one is cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is
found in mitochondrial membrane.
14. Sphingomyelin
• Sphingomyelins are phospholipids that are based on the 18-
carbon amino alcohol sphingosine, instead of on glycerol
• A fatty acid is linked to the amine group by an amide bond, and
an amino alcohol phosphate ester is linked to the bottom
hydroxyl group (the top hydroxyl group remains free)
• Sphingomyelin is the main component of the myelin sheath of
nerve cells
15. H2C
OH
CH3
OH
H
C CH
NH CH
O C HC
R (CH2)12
ceramide
OH
H
H2C C CH
CH3
HC
H3N+ CH
OH
(CH2 )12
sphingosine
In the more complex sphingolipids, a
polar “head group" is esterified to the
terminal hydroxyl of the sphingosine
moiety of the ceramide.
The amino group of sphingosine can
form an amide bond with a fatty acid
carboxyl, to yield a ceramide.
16. Sphingomyelin, with a phosphocholine head group, is
similar in size and shape to the glycerophospholipid
phosphatidyl choline.
Sphingomyelin has
a phosphocholine or
phosphethanolamine
head group.
Sphingomyelins are
common constituent
of plasma
membranes.
H2C
H
C
O
CH
CH3
OH
NH CH
C HC
R (CH2 )12
P O
O
C C O
N+
CH3
H2 H2
H3C
Sphingomyelin
CH3
phosphocholine
sphingosine
O
fatty acid
17. Glycolipids(glycosphingolipids)
• Glycolipids are sphingolipids that have one or more
monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds to the bottom
hydroxyl of the sphingosine.
• In contrast to sphingomyelin they do not have a
phosphocholine group.
18. Types of Glycolipids(glycosphingolipids)
• Cerebrosides have a single monosaccharide (usually galactose)
- they are usually present at the cell surface, and are involved in
cellular recognition and immunity
19. Types of Glycolipids(glycosphingolipids)
• Gangliosides have two or more monosaccharides, usually
glucose and galactose
- they are abundant in the cell membranes of neurons
- they act at the cell surface as receptors for hormones