This document provides an overview of the key components of grammar:
- It defines phonetics and phonology as the study of speech sounds, morphology as the system of word formation, syntax as word arrangement patterns, semantics as word meaning, and pragmatics as intended word meaning.
- Phonology is described as pertaining to a speaker's knowledge of their language's sound system and phonemes, the smallest units that differentiate meaning. Allophones are contextual variants of phonemes.
- Morphology examines word structures through morphemes, the smallest meaning-bearing units, which can be free or bound. Inflectional morphology involves functional changes while derivational morphology refers to changes in word class or meaning
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
Language and its components, Reference from T.A. Subba Rao Emmanuel Raj
Communication, speech, language, Language and its Components Such as form, use, content subcomponents such as Phonology, morphology, syntax, prosody, semantics, pragmatics.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. • The word grammar comes from the
Greek, meaning “craft of letters”.
• According to British Linguist, David
Crystal, grammar is the study of all the
contrasts of meaning that it is possible
to make within sentences.
WHAT IS
GRAMMAR?
3. COMPONENTS OF GRAMMAR
A. Phonetics and Phonology Speech sounds
B. Morphology System of word formation
C. Syntax Patterns of word arrangements
D. Semantics Literal meaning of the words
E. Pragmatics Intended meaning of the words
5. DEFINITION :
• The study of the production,
transmission and reception of
speech sounds.
PHONETICS
6. What is an IPA Chart?
- the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was invented in order to
have a system in which there was a one-to-one correspondence
between each sound in language and each phonetic symbol .
- a type of notation for various sounds used in language.
7. 1. The same sound may be represented by many letters or combination of
letters:
he people machine
believe seize
Caesar seas
see key
2. The same letter may represent a variety of sounds:
father village
badly made
3. A combination of letters may represent a single sound:
shoot character thing
either physics rough
coat deal
4. A single letter may represent a combination of sounds:
xerox
5. Some letters in a word may not be pronounced at all:
autumn sword knot
psychology write
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET
Spelling, or
orthography
, does not
consistently
represent
the sounds
of language
8. Articulatory
Phonetics
-focuses on how the vocal
tract produces the sounds of
language
-focuses on how listeners
perceive the sounds of
language
-focuses on the physical
properties of the sounds of
language
Acoustic
Phonetics
Auditory
Phonetics
Main Branches of Phonetics
Main Branches of Phonetics
9. DEFINITION :
It is the scientific study of the sound system.
It pertains to the speaker’s knowledge of the sound system of
a particular language.
EXAMPLE :
PHONOLOGY
In the English language, we
cannot have */ lp / at the
beginning of the word,
*lpay, *lpace, *lpague etc.
But we have */ pl / in
English with such
words like
*play, place, plague etc.
10. An example of one such rule would be the understanding
that the words “eight” and “butter” both have the letter [t],
but they are pronounced differently based off the other
letters around them.
EXAMPLE :
PHONOLOGY
The study and discovery of phonological rules.
Speed sound will change depending on its position in
various speech environments.
11. PHONOLOGY: Defining the Key Terms
VOWEL
A class of speech sound that
includes all sounds that the
production does not involve
any block or delay of the air
as it comes out from the
lungs.
[a], [e], [i], [o], [u]
12. PHONOLOGY: Defining the Key Terms
CONSONANT
A class of speech sound that
includes all sounds that the
production involves block or
delay of the air stream using
speech organ.
[m], [b], [p]
13. PHONOLOGY
It is about the system language of
rules that underlies and governs the
combination of language.
14. PHONEMES
Phonologists are immersed on how sounds differentiate meaning.
According to the book of Lesley Jeffries, “Discovering Language”,
phonology is interested in the extent to which sounds are
contrastive or distinctive in the language causing meaning to
change. This meaning-changing sounds are called phonemes.
15. PHONOLOGY
/lit/ and /sit/
/s/ and /l/ cannot replace
each other without
affecting the meaning of
the word.
Phonemes makes
difference in the meaning
of the words just like the
example here:
Some phonemes can have different realization or variants
depending on the context occurring these realizations are called
ALLOPHONES
16. DEFINITION :
Allophones are the variable realization of the phoneme.
EXAMPLE :
ALLOPHONES
allophones they don’t
make difference in meaning
18. met = set
cat = cut
pit = bit
try = cry
each of these contracting
sound is considered as a
distinct phoneme.
MINIMAL PAIRS
A pair of words that
have the same number
of sound and differ only
in one sound which
make their meaning
different.
19. RECAP
Phonetics deals with the concrete level of sounds while
phonology deals with abstract level of sound.
Phonetic representation – physical
representation of speech sounds,
represented with square brackets [ ].
Phonemic representation –
the characteristics of sounds as
they are stored in the mind or
the normal feature of the
speaker. It uses slashes /__/
instead of brackets.
21. MORPHOLOGY is the branch
of linguistics that studies word
structures and forms of the
words in a language.
22. INFLECTIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
Is the functional or
grammatical change in the
word.
It refers to changes that can
be added to words to change
their word class or their
original meaning.
Cat + s = Cats Compete (verb)
Compete + ition = Competition (noun)
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
TWO TYPES OF MORPHOLOGY
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
23. MORPHEME is the building block of
morphology and is the smallest unit of
language that makes up the word
EXAMPLE
Glee – one morpheme; minimal unit of meaning
Gleeful – two morphemes; two units of meaning
Glee “exultant highs-pirited joy” + ful “full of something”
24. FREE MORPHEMES
A morpheme that can
stand by itself.
A morpheme that
cannot stand by itself.
“dog” or “house” in
doghouse The “-s” in “dogs”
BOUND MORPHEMES
TWO TYPES OF MORPHEMES
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
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and includes icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by
Freepik
SYNTAX
26. Definition
It is the order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper
sentences. The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb + direct
object formula
• Word order: The book is on the table.
* Table book on the the.
• Agreement: subject and verb, determiner and noun
I want these books.
*I want this book
• How many complements, which prepositions and forms (cases):
I give Mary a book.
*I see Mary a book.
• hierarchical structure- what modifies what
We need more ( intelligent leaders). (more of intelligent leaders)
We need (more intelligent) leaders. (leaders that are more intelligent)
(*) asterisk before the sentence marks that SENTENCE is
UNGRAMMATICAL.
Example
28. SEMANTICS
• It is the study of multiple meaning of words and
sentencesand the various ways that is can be experienced
Example
The word “crash” literally means an auto accident or it could also mean a
drop in the super market or attending a party without being invited.
Definition
29. TYPES OF SEMANTICS
Formal Semantics
-this branch of semantics
utilizes symbolic logic,
philosophy, and
mathematics to produce
theories of meanings for
natural and artificial
languages. Lexical Semantics
-focuses on the meaning of
words, and how they are
created through context.
Conceptual Semantics
–includes analysis of both the
denotative (literal) and
connotative meaning of a word
as well as the connotative
meaning which is the
definition of words.
30. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
and includes icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by
Freepik
PRAGMATIC
31. It studies language usage, especially how context influneces the
interpretations of utterances – the same sentence can be used to
do different things in different situations
Definition
EXAMPLE
“Gee, it’s hot in here!”- can be used either to state a
fact or to get someone open a window
