This document provides an overview of the main branches of linguistics. It discusses phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Phonetics studies speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception. Phonology examines sound systems and phonemes. Morphology analyzes the formation of words from morphemes. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning at various linguistic levels. Pragmatics studies meaning in context during communication.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Morphological Typology
Def : Morphological typology is the classification of languages on the basic of shared formal characteristics.
Main Goals
To ascertain the ways in which languages are similar in structure and
to determine just how different human languages can be.
study of differences among the world's languages relating to the ways
in which words are formed from smaller meaningful units referred to as 'morphemes.
Types of Language
Isolating Language : A language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme.
Inflectional (Synthetic) : A synthetic uses inflection to express sytantic relationships within a sentence
Polysynthetic : A highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes.
Ways of Morphological Processes
Concatenative Morphology : concatenative morphology: two morphemes are ordered one after another i.e. affixation and compounding (segmentation).
Non-Concatenative Morphology : Non-concatenative morphology, also called discontinuous morpholo-gy and introflection, is a form of word formation in which the root is modified and which does not involve stringing morphemes together sequentially.
Thank you.
Introduction to Linguistic_ General ReviewEcha Adryanty
this presentation explain about what are Language and Linguistic, what are element of language, what are general linguistic. this presentation from Mr. Nando Saragih, he is a lecturer faculty of letter ion University of Papua
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS?
Scientific study of human language.
Aims of linguistic theory:
What is knowledge of language? (Competence)
How is knowledge of language acquired?
(Acquisition)
How is knowledge of language put to use?
(Performance/language processing)
2
3. LANGUAGE
“Language is a purely human and
non-instinctive method of
communicating ideas, emotions and
desires by means of voluntarily
produced symbols.”
--Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the
Study of Speech (1921)
3
4. “From now on I will consider
language to be a set (finite or
infinite) of sentences, each
finite in length and constructed
out of a finite set of elements.”
--Noam Chomsky (1928- ):
Syntactic Structures (1957)
4
5. IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE
The most important tool ever invented.
Distinguishes us from other creatures.
Provides a medium to think effectively, communicate
interpersonally and collaborate with other people in
work.
Impossible to imagine a world without language.
5
7. MAIN BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
7
8. PHONETICS
Phonetics studies speech sounds, including
Production of speech, that is how speech sounds are
actually made : Articulatory Phonetics
Transmission and receipt of speech : Acoustic
Phonetics and
Perception of the transmitted sound by human brain :
Auditory Phonetics.
8
9. PHONOLOGY
Studies the sound system of languages.
Distinctive sounds within a language,
Nature of sound systems across the languages.
Phoneme (from the Greek: φώνημα, phōnēma, "a
sound uttered") is the smallest segmental unit of
sound employed to form meaningful contrasts
between utterances.
9
10. MORPHOLOGY
Studies the formation of words from smaller units
called morphemes.
Morpheme: minimal meaningful language unit.
Phoneme(s): smallest linguistically distinctive units
of sound) in spoken language.
Grapheme(s): written symbol to represent speech.
10
11. SYNTAX
Rules that govern the formation of sentences from
words.
Syntactic phrases include:
Noun Phrase : a tall man, the bus
Verb Phrase : roam around, hit the ball
Prepositional Phrase : in the class, at the club
Adjective Phrase : Very good, nice girl
The Grammatical Rules:
SOV: eg. Hindi
SVO: eg . English
11
12. GRAMMAR
The syntax of a language deals with the
grammatical structure of a language.
Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability
to express ourselves.
Descriptive grammar : structure actually used by
speakers and writers.
Prescriptive grammar : structure that should be used.
12
14. SEMANTICS
Study of language meaning.
Concerned with not only the meaning of words, but
also that of morphemes and of sentences.
Lexical semantics study how and what the words of
a language denote.
14
16. EXAMPLES
Pretty and attractive are synonyms.
Good and bad are antonyms.
Animal is a hypernym of mammal which is a
hypernym of dog.
Dog is a hyponym of mammal which is a hyponym
of animal.
Bark is a meronym of tree which is a meronym of
forest.
Forest is a holonym of tree which is a holonym of
bark.
16
17. PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.
How language is used to communicate rather than
how it is internally structured.
Govern a number of conversational
interactions, such as sequential organization, repair
of errors, role and speech acts.
17
Edward Sapir (pronounced /səˈpɪər/), (January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was a German-born Americananthropologist-linguist and a leader in American structural linguistics. His name is borrowed in what is now called the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.He believed that language and the thoughts that we have are somehow interwoven, and that all people are equally being effected by the confines of their language. In short, he made all people out to be mental prisoners; unable to think freely because of the restrictions of their vocabularies.
Example:Noam Chomsky, is an American linguist, philosopher,[2][3]cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[4] Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics,
Next slide: there are many definitions of language. Among them we have selected the two most prominent ones. One given by Sapir and other by Chomsky.
Why should there be different languages? Blending of cultures. Eg. Urdu.Light Blue: Indo Aryan,Red: Germanic Languages (major lang. English, German), Blue: (Romance Languages Romance languages are the continuation of Vulgar Latin, the popular sociolect of Latin spoken by soldiers, settlers and merchants of the Roman Empire, as distinguished from the Classical form of the language spoken by the Roman upper classes, the form in which the language was generally written. )Green: Niger-Congo languages.
Phonetics was studied as early as 500 BC in ancient India, with Pāṇini's account of the placeand manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th century BC treatise on Sanskrit. The major Indic alphabets today order their consonants according to Pāṇini's classification.Describe each of them in detail.Common Myth:In a stress-timed language, syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time (on average) between consecutive stressed syllables.A syllable-timed language is a language whose syllables take approximately equal amounts of time to pronounce.Peter Roach, now an emeritus professor of phonetics at Reading University in England, has been studying speech perception throughout his career. And what has he found out? That there's "no real difference between different languages in terms of sounds per second in normal speaking cycles."But surely, you're saying, there's a rhythmical difference between English (which is classed as a "stress-timed" language) and, say, French or Spanish (classed as "syllable-timed"). Indeed, Roach says, "it usually seems that syllable-timed speech sounds faster than stress-timed to speakers of stress-timed languages. So Spanish, French, and Italian sound fast to English speakers, but Russian and Arabic don't."However, different speech rhythms don't necessarily mean different speaking speeds. Studies suggest that "languages and dialects just sound faster or slower, without any physically measurable difference. The apparent speed of some languages might simply be an illusion.“Phonetics has three main branches:articulatory phonetics: concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, vocal tract and folds and other speech organs in producing speech. acoustic phonetics: concerned with the properties of the sound waves and how they are received by the inner ear. auditory phonetics: concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives
The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the physical production of these sounds while phonology is the study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages.Phonetics is strictly physical while phonology also pays attention to the function or meaning of a sound.Phonetics only asks, “Does this sound go here or not?” Phonology asks, “Does the meaning change if I put this sound here instead of that one?” Phonetics makes a pretty general description of sounds and can be used to describe sounds in any language. Phonology makes very detailed descriptions of sounds, so each language has its own unique set of symbols (because no two languages use all of the exact same sounds).Phonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningful. It explores the differences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. For example, the word “bet” is very similar to the word “bed” in terms of the physical manifestation of sounds. The only difference is that at the end of “bet,” the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a result only of the placement of the tongue behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the meanings of the two words are not related in the leastPhonology (from Ancient Greek: φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound" and λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion") is, broadly speaking, the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with "the sounds of language"Phoneme: Any of the perceptuallydistinctunits of sound in a specifiedlanguage that distinguish one word from another, for examplep, b, d, and t in the Englishwordspad, pat, bad, and bat.
Morphology: Minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful unitsCat is the basemorphene and s is the suffix.
These rules specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationship between word order, word classes and other sentence elements.
During the Middle Ages, grammar was often used to describe learning in general, including the magical, occult practices popularly associated with the scholars of the day. People in Scotland pronounced grammar as "glam-our," and extended the association to mean magical beauty or enchantment.In the 19th century, the two versions of the word went their separate ways, so that our study of English grammar today may not be quite as glamorous as it used to be.
“The aspects of things that are most important to us are hidden because of their simplicity and familiarity.”A syllable is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption,[1] loosely, a single sound. [2] All words are made from at least one syllable.Monosyllables have only one vowel sound; polysyllables have more than one. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a closed syllable. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an open syllable. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are shown as CVC, open syllables CV. Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Some languages like Japanese have few kinds of closed syllables.There are many words in English that have only one syllable.cat
to trim and to slice are troponyms of to cutman and woman are coordinate terms since they share human as hypernymFrenchman and Englishman are coordinate terms since they share nationality as hypernym