this eperiment was done by
Anet Mengesha Dube
at addis ababa university
addis ababa institute of tecnology
school of bio &chemichal_engineering
2nd year student
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.
more chemistry contents are available
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EDTA Titration
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
Complex-formation reactions are widely used in analytical chemistry. One of the first uses of these reagents was for titrating cations. In addition, many complexes are colored or absorb ultraviolet radiation; the formation of these complexes is often the basis for spectrophotometric determinations. Some complexes are sparingly soluble and can be used in gravimetric analysis. Complexes are also widely used for extracting cations from one solvent to another and for dissolving insoluble precipitates. The most useful complex forming reagents are organic compounds that contain several electron donor groups that form multiple covalent bonds with metal ions.
FORMING COMPLEXES
Most metal ions react with electron-pair donors to form coordination compounds or complexes. The donor species, or ligand is an ion or a molecule that forms a covalent bond with a cation or a neutral metal atom by donating a pair of electrons that are then shared by the two.
The number of covalent bonds that a cation tends to form with electron donors is its coordination number. Typical values for coordination numbers are two, four, and six. The species formed as a result of coordination can be electrically positive, neutral, or negative.
A ligand that has a single donor group, such as ammonia, is called unidentate(single-toothed), whereas one such as glycine, which has two groups available for covalent bonding, is called bidenate. Tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, and hexadentate chelating agents are also known.
Another important type of complex, a macrocycle, is formed between a metal ion and a cyclic organic compound. The selectivity of a ligand for one metal ion over another relates to the stability of the complexes formed. The higher the formation constant of a metal-ligand complex, the better the selectivity of the ligand for the metal relative to similar complexes formed with other metals.
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHOD OF POLYMERIZATION
FLOW DIAGRAM
MODEL OF SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANCEMENT IN THE FIELD OFSUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
CONCLUSION
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
Titration - principle, working and applicationSaloni Shroff
A brief introduction to the titration technique used to know the concentration of unknown solutions. different types, indicators used and its application in foods and nutrition is also described.
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
Complex-formation reactions are widely used in analytical chemistry. One of the first uses of these reagents was for titrating cations. In addition, many complexes are colored or absorb ultraviolet radiation; the formation of these complexes is often the basis for spectrophotometric determinations. Some complexes are sparingly soluble and can be used in gravimetric analysis. Complexes are also widely used for extracting cations from one solvent to another and for dissolving insoluble precipitates. The most useful complex forming reagents are organic compounds that contain several electron donor groups that form multiple covalent bonds with metal ions.
FORMING COMPLEXES
Most metal ions react with electron-pair donors to form coordination compounds or complexes. The donor species, or ligand is an ion or a molecule that forms a covalent bond with a cation or a neutral metal atom by donating a pair of electrons that are then shared by the two.
The number of covalent bonds that a cation tends to form with electron donors is its coordination number. Typical values for coordination numbers are two, four, and six. The species formed as a result of coordination can be electrically positive, neutral, or negative.
A ligand that has a single donor group, such as ammonia, is called unidentate(single-toothed), whereas one such as glycine, which has two groups available for covalent bonding, is called bidenate. Tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, and hexadentate chelating agents are also known.
Another important type of complex, a macrocycle, is formed between a metal ion and a cyclic organic compound. The selectivity of a ligand for one metal ion over another relates to the stability of the complexes formed. The higher the formation constant of a metal-ligand complex, the better the selectivity of the ligand for the metal relative to similar complexes formed with other metals.
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHOD OF POLYMERIZATION
FLOW DIAGRAM
MODEL OF SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANCEMENT IN THE FIELD OFSUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
CONCLUSION
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
Titration - principle, working and applicationSaloni Shroff
A brief introduction to the titration technique used to know the concentration of unknown solutions. different types, indicators used and its application in foods and nutrition is also described.
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
This slide was prepared by me for I was given project on the course applied electro-chemistry. Am student at Addis Ababa university institute of technology , addis ababa Ethiopia
this lab work was done by Abnet Mengesha Dube,student at Addis ababa university(AAIT).
objective of the lab is to determine the parameters which affect the operating capacity and efficiency of the radial flow fan.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
1. COMPLEXOMETRICTITRATION
Objectives:To estimate the hardness. Of water using EDTA 'as a titrant .
Define complex formation reaction.
Explain conditions of complexometric titrations.
Determine the concentration of calciumin a was
Define properties of EDTA titrations.
Complexometrictitration(sometimes chelatometry) isaformof volumetricanalysis inwhichthe
formationof a coloredcomplex isusedtoindicate the endpointof atitration. Complex metrictitrations
are particularlyusefulforthe determinationof amixture of differentmetal ionsinsolution.An indicator
capable of producingan unambiguouscolorchange isusuallyusedtodetectthe end-pointof the
titration.
In theory,anycomplexationreactioncanbe usedasa volumetrictechnique providedthat:
1. The reactionreaches equilibriumrapidlyaftereachportionof titrantisadded.
2. Interferingsituationsdonotarise.Forinstance,the stepwiseformationof several different
complexesof the metal ionwiththe titrant,resultinginthe presence of more thanone complex
insolutionduringthe titrationprocess.
3. Acomplex metricindicatorcapable of locatingequivalencepointwithfairaccuracyisavailable.
In practice,the use of EDTA as a titrantis well established.
Complextitration withEDTA
EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid,hasfour carboxyl groupsand two amine groupsthat can act as
electronpairdonors,orLewisbases.The abilityof EDTA to potentiallydonateitssix lone pairsof
electronsforthe formationof coordinate covalentbondstometal cationsmakesEDTA a hexadentate
ligand.However,inpractice EDTA isusuallyonlypartiallyionized,andthusformsfewerthansix
coordinate covalentbondswithmetal cations.
DisodiumEDTA iscommonlyusedtostandardize aqueoussolutionsof transitionmetal cations.
DisodiumEDTA (oftenwrittenas Na2H2Y) onlyformsfourcoordinate covalentbondstometal cationsat
pH values≤ 12. In thispH range,the amine groupsremainprotonatedandthusunable todonate
electronstothe formationof coordinate covalentbonds.Notethatthe shorthandformNa4-xHxY can be
usedto representanyspeciesof EDTA,with xdesignatingthe numberof acidicprotonsbondedtothe
EDTA molecule.
2. EDTA formsan octahedral complex withmost2+ metal cations,M2+
, inaqueoussolution.The main
reasonthat EDTA isusedso extensivelyinthe standardizationof metal cationsolutionsisthatthe
formationconstantformostmetal cation-EDTA complexesisveryhigh,meaningthatthe equilibriumfor
the reaction:
M2+
+ H4Y → MH2Y + 2H+
liesfarto the right.Carryingout the reactionina basicbuffersolutionremovesH+
as itis formed,which
alsofavorsthe formationof the EDTA-metal cationcomplex reactionproduct.Formostpurposesitcan
be consideredthatthe formationof the metal cation-EDTA complex goestocompletion,andthisis
chieflywhyEDTA isusedintitrations/standardizationsof thistype.
Indicators
To carry outmetal cationtitrationsusingEDTA,it isalmostalwaysnecessarytouse a complex metric
indicatortodetermine whenthe endpointhasbeenreached.Commonindicatorsare organic dyessuch
as Fast SulphonBlack,Eriochrome BlackT,Eriochrome RedB, PattonReeder,orMurexide.Colorchange
showsthat the indicatorhasbeendisplaced(usuallybyEDTA) fromthe metal cationsinsolutionwhen
the endpointhas beenreached.Thus,the free indicator(ratherthanthe metal complex) servesasthe
endpointindicator.
Water hardnessisa measure of the amountof calciumandmagnesiumsaltsdissolvedinwater.There
are no healthhazardsassociatedwithwater hardness,however,hardwatercausesscale,aswell asthe
reducedlatheringof soaps.Hardwatershouldbe notusedfor washing(itreduceseffectivenessof
detergents) norinwaterheatersandkitchenapplianceslike coffee makers(thatcanbe destroyed by
scale).Itisalso notgood forfishtanks.In general,there are manyapplicationswhere abilitytoeasily
determine waterhardnessisveryimportant.
Complexometrictitrationisone of the bestwaysof measuringtotal waterhardness.AtpHaround 10
EDTA easilyreactswithbothcalciumandmagnesiuminthe same molarratio(1:1). Stabilityconstantof
calciumcomplex isalittle bithigher,socalciumreactsfirst,magnesiumlater.Thus,forthe endpoint,
we shoulduse the same indicatorwe use when titratingmagnesium - thatisEriochrome BlackT. In the
case of waterthat doesn'tcontainmagnesiumatall,tobe able todetectendpointwe shouldaddsmall
amountof magnesiumcomplex MgEDTA2+.Magnesiumwill be displacedbyidentical amountof
calcium,andit will be titratedlater,notchangingfinal result.However,thisisaveryrare situation.
If solutionscontain carbonates,theyshouldbe removedastheycaninterfere withendpointdetection.
To do so we can acidifythe solutionwithhydrochloricacid,boil it,andthenneutralize withammonia.
Small excessof ammoniadoesn'thurt,aswe finallyaddammoniabufferandchange of pH by several
tenthsisnot a problem.
3. MATERIAL ANDCHEMICAL USED
MATERIALS CHEMICALS
Bottle 0.01M EDTA
Ringstands Distilledwater
Burette clamps Ammoniabuffersolution
thin-stemmedfunnels MgSO4
25-mL burets EBT
50-mL graduatedcylinders Hard water
100-mL beakers
flaskstobe usedas waste
container
Steambath
PROCEDURE-1
Standardization of the EDTA Solution
1. 25ml burette was attached to a ring stand.
2. The burettevalve was opened and the waste inside it was drained completely into a "waste"
beaker. Squirt down theinsides with deionized water a couple of times.
3. The burettevalve was closed and over-filed the burette with standard EDTA solution.
4. 10ml MgSO4solutionwas Pipetedinto 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks.
5. The initial volumeon the burette was read, and 3mL of ammonium buffer was added, and
3dropsof Eriochrome Black T indicator was added.
6. And heated for 40min constantly on water bath.
7. The solution was immediately titrated with EDTAuntil the red wine solution was turned a
SKYBLUE.
8. The final volume was read at least twice.
DATA -1
species mass Molar mass mole volume color Molarity
EBT - - - 3dropes Red wine
Ammonium
buffer
- - - 3ml colorless
4. MgSO4 - 122g/mole 10ml colorless
EDTA - 16.4ml colorless 0.01M
CALCULATION -1
At the equivalent point,
MEDTA*VEDTA=MMgSO4*VMgSO4,from titration
VEDTA=16.4ml, and VMgSO4=10ml given, thus
MEDTA*VEDTA/VMgSO4=MMgSO4
MMgSO4=0.01M*16.4ml/10ml
MMgSO4=0.0164M…………………………………………………………………………………………………………Ans
PROCEDURE-2
25ml burette was attached to a ring stand.
The burette valve was opened and the waste inside it was drained completely into a
"waste" beaker. Squirt down the insides with deionized water a couple of times.
The burette valve was closed and over-filed the burette with standard EDTA solution.
40ml of water sample was Pipeted into 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks.
The initial volume on the burette was read, and 3mL of ammonium buffer was added,
and 3drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator was added.
The solution was immediately titrated with EDTA until the red wine solution was turned
a SKYBLUE.
The final volume was read at least twice.
DATA-2
species mass Molar mass mole volume color Molarity
EBT - - - 3dropes Red wine
Ammonium
buffer
- - - 3ml colorless
Hard water - 18g/mole 40ml colorless
EDTA - 5ml colorless 0.01M
CALCULATION-2
MH2O*VH20=MEDTA*VEDTA
5. MH2O=5ml*0.01M/40ml
MH2O=0.o0125M, and from this data
MOLE of H2O=MH2O*VH2O
=0.00005mole
Reactions taking place during titration are:
Ca2+ + EDTA4- → CaEDTA2- and
Mg2+ + EDTA4- → MgEDTA2-
MCa2+=MEDTA*VEDTA/V sample
=0.01M*5ml/45ml
=0.0011M……………………………………………………..Ans
AND, from the reaction
nEDTA=nCa2
nEDTA=5ml*0.01M
=0.05mmole Thus,
I, ( m mole/L H2O)=0.05mmole/0.04L
=1.25mmole/l H2O…………………………………………………..Ans
II, mg/L H2O=1.25mmole/L H2O*100mg/mmole
=125mg/L H2O…………………………………………………………………….Ans
III,(125mg/L H2O)*(1L H2O/1000ml H2O)*(1ml H2O/1g H2O)*(1g/1000mg)
=125ppm……………………………………………………………………………………………….Ans
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In our first work, we standardize the EDTA solution by unknown concentration of MgSO4 and,
we determined that the molarity of 10ml of MgSO4 that reacted with 0.01M EDTA and volume
of 16.4ml is to be 0.016M. This was happened at the end point, where the red wine color
changed into deep blue color.
In our second lab work we , titrate hard water against the standard EDTA, and we observed that
here the end point reach fastly ,only by addition of 5ml of EDTA into the solution of hard water.
And also we observed that from 0.05mmole of water and volume of 40ml, there is 1.25mmole
Ca2+ /L H2O.
6. As observed, the standard was allowed to react in a basic medium by the addition of the basic
buffer of pH 10. A buffer was added so that the pH while the whole reaction occurs is constant.
A constant pH is needed in the titration process since the EDTA and EBT have polyprotic
properties, therefore unstable; and only a single endpoint is needed to be observed (EDTA can be
protonated up to six while EBT is usually up to three.
As water hardness is usually reported in terms of mg/L of calcium carbonate (even if water
contains both calcium and magnesium), we will use for calculations slightly strange reaction
equation:
CaCO3 + EDTA4- → CaEDTA2- + CO32-
That allows direct calculation of calcium carbonate mass for known amount of titrant used.