This document describes a method for estimating water hardness using EDTA titration and removing hardness using ion exchange resins. Hardness is due to calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water. An EDTA titration is used to determine total hardness of a water sample. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange resin column to remove hardness. Another titration determines the residual hardness after treatment. The method allows calculation of hardness removed by ion exchange. The goal is to understand techniques for water purification and treatment of hard water.
This document describes an experiment to estimate water hardness using EDTA titration and remove hardness using ion exchange resin. It involves titrating a water sample with EDTA using an indicator to determine total hardness in ppm. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange column and titrated again to find residual hardness. The difference between total and residual hardness gives the amount removed by the resin. Procedures, calculations, reagents and expected learning outcomes are detailed in the document.
Unit 1 Water analysis and treatment_1680941814.pptx10croreviews
ย
1. The document discusses the determination of hardness and alkalinity of water. It defines hardness as the soap-destroying capacity of water caused by salts of calcium, magnesium, and other metals.
2. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates and permanent hardness caused by sulphates and chlorides. The document outlines the EDTA method for determining total hardness using a buffer and indicator.
3. Alkalinity is also analyzed which is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and indicates the presence of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide ions. Formulas to calculate hardness from ion concentrations using multiplication factors are provided.
Unit 1 Water analysis and treatment_1696304980.pptxDeepakJamliya
ย
This document discusses the hardness of water and alkalinity of water. It defines hardness as the soap-destroying capacity of water caused by calcium, magnesium, and other metal ions. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates and permanent hardness caused by sulphates and chlorides. The document outlines methods for determining hardness using EDTA titration and calculating units of hardness. It also discusses the disadvantages of hard water and introduces alkalinity as a measure of buffering capacity arising from hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.
Module 5 Chemistry notes and assignment notesmuhammedhasinnk
ย
Hard water is water that does not lather easily with soap due to dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium that cannot be removed by boiling. Hardness of water is quantified using calcium carbonate equivalent units, where the mass of hardness-causing substances is multiplied by 100 and divided by the molecular mass of calcium carbonate.
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Chemistry course including water and its treatment, electrochemistry and batteries, polymers, fuels and combustion, cement, refractories, lubricants and composites. The course aims to provide understanding of water properties and treatment, electrochemical cells and batteries, polymer engineering applications, fuel combustion and properties of basic construction materials. Key concepts covered include water hardness, its causes and types, water treatment methods, electrochemistry principles, polymer classifications and applications.
This document discusses water hardness, its determination using EDTA titration, and methods for water softening. It provides details on:
- Temporary and permanent hardness, and their sources
- Calculating hardness from ion concentrations using equivalents of CaCO3
- The EDTA titration process for determining total hardness
- Examples of calculations for total, temporary and permanent hardness
The key points are that hardness is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions, and is classified as temporary (removable by boiling) or permanent. Total hardness can be determined by titrating a water sample with EDTA and calculating concentration in terms of CaCO3 equivalents. Temporary hardness is the difference between total and permanent hardness
This document discusses water technology and the analysis of water hardness. It outlines various sources of water including rainwater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. Water can become impure through dissolving gases, minerals, and organic matter. Hardness in water is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions and prevents soap from lathering. Hardness can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent. The document describes methods for measuring hardness using EDTA titration and calculating hardness levels in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents and other units.
Water is essential for humans, animals and plants. It is used for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing. Water also plays an important role in industries. Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and other metals. This prevents soap from lathering easily. Hardness can be classified as temporary, caused by bicarbonates, or permanent, caused by chlorides and sulfates. The EDTA method is commonly used to determine water hardness by forming complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. Scale and sludge formation in boilers occurs when salt concentrations exceed solubility limits during steam production, potentially weakening boiler walls.
This document describes an experiment to estimate water hardness using EDTA titration and remove hardness using ion exchange resin. It involves titrating a water sample with EDTA using an indicator to determine total hardness in ppm. The sample is then passed through an ion exchange column and titrated again to find residual hardness. The difference between total and residual hardness gives the amount removed by the resin. Procedures, calculations, reagents and expected learning outcomes are detailed in the document.
Unit 1 Water analysis and treatment_1680941814.pptx10croreviews
ย
1. The document discusses the determination of hardness and alkalinity of water. It defines hardness as the soap-destroying capacity of water caused by salts of calcium, magnesium, and other metals.
2. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates and permanent hardness caused by sulphates and chlorides. The document outlines the EDTA method for determining total hardness using a buffer and indicator.
3. Alkalinity is also analyzed which is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and indicates the presence of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide ions. Formulas to calculate hardness from ion concentrations using multiplication factors are provided.
Unit 1 Water analysis and treatment_1696304980.pptxDeepakJamliya
ย
This document discusses the hardness of water and alkalinity of water. It defines hardness as the soap-destroying capacity of water caused by calcium, magnesium, and other metal ions. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates and permanent hardness caused by sulphates and chlorides. The document outlines methods for determining hardness using EDTA titration and calculating units of hardness. It also discusses the disadvantages of hard water and introduces alkalinity as a measure of buffering capacity arising from hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.
Module 5 Chemistry notes and assignment notesmuhammedhasinnk
ย
Hard water is water that does not lather easily with soap due to dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium that cannot be removed by boiling. Hardness of water is quantified using calcium carbonate equivalent units, where the mass of hardness-causing substances is multiplied by 100 and divided by the molecular mass of calcium carbonate.
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Chemistry course including water and its treatment, electrochemistry and batteries, polymers, fuels and combustion, cement, refractories, lubricants and composites. The course aims to provide understanding of water properties and treatment, electrochemical cells and batteries, polymer engineering applications, fuel combustion and properties of basic construction materials. Key concepts covered include water hardness, its causes and types, water treatment methods, electrochemistry principles, polymer classifications and applications.
This document discusses water hardness, its determination using EDTA titration, and methods for water softening. It provides details on:
- Temporary and permanent hardness, and their sources
- Calculating hardness from ion concentrations using equivalents of CaCO3
- The EDTA titration process for determining total hardness
- Examples of calculations for total, temporary and permanent hardness
The key points are that hardness is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions, and is classified as temporary (removable by boiling) or permanent. Total hardness can be determined by titrating a water sample with EDTA and calculating concentration in terms of CaCO3 equivalents. Temporary hardness is the difference between total and permanent hardness
This document discusses water technology and the analysis of water hardness. It outlines various sources of water including rainwater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. Water can become impure through dissolving gases, minerals, and organic matter. Hardness in water is caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions and prevents soap from lathering. Hardness can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent. The document describes methods for measuring hardness using EDTA titration and calculating hardness levels in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents and other units.
Water is essential for humans, animals and plants. It is used for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing. Water also plays an important role in industries. Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and other metals. This prevents soap from lathering easily. Hardness can be classified as temporary, caused by bicarbonates, or permanent, caused by chlorides and sulfates. The EDTA method is commonly used to determine water hardness by forming complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. Scale and sludge formation in boilers occurs when salt concentrations exceed solubility limits during steam production, potentially weakening boiler walls.
This document provides information about determining the total hardness of a water sample using EDTA titration. It defines hardness as the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. The document outlines the theory behind using EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions, describes the chemicals and apparatus needed, and provides step-by-step instructions for performing an EDTA titration to quantify total water hardness.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesnโt form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
This document describes a procedure for determining water hardness through titration with EDTA. Water hardness is defined as the calcium and magnesium ion content and is reported in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate. The titration uses EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions until the indicator Eriochrome Black T changes color, signaling the endpoint. Standard solutions of calcium carbonate and EDTA are prepared and used to determine the concentration of EDTA and calculate water hardness based on the volume of EDTA needed to reach the endpoint in a sample.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the hardness of various water samples through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA) and EDTA titration. AA found decreasing hardness in the order of two tap water samples, Fiji bottled water, and Aquafina bottled water. However, EDTA titration found decreasing hardness in the order of a tap water sample, Fiji water, another tap water, and Aquafina. Fiji water was found to have the highest magnesium concentration, likely due to geological differences between Fiji and the US. Aquafina's extensive filtration process resulted in immeasurably low hardness. Hardness varied between the two tap water samples possibly due to their source aquifers.
Determination of hardness in water .pdfMausumi Adhya
ย
1. The document describes the determination of hardness in water samples by complexometric titration using EDTA. Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium ions and is expressed in parts per million of calcium carbonate.
2. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at pH 9-10, allowing for their quantification via titration. The endpoint is indicated by a color change of the indicator Eriochrome Black T from grape/wine red to blue.
3. A sample water is titrated with standardized EDTA solution and the total hardness is calculated based on the volume used and concentration of EDTA. Calcium hardness is also determined by titrating at pH 12,
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
this eperiment was done by
Anet Mengesha Dube
at addis ababa university
addis ababa institute of tecnology
school of bio &chemichal_engineering
2nd year student
This document provides a syllabus for an engineering chemistry course that covers 7 units related to water analysis, treatment, and industrial applications. The first unit discusses various water sources and types of impurities found in different water sources. It also explains water treatment methods and uses of water in industry. The document includes details on determining water hardness using EDTA titration, including the chemical reactions, procedure, calculations, and an example problem.
This presentation discusses problems encountered in boiler water such as scale, corrosion, and carryover. Scale is caused by poor pretreatment, contamination, or inadequate chemical treatment and forms on boiler tubes. Common scales include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and iron oxides. Scale reduces heat transfer and causes equipment issues. Corrosion is an electrochemical process where metal returns to its oxidized state. Methods to prevent scale and corrosion include maintaining water quality, using recommended chemicals, and controlling blowdown. Sodium aluminate and phosphate conditioning are discussed as internal treatment methods. Sludge and scale formation, as well as their disadvantages, are also summarized.
Theory and measurement of hardness ppt version 1VELINSHAH
ย
The document discusses water hardness, including what causes it and different types. It defines hardness as the capacity of water to form soap lather. Hardness is caused by calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, and sulfates. There are two types: temporary (removed by boiling) and permanent (requires water softening). Methods to measure and remove hardness are also described. Hard water can cause scaling in pipes and appliances.
The document discusses water treatment and its importance. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water quality according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined as the characteristic that prevents soap lathering. Types of hardness including temporary and permanent hardness are described. Methods for determining water hardness, including the complexometric titration method using EDTA, are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and households are summarized. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and foaming are explained along with their causes and prevention methods.
The document discusses water treatment and the importance of water. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water parameters according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined and types are described. Methods for determining hardness including complexometric titration are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and domestic use are explained. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and carryover are discussed along with their causes and prevention methods.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the hardness of water samples through titration with EDTA using indicators. Total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness were calculated based on the titration volumes.
2. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium ions in water and is a measure of its ability to form precipitates with soap. It can be temporary, from bicarbonates, or permanent, from chlorides and sulfates.
3. The results found a total hardness of 400 mg/L as CaCO3, calcium hardness of 140 mg/L as CaCO3, and magnesium hardness of 260 mg/L as CaCO3 for the water sample tested.
Hard water contains dissolved salts like calcium and magnesium that cause soap to produce less lather. The hardness can be temporary or permanent depending on the type of salts. Common methods to soften hard water include distillation, soda process, and permutit process which use chemicals or ion exchange to remove calcium and magnesium ions. Hardness is measured using a titration with EDTA and an indicator and is expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter which corresponds to parts per million of calcium carbonate.
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)Ghent University
ย
This document discusses methods for analyzing water quality parameters like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and toxicity. BOD measures how much oxygen is used by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds. TDS measures the total dissolved solids in water. The document provides equations to calculate these parameters based on experimental measurements like oxygen consumption and solid residue weights. It then gives sample data measured for conventional and cationized water treatment to calculate and compare these parameters between the two treatments.
This document provides information about determining the total hardness of a water sample using EDTA titration. It defines hardness as the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. The document outlines the theory behind using EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions, describes the chemicals and apparatus needed, and provides step-by-step instructions for performing an EDTA titration to quantify total water hardness.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesnโt form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
This document describes a procedure for determining water hardness through titration with EDTA. Water hardness is defined as the calcium and magnesium ion content and is reported in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate. The titration uses EDTA to chelate calcium and magnesium ions until the indicator Eriochrome Black T changes color, signaling the endpoint. Standard solutions of calcium carbonate and EDTA are prepared and used to determine the concentration of EDTA and calculate water hardness based on the volume of EDTA needed to reach the endpoint in a sample.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the hardness of various water samples through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA) and EDTA titration. AA found decreasing hardness in the order of two tap water samples, Fiji bottled water, and Aquafina bottled water. However, EDTA titration found decreasing hardness in the order of a tap water sample, Fiji water, another tap water, and Aquafina. Fiji water was found to have the highest magnesium concentration, likely due to geological differences between Fiji and the US. Aquafina's extensive filtration process resulted in immeasurably low hardness. Hardness varied between the two tap water samples possibly due to their source aquifers.
Determination of hardness in water .pdfMausumi Adhya
ย
1. The document describes the determination of hardness in water samples by complexometric titration using EDTA. Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium ions and is expressed in parts per million of calcium carbonate.
2. EDTA forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at pH 9-10, allowing for their quantification via titration. The endpoint is indicated by a color change of the indicator Eriochrome Black T from grape/wine red to blue.
3. A sample water is titrated with standardized EDTA solution and the total hardness is calculated based on the volume used and concentration of EDTA. Calcium hardness is also determined by titrating at pH 12,
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
this eperiment was done by
Anet Mengesha Dube
at addis ababa university
addis ababa institute of tecnology
school of bio &chemichal_engineering
2nd year student
This document provides a syllabus for an engineering chemistry course that covers 7 units related to water analysis, treatment, and industrial applications. The first unit discusses various water sources and types of impurities found in different water sources. It also explains water treatment methods and uses of water in industry. The document includes details on determining water hardness using EDTA titration, including the chemical reactions, procedure, calculations, and an example problem.
This presentation discusses problems encountered in boiler water such as scale, corrosion, and carryover. Scale is caused by poor pretreatment, contamination, or inadequate chemical treatment and forms on boiler tubes. Common scales include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and iron oxides. Scale reduces heat transfer and causes equipment issues. Corrosion is an electrochemical process where metal returns to its oxidized state. Methods to prevent scale and corrosion include maintaining water quality, using recommended chemicals, and controlling blowdown. Sodium aluminate and phosphate conditioning are discussed as internal treatment methods. Sludge and scale formation, as well as their disadvantages, are also summarized.
Theory and measurement of hardness ppt version 1VELINSHAH
ย
The document discusses water hardness, including what causes it and different types. It defines hardness as the capacity of water to form soap lather. Hardness is caused by calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, and sulfates. There are two types: temporary (removed by boiling) and permanent (requires water softening). Methods to measure and remove hardness are also described. Hard water can cause scaling in pipes and appliances.
The document discusses water treatment and its importance. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water quality according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined as the characteristic that prevents soap lathering. Types of hardness including temporary and permanent hardness are described. Methods for determining water hardness, including the complexometric titration method using EDTA, are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and households are summarized. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and foaming are explained along with their causes and prevention methods.
The document discusses water treatment and the importance of water. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water parameters according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined and types are described. Methods for determining hardness including complexometric titration are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and domestic use are explained. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and carryover are discussed along with their causes and prevention methods.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the hardness of water samples through titration with EDTA using indicators. Total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness were calculated based on the titration volumes.
2. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium ions in water and is a measure of its ability to form precipitates with soap. It can be temporary, from bicarbonates, or permanent, from chlorides and sulfates.
3. The results found a total hardness of 400 mg/L as CaCO3, calcium hardness of 140 mg/L as CaCO3, and magnesium hardness of 260 mg/L as CaCO3 for the water sample tested.
Hard water contains dissolved salts like calcium and magnesium that cause soap to produce less lather. The hardness can be temporary or permanent depending on the type of salts. Common methods to soften hard water include distillation, soda process, and permutit process which use chemicals or ion exchange to remove calcium and magnesium ions. Hardness is measured using a titration with EDTA and an indicator and is expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter which corresponds to parts per million of calcium carbonate.
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)Ghent University
ย
This document discusses methods for analyzing water quality parameters like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and toxicity. BOD measures how much oxygen is used by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds. TDS measures the total dissolved solids in water. The document provides equations to calculate these parameters based on experimental measurements like oxygen consumption and solid residue weights. It then gives sample data measured for conventional and cationized water treatment to calculate and compare these parameters between the two treatments.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
2. Expt. No.: Date:
Experiment
Water Purification: Hardness Estimation by EDTA method and its
Removal using Ion-exchange Resin
Problem
definition
Hardness of water is due to the presence of dissolved calcium and
magnesium salts in water. EDTA forms stable complex with
hardness causing salts and is used in the removal of scale and
sludge forming impurities in industrial boilers.
Methodology
EBT indicator-Metal ion complex is weaker compared to EDTA-metal
ion complex. The end point is the color change from wine red (EBT-
Metal ion complex) to steel blue (free EBT indicator).
Solution
Estimation of Calcium hardness (in ppm) in the given unknown
sample. Understanding the water softening using ion-exchange
resins.
Student
learning
outcomes (SLO)
Students will learn to
a) perform complexometric titration
b) understand the efficiency of ion-exchange resins using in water
purifiers
3. 1). Introduction to Hard Water and its Classification:
๏ Hard water contains high levels of dissolved Ca2+and Mg2+ions.
๏ Ground and surface water dissolve the Ca2+/Mg2+ containing
ores/minerals from surrounding soil and rock and the solution gets
enriched with these cations.
๏ Hardness is commonly expressed as mg of CaCO3 eq./L.
๏ Amount of hardness causing chemicals:
๏ง 60 mg/l = Soft water:
๏ง 60โ120 mg/l = Moderately hard water.
๏ง 120โ180 mg/l = Hard water.
๏ง >180 mg/l = Very hard water.
๏ Based on the type of anions (Cl-, SO4
2-, HCO3
-) associated with
Ca2+/Mg2+ ions, the hardness is categorized into temporary
(carbonate, HCO3
-) hardness & permanent (non-carbonate, Cl-,
SO4
2-) hardness.
4. 2). Problems caused by Hard Water:
๏ Hard water can cause costly breakdowns in boilers and plumbing.
๏ When hard water is heated, the hardness causing salts tend to
precipitate out of solution, forming hard scale or soft sludge in
pipes and surfaces, thereby restricting water flow.
๏ Scale formation in boilers prevents efficient heat transfer, resulting
in energy loss and overheating leading to serious accidents.
๏ At the domestic level, hard water lessens the effectiveness of soap
by forming scums/precipitates, which adhere to human skin.
๏ Human consumption of
water containing excess of Ca
and Mg are associated with
increased risks of
osteoporosis, colorectal
cancer, hypertension, stroke,
coronary artery disease,
diarrhea and obesity.
5. 3). Modern Treatment of Hard Water:
๏ Hard water can be softened using ion-
exchange resins (IER).
๏ IERs are very small, porous polymeric
beads with sulphonic/carboxylic
acid/Na+ functional groups attached to
the polymer backbone.
๏ When hard water is passed through
the IER beads, Ca2+/Mg2+ ions in hard
water are trapped by the IER and
hydrogen/Na+ ions are released,
thereby softening the hard water.
๏ Exhausted IER beads (saturated with
Ca2+/Mg2+ ions) are regenerated using
mild acid/brine solution to flush out
Ca2+/Mg2+ ions. The regenerated IER
can be reused for many cycles.
6. 4). Principle:
๏ Ehtylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) forms complexes with a
large number of cations including Ca2+ and Mg2+ depending upon pH
of solution.
๏ Since EDTA is insoluble in water, the disodium salt of EDTA is used.
๏ The resulting metal-ligand complex, in which EDTA forms a cage-like
structure around the metal ion, is very stable at specific pH.
EDTA
Disodium salt of EDTA Metal-EDTA complex
7. ๏ Hardness in water can be estimated by complexometric titration
using sodium salt of EDTA and EBT indicator at pH = 9-10.
๏ EBT forms an wine-red colored weak/unstable complex with
Ca2+/Mg2+ions, which upon titrating with EDTA, results in the
breaking of EBT-Ca2+/Mg2+ unstable bond and formation of
stable/strong EDTA-Ca2+/Mg2+ bond.
๏ The endpoint changes from wine-red (EBT-Ca2+/Mg2+) to steel blue
(free EBT indicator).
8. 5). Reagents and solutions:
Standard hard water (SHW, 1mg/mL of CaCO3 equivalents), 0.01 N
EDTA solution, Eriochrome Black โ T (EBT) indicator, hard water
sample, NH3-NH4Cl buffer solution and ion exchange resin.
6). Apparatus:
Burette, pipette, conical flask, standard flask, IER column.
7). Procedure:
(i). Titration-1: Standardization of EDTA
๏ง Pipette out 20 mL of SHW containing 1mg/mL of CaCO3 (1000
ppm) into a clean conical flask. Add 1 T.T. full of buffer solution to
maintain the pH around 10.
๏ง Add 3 drops of EBT indicator and titrate it against the given EDTA
solution taken in the burette.
๏ง End point is change of colour from wine red to steel blue. Repeat
the titration for concordant titer values.
๏ง Let โV1โ be the volume of EDTA consumed.
9. Calculation:
20 mL of given hard water consumes V1 mL of EDTA
20 mg of CaCO3 requires V1 mL of EDTA for complexation
๏1 mL of EDTA requires = 20/V1 mg CaCO3 for complexation
This relation will be used in other two titrations
S.
No.
Volume of standard
hard water (mL)
Burette reading (mL) Volume of EDTA
(V1, mL)
Initial Final
1. 20 ml 0 19.8 19.8 ml
2. 20 ml 0 19.8 19.8 ml
3.
Concordant titer value
10. (ii). Titration-2: Estimation of total hardness of hard water sample
๏ง Pipette out 20 mL of the given sample of hard water into a clean conical flask.
๏ง Add 1 T.T. of buffer solution and 3 drops of EBT indicator.
๏ง Titrate this mixture against standardized EDTA solution taken in the burette.
๏ง The end point is the change of color from wine red to steel blue. Repeat the
titration for concordant titer value.
๏ง Let โV2โ be the volume of EDTA consumed.
S.
No.
Volume of sample
hard water (mL)
Burette reading (mL) Volume of EDTA
(V2, mL)
Initial Final
1. 20 ml 0 11.3 11.3 ml
2. 20 ml 0 11.3 11.3 ml
3.
Concordant titer value
Calculation:
20 mL of sample hard water consumes = V2 mL of EDTA.
= V2 x 20/V1 mg of CaCO3 eq.
๏1000 mL of hard water sample consumes = V2 x 20/V1ร1000/20
= V2/V1ร1000 ppm
๏Total hardness of the water sample = โXโ ppm
11. (iii). Titration-3: Removal of hardness using ion exchange method
๏ Ion exchange is a reversible process. When hard water is passed through
cation ion-exchange resins (IERs) packed in a narrow column, Ca2+ and
Mg2+ cations in hard water are exchanged with Na+ or H+ ions in IERs.
๏ The exhausted resins are regenerated by passing 10% dil. HCl through the
column.
๏ Applications of IERs: preparation of high-purity water for power
engineering, electronic and nuclear industries, in household water
purifiers.
12. Methodology:
๏ Arrange the IER column to burette stand and pour the hard water sample (around
40 to 50 mL) remaining after the completion of Titration โ 2 into IER column.
๏ Collect the water passing through the column in a beaker over a period of 10 min.
๏ Adjust the valve of the column to match the duration of outflow.
๏ From the water collected through the column, pipette out 20 mL into a clean
conical flask and repeat the EDTA titration. Volume of EDTA consumed as โV3โ.
S.
No.
Volume of sample
hard water (mL)
Burette reading (mL) Volume of EDTA
(V3, mL)
Initial Final
1. 20 ml 0 0.6 0.6 ml
2. 20 ml 0 0.6 0.6 ml
3.
Concordant titer value
Calculation:
20 mL of water sample after passing through IER consumes V3 mL of EDTA.
= V3 x 20/V1 mg of CaCO3 eq.
๏ 1000 mL of water sample after softening through IER column consumes = V3 x
20/V1ร1000/20
= V3/V1ร1000 ppm
๏ Residual hardness of the water sample = โYโ ppm
13. 8). Final Results:
Total hardness of the water sample= โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.(X) ppm
Residual hardness in the water sample= โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ(Y) ppm
Hardness removed through the column = โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.(XโY) ppm
9). Link for video presentation: https://youtu.be/wkfK98OnrHE
V1 = 19.8 ml
V2 = 11.3 ml
V3 = 0.6 ml