Abstract This paper revolves around the implementation of Direction of arrival and Adaptive beam-forming algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems. This paper also investigates the implementation of algorithms on various planner array geometries viz. circular and rectangular. Music algorithm is primarily finds the possible location of desired user and adaptive beam-forming algorithms such as LMS, RLS and CMA algorithms adapts the weights of the array. DOA estimation gives the maximum peak of spectrum with respect to angle of arrival where the desired user is supposed to exist. After DOA estimation weights of array antenna are changed with the changing received signal. This methodology is called as Spectral estimation, which allows the antenna pattern to steer in desired direction estimated by DOA and simultaneously null out the interfering signals. Rate of convergence is the major criterion for comparison for adaptive beam-forming algorithms. Keywords: DOA, MUSIC, LMS, RLS, CMA, SAS.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPRESSION APPROACH...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency is an essential issue to be reckoned in wireless sensor networks development. Since the low-powered sensor nodes deplete their energy in transmitting the collected information, several strategies have been proposed to investigate the communication power consumption, in order to reduce the amount of transmitted data without affecting the information reliability. Lossy compression is a promising solution recently adapted to overcome the challenging energy consumption, by exploiting the data correlation and discarding the redundant information. In this paper, we propose a hybrid compression approach based on two dimensions specified as horizontal (HC) and vertical compression (VC), typically implemented in cluster-based routing architecture. The proposed scheme considers two key performance metrics, energy expenditure, and data accuracy to decide the adequate compression approach based on HC-VC or VC-HC configuration according to each WSN application requirement. Simulation results exhibit the performance of both proposed approaches in terms of extending the clustering network lifetime.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Heuristic based adaptive step size clms algorithms for smart antennascsandit
A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal processing capability to
optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment through
complex weight selection. The weight selection process to get suitable Array factor with low Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW) and Side Lobe Level (SLL) is a complex method. The aim of this task is to design a
new approach for smart antennas to minimize the noise and interference effects from external sources with
least number of iterations. This paper presents Heuristics based adaptive step size Complex Least Mean
Square (CLMS) model for Smart Antennas to speedup convergence. In this process Benveniste and
Mathews algorithms are used as heuristics with CLMS and the improvement of performance of Smart
Antenna System in terms of convergence rate and array factor are discussed and compared with the
performance of CLMS and Augmented CLMS (ACLMS) algorithms.
High Resolution Method using Patch Circular Array IJECEIAES
Smart antennas have recently received increasing for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. In this research article, we have used a patch antenna using uniform circular arrays (UCA) with central element for direction of arrival (DOA). A central element was added to arrays in order to increase steering capability of the proposed array. This geometry is used to determine the elevation and azimuth based on two famous algorithms of high resolution method: Matrix Pencil method (MP) and MUltiple Signal Classification (MUSIC).The comparison results demonstrate clearly that the matrix pencil is more accurate and stable to estimation of direction of arrival compared to the MUSIC algorithm.
Investigation on the Pattern Synthesis of Subarray Weights for Low EMI Applic...IOSRJECE
In modern radar applications, it is frequently required to produce sum and difference patterns sequentially. The sum pattern amplitude coefficients are obtained by using Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis method where as the difference pattern excitation coefficients will be optimized in this present work. For this purpose optimal group weights will be introduced to the different array elements to obtain any type of beam depending on the application. Optimization of excitation to the array elements is the main objective so in this process a subarray configuration is adopted. However, Differential Evolution Algorithm is applied for optimization method. The proposed method is reliable and accurate. It is superior to other methods in terms of convergence speed and robustness. Numerical and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPRESSION APPROACH...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency is an essential issue to be reckoned in wireless sensor networks development. Since the low-powered sensor nodes deplete their energy in transmitting the collected information, several strategies have been proposed to investigate the communication power consumption, in order to reduce the amount of transmitted data without affecting the information reliability. Lossy compression is a promising solution recently adapted to overcome the challenging energy consumption, by exploiting the data correlation and discarding the redundant information. In this paper, we propose a hybrid compression approach based on two dimensions specified as horizontal (HC) and vertical compression (VC), typically implemented in cluster-based routing architecture. The proposed scheme considers two key performance metrics, energy expenditure, and data accuracy to decide the adequate compression approach based on HC-VC or VC-HC configuration according to each WSN application requirement. Simulation results exhibit the performance of both proposed approaches in terms of extending the clustering network lifetime.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Heuristic based adaptive step size clms algorithms for smart antennascsandit
A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal processing capability to
optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment through
complex weight selection. The weight selection process to get suitable Array factor with low Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW) and Side Lobe Level (SLL) is a complex method. The aim of this task is to design a
new approach for smart antennas to minimize the noise and interference effects from external sources with
least number of iterations. This paper presents Heuristics based adaptive step size Complex Least Mean
Square (CLMS) model for Smart Antennas to speedup convergence. In this process Benveniste and
Mathews algorithms are used as heuristics with CLMS and the improvement of performance of Smart
Antenna System in terms of convergence rate and array factor are discussed and compared with the
performance of CLMS and Augmented CLMS (ACLMS) algorithms.
High Resolution Method using Patch Circular Array IJECEIAES
Smart antennas have recently received increasing for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. In this research article, we have used a patch antenna using uniform circular arrays (UCA) with central element for direction of arrival (DOA). A central element was added to arrays in order to increase steering capability of the proposed array. This geometry is used to determine the elevation and azimuth based on two famous algorithms of high resolution method: Matrix Pencil method (MP) and MUltiple Signal Classification (MUSIC).The comparison results demonstrate clearly that the matrix pencil is more accurate and stable to estimation of direction of arrival compared to the MUSIC algorithm.
Investigation on the Pattern Synthesis of Subarray Weights for Low EMI Applic...IOSRJECE
In modern radar applications, it is frequently required to produce sum and difference patterns sequentially. The sum pattern amplitude coefficients are obtained by using Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis method where as the difference pattern excitation coefficients will be optimized in this present work. For this purpose optimal group weights will be introduced to the different array elements to obtain any type of beam depending on the application. Optimization of excitation to the array elements is the main objective so in this process a subarray configuration is adopted. However, Differential Evolution Algorithm is applied for optimization method. The proposed method is reliable and accurate. It is superior to other methods in terms of convergence speed and robustness. Numerical and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Microstrip circular patch array antenna for electronic toll collectioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Eigen Subspace based Direction of Arrival Estimation for Coherent SourcesINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation technology plays an important role in enhancing the performance of the adaptive arrays for mobile communication. In this paper comparative performance analysis of eigen subspace based DOA estimation for coherent sources is presented. A number of DOA estimation algorithms based on eigen subspace method have been developed. Among these MUSIC algorithm is considered to have exceptionally good results. The focus of this paper is to unveil the performance characteristics of MUSIC algorithm and its improved version for coherent sources. The simulation results show that the improved MUSIC algorithm is the best. Also it can be observed that the resolution of DOA estimation improves as the number of snapshots and signal to noise ratio increases.
Closed-Form Performance Analysis of Dual Polarization Based MIMO System in Sh...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the problem of dual polarization based MIMO Processing in Shadowed-Rician (SR) fading land mobile satellite (LMS) channels is studied. It is shown in literature that polarization is used as a interference rejection method; and, most of the existing analytical results are not in closed-form. In this paper, we derive the closed-form expressions of the moment generating (MGF) function of the received signal-to-noise ratio of the MRC based receiver in SR fading LMS channels. Then we provide closed-form expressions of the symbol error rate (SER) by using MGF approach. The analytical diversity order and capacity of the considered scheme is also derived. It is shown by by derived closed-form capacity expression that the capacity of the considered dual polarization based scheme is improved; and it is found very useful in practical satellite communication systems.
Single Channel Speech De-noising Using Kernel Independent Component Analysis...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Expert system design for elastic scattering neutrons optical model using bpnnijcsa
In present paper, a proposed expert system is designed to obtain a trained formulae for the optical model
parameters used in elastic scattering neutrons of light nuclei for (7Li), at energy range between [(1) to
(20)] MeV. A simple algorithm has used to design this expert system, while a multi-layer backwardpropagation
neural network (BPNN) is applied for training and testing the data used in this model. This
group of formulae may get a simple expert system occurring from governing formulae model, and predicts
the critical parameters usually resulted from the complicated computer coding methods. This expert system
may use in nuclear reactions yields in both fission and fusion nature who gives more closely results to the
real model.
Stochastic Computing Correlation Utilization in Convolutional Neural Network ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, many applications have been implemented in embedded systems and mobile Internet of Things (IoT) devices that typically have constrained resources, smaller power budget, and exhibit "smartness" or intelligence. To implement computation-intensive and resource-hungry Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in this class of devices, many research groups have developed specialized parallel accelerators using Graphical Processing Units (GPU), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), or Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). An alternative computing paradigm called Stochastic Computing (SC) can implement CNN with low hardware footprint and power consumption. To enable building more efficient SC CNN, this work incorporates the CNN basic functions in SC that exploit correlation, share Random Number Generators (RNG), and is more robust to rounding error. Experimental results show our proposed solution provides significant savings in hardware footprint and increased accuracy for the SC CNN basic functions circuits compared to previous work.
CONFIGURABLE TASK MAPPING FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN MACRO-PROGRAMMING OF WIR...ijassn
Macro-programming is the new generation advanced method of using Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), where application developers can extract data from sensor nodes through a high level abstraction of the system. Instead of developing the entire application, task graph representation of the WSN model presents simplified approach of data collection. However, mapping of tasks onto sensor nodes highlights several problems in energy consumption and routing delay. In this paper, we present an efficient hybrid approach of task mapping for WSN – Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, considering multiple objectives of optimization – energy consumption, routing delay and soft real time requirement. We also present a method to configure the algorithm as per user's need by changing the heuristics used for optimization. The trade-off analysis between energy consumption and delivery delay was performed and simulation results are presented. The algorithm is applicable during macro-programming enabling developers to choose a better mapping according to their application requirements.
Firefly Algorithm to Opmimal Distribution of Reactive Power Compensation Units IJECEIAES
The issue of electric power grid mode of optimization is one of the basic directions in power engineering research. Currently, methods other than classical optimization methods based on various bio-heuristic algorithms are applied. The problems of reactive power optimization in a power grid using bio-heuristic algorithms are considered. These algorithms allow obtaining more efficient solutions as well as taking into account several criteria. The Firefly algorithm is adapted to optimize the placement of reactive power sources as well as to select their values. A key feature of the proposed modification of the Firefly algorithm is the solution for the multi-objective optimization problem. Algorithms based on a bio-heuristic process can find a neighborhood of global extreme, so a local gradient descent in the neighborhood is applied for a more accurate solution of the problem. Comparison of gradient descent, Firefly algorithm and Firefly algorithm with gradient descent is carried out.
Discrete-wavelet-transform recursive inverse algorithm using second-order est...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The recursive-least-squares (RLS) algorithm was introduced as an alternative to LMS algorithm with enhanced performance. Computational complexity and instability in updating the autocolleltion matrix are some of the drawbacks of the RLS algorithm that were among the reasons for the intrduction of the second-order recursive inverse (RI) adaptive algorithm. The 2nd order RI adaptive algorithm suffered from low convergence rate in certain scenarios that required a relatively small initial step-size. In this paper, we propose a newsecond-order RI algorithm that projects the input signal to a new domain namely discrete-wavelet-transform (DWT) as pre step before performing the algorithm. This transformation overcomes the low convergence rate of the second-order RI algorithm by reducing the self-correlation of the input signal in the mentioned scenatios. Expeirments are conducted using the noise cancellation setting. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to those of the RI, original second-order RI and RLS algorithms in different Gaussian and impulsive noise environments. Simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of convergence rate comparedto those algorithms.
non parametric methods for power spectrum estimatonBhavika Jethani
non-parametric methods for power spectrum estimation which includes bartlett method, welch method , blackman and tukey methods and also the comparision of all these methods
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Wireless communication without pre shared secrets using spread spectrum techn...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The wireless communication using spread spectrum relies on the assumption that some secret is shared among source and
destination node before communication or transmission has started. This problem is called the circular dependency problem
(CDP). This CDP exists in large networks, where nodes frequently join and leaves the network. In this work we have introduced
an efficient and reliable mechanism called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm, to overcome circular dependency
problem (CDP). This is an efficient algorithm to make successful transmission of data without pre-sharing any secret key. We
have evaluated this by simulation in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB).
Keywords: -Spread spectrum, CDP, AES and MATLAB.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This whitepaper proposes a Smart Penalty System (SPS), which has the potential to solve prevalent violation issues through the automation of the penalty system. The SPS uses pattern recognition to identify the vehicle license number plate and automatically sends the penalty to the owner of the vehicle.
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Microstrip circular patch array antenna for electronic toll collectioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Eigen Subspace based Direction of Arrival Estimation for Coherent SourcesINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation technology plays an important role in enhancing the performance of the adaptive arrays for mobile communication. In this paper comparative performance analysis of eigen subspace based DOA estimation for coherent sources is presented. A number of DOA estimation algorithms based on eigen subspace method have been developed. Among these MUSIC algorithm is considered to have exceptionally good results. The focus of this paper is to unveil the performance characteristics of MUSIC algorithm and its improved version for coherent sources. The simulation results show that the improved MUSIC algorithm is the best. Also it can be observed that the resolution of DOA estimation improves as the number of snapshots and signal to noise ratio increases.
Closed-Form Performance Analysis of Dual Polarization Based MIMO System in Sh...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the problem of dual polarization based MIMO Processing in Shadowed-Rician (SR) fading land mobile satellite (LMS) channels is studied. It is shown in literature that polarization is used as a interference rejection method; and, most of the existing analytical results are not in closed-form. In this paper, we derive the closed-form expressions of the moment generating (MGF) function of the received signal-to-noise ratio of the MRC based receiver in SR fading LMS channels. Then we provide closed-form expressions of the symbol error rate (SER) by using MGF approach. The analytical diversity order and capacity of the considered scheme is also derived. It is shown by by derived closed-form capacity expression that the capacity of the considered dual polarization based scheme is improved; and it is found very useful in practical satellite communication systems.
Single Channel Speech De-noising Using Kernel Independent Component Analysis...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Expert system design for elastic scattering neutrons optical model using bpnnijcsa
In present paper, a proposed expert system is designed to obtain a trained formulae for the optical model
parameters used in elastic scattering neutrons of light nuclei for (7Li), at energy range between [(1) to
(20)] MeV. A simple algorithm has used to design this expert system, while a multi-layer backwardpropagation
neural network (BPNN) is applied for training and testing the data used in this model. This
group of formulae may get a simple expert system occurring from governing formulae model, and predicts
the critical parameters usually resulted from the complicated computer coding methods. This expert system
may use in nuclear reactions yields in both fission and fusion nature who gives more closely results to the
real model.
Stochastic Computing Correlation Utilization in Convolutional Neural Network ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, many applications have been implemented in embedded systems and mobile Internet of Things (IoT) devices that typically have constrained resources, smaller power budget, and exhibit "smartness" or intelligence. To implement computation-intensive and resource-hungry Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in this class of devices, many research groups have developed specialized parallel accelerators using Graphical Processing Units (GPU), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), or Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). An alternative computing paradigm called Stochastic Computing (SC) can implement CNN with low hardware footprint and power consumption. To enable building more efficient SC CNN, this work incorporates the CNN basic functions in SC that exploit correlation, share Random Number Generators (RNG), and is more robust to rounding error. Experimental results show our proposed solution provides significant savings in hardware footprint and increased accuracy for the SC CNN basic functions circuits compared to previous work.
CONFIGURABLE TASK MAPPING FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN MACRO-PROGRAMMING OF WIR...ijassn
Macro-programming is the new generation advanced method of using Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), where application developers can extract data from sensor nodes through a high level abstraction of the system. Instead of developing the entire application, task graph representation of the WSN model presents simplified approach of data collection. However, mapping of tasks onto sensor nodes highlights several problems in energy consumption and routing delay. In this paper, we present an efficient hybrid approach of task mapping for WSN – Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, considering multiple objectives of optimization – energy consumption, routing delay and soft real time requirement. We also present a method to configure the algorithm as per user's need by changing the heuristics used for optimization. The trade-off analysis between energy consumption and delivery delay was performed and simulation results are presented. The algorithm is applicable during macro-programming enabling developers to choose a better mapping according to their application requirements.
Firefly Algorithm to Opmimal Distribution of Reactive Power Compensation Units IJECEIAES
The issue of electric power grid mode of optimization is one of the basic directions in power engineering research. Currently, methods other than classical optimization methods based on various bio-heuristic algorithms are applied. The problems of reactive power optimization in a power grid using bio-heuristic algorithms are considered. These algorithms allow obtaining more efficient solutions as well as taking into account several criteria. The Firefly algorithm is adapted to optimize the placement of reactive power sources as well as to select their values. A key feature of the proposed modification of the Firefly algorithm is the solution for the multi-objective optimization problem. Algorithms based on a bio-heuristic process can find a neighborhood of global extreme, so a local gradient descent in the neighborhood is applied for a more accurate solution of the problem. Comparison of gradient descent, Firefly algorithm and Firefly algorithm with gradient descent is carried out.
Discrete-wavelet-transform recursive inverse algorithm using second-order est...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The recursive-least-squares (RLS) algorithm was introduced as an alternative to LMS algorithm with enhanced performance. Computational complexity and instability in updating the autocolleltion matrix are some of the drawbacks of the RLS algorithm that were among the reasons for the intrduction of the second-order recursive inverse (RI) adaptive algorithm. The 2nd order RI adaptive algorithm suffered from low convergence rate in certain scenarios that required a relatively small initial step-size. In this paper, we propose a newsecond-order RI algorithm that projects the input signal to a new domain namely discrete-wavelet-transform (DWT) as pre step before performing the algorithm. This transformation overcomes the low convergence rate of the second-order RI algorithm by reducing the self-correlation of the input signal in the mentioned scenatios. Expeirments are conducted using the noise cancellation setting. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to those of the RI, original second-order RI and RLS algorithms in different Gaussian and impulsive noise environments. Simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of convergence rate comparedto those algorithms.
non parametric methods for power spectrum estimatonBhavika Jethani
non-parametric methods for power spectrum estimation which includes bartlett method, welch method , blackman and tukey methods and also the comparision of all these methods
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Wireless communication without pre shared secrets using spread spectrum techn...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The wireless communication using spread spectrum relies on the assumption that some secret is shared among source and
destination node before communication or transmission has started. This problem is called the circular dependency problem
(CDP). This CDP exists in large networks, where nodes frequently join and leaves the network. In this work we have introduced
an efficient and reliable mechanism called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm, to overcome circular dependency
problem (CDP). This is an efficient algorithm to make successful transmission of data without pre-sharing any secret key. We
have evaluated this by simulation in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB).
Keywords: -Spread spectrum, CDP, AES and MATLAB.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This whitepaper proposes a Smart Penalty System (SPS), which has the potential to solve prevalent violation issues through the automation of the penalty system. The SPS uses pattern recognition to identify the vehicle license number plate and automatically sends the penalty to the owner of the vehicle.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how transparent electronics are becoming economic feasible. Transparent electronics can turn windows into displays and solar cells and enable more aesthetically pleasing designs. Home, car, and office windows can be used to display information or absorb solar energy. The former is also applicable to contact lenses and glasses. Transparent electronics can also enable new forms of designs such as transparent phones, appliances, and monitors. Improvements in transparent conductive films such as indium tin oxides, other forms of oxides, and graphene enable these transparent displays.
HEURISTIC BASED ADAPTIVE STEP SIZE CLMS ALGORITHMS FOR SMART ANTENNAScscpconf
A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment through complex weight selection. The weight selection process to get suitable Array factor with low Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) and Side Lobe Level (SLL) is a complex method. The aim of this task is to design a
new approach for smart antennas to minimize the noise and interference effects from external sources with least number of iterations. This paper presents Heuristics based adaptive step size Complex Least Mean Square (CLMS) model for Smart Antennas to speedup convergence. In this process Benveniste and Mathews algorithms are used as heuristics with CLMS and the improvement of performance of Smart Antenna System in terms of convergence rate and arr ay factor are discussed and compared with the performance of CLMS and Augmented CLMS (ACLMS) algorithms.
A Novel Approach for Interference Suppression Using a Improved LMS Based Adap...IJRST Journal
A novel adaptive beam forming technique is proposed for wireless communication applications based on the minimum bit error rate (MBER) criterion known as LMS algorithm. LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm is used for steering the antenna beam electronically. Using the Rectangular, Hamming, Kaiser, Chebyshev windows both the block-data and sample-by-sample adaptive implementations of the MBER solution are developed. By making use of window techniques half power beam width of an antenna is enhanced using Matlab simulation. The gain of the system will definitely improve the performance of CDMA based system, where the number of interferes is quite large and helps to increase the spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems. Any beam former that can depress the large number of interferers will improve the capacity and performance. Such beam formers are called smart antennas. They improve signal to interference ratio (SIR) of the communication system efficiently by forming narrow beam towards desired user and low side towards undesired users. Smart antennas offer a broad range of ways to improve wireless system performance.
Smart Antenna is a device with signal processing
capability combining multiple antenna elements to optimize its
radiation and reception patterns as per designed specifications.
Smart antennas basically comprise of two functionalities, i.e.,
Direction of Arrival and Beamforming. This paper explains the
estimation of Direction of Arrival using MLM method and a
novel approach called MUltiple Signal Classification which takes
advantage of orthogonal property and performs subspace
computation. With a comparative study of both the algorithms,
we shall prove the advantages of MUltiple Signal Classification
over the MLM method with the aid of MATLAB
Path Loss Prediction by Robust Regression Methodsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Beam steering in smart antennas by using low complex adaptive algorithmseSAT Journals
Abstract Array antenna systems are often used to enhance the received signal to interference and noise ratio when the signal operates in heavily jammed environment. Proper modeling of the received data at different antenna elements is important when evaluating the performance of this system, especially when both the signal and interference have wide frequency bands.. The antenna output is the linear combination of data from all the antenna elements. In conventional narrowband beam forming, time sequences at different antenna elements are related by some fixed phase shift. The phase shift is determined by the wave forms direction of arrival (DOA). In this paper, an efficient method for the pattern synthesis of the linear antenna arrays with the prescribed nulling and steering lobe is presented. The proposed method is based on Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm provide a comprehensive and detailed treatment of the signal model used for beam forming, as well as, describing adaptive algorithms to adjust the weights of an array. In order to improve the convergence rate of LMS algorithm in smart antenna system, in this paper we proposes a new normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithm, This new algorithm can be treated as a block based simplification of NLMS algorithm which gives satisfactory performance in certain applications in comparison with conventional NLMS recursion, i.e., BBNLMS algorithm. By taking advantage of spatial filtering, the proposed scheme promises to reduce the bandwidth required for transmitting data by improving convergence rate. The performance of the BBNLMS algorithm in the presence of Multi-path effects and multiple users is analyzed using MATLAB simulations. The simulations when compared to that of the LMS algorithm, the results suggest that BBNLMS algorithm can improve the convergence rate and lead to better system efficiency. Keywords: BBNLMS, Convergence Rate, DOA, LMS, NLMS, Smart antenna.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Particle Swarm Optimization for the Path Loss Reduction in Suburban and Rural...IJECEIAES
In the present work, a precise optimization method is proposed for tuning the parameters of the COST231 model to improve its accuracy in the path loss propagation prediction. The Particle Swarm Optimization is used to tune the model parameters. The predictions of the tuned model are compared with the most popular models. The performance criteria selected for the comparison of various empirical path loss models is the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The RMSE between the actual and predicted data are calculated for various path loss models. It turned out that the tuned COST 231 model outperforms the other studied models.
Fault diagnosis using genetic algorithms and principal curveseSAT Journals
Abstract Several applications of nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) have appeared recently in process monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper a new approach is proposed for fault detection based on principal curves and genetic algorithms. The principal curve is a generation of linear principal component (PCA) introduced by Hastie as a parametric curve passes satisfactorily through the middle of data. The existing principal curves algorithms employ the first component of the data as an initial estimation of principal curve. However the dependence on initial line leads to a lack of flexibility and the final curve is only satisfactory for specific problems. In this paper we extend this work in two ways. First, we propose a new method based on genetic algorithms to find the principal curve. Here, lines are fitted and connected to form polygonal lines (PL). Second, potential application of principal curves is discussed. An example is used to illustrate fault diagnosis of nonlinear process using the proposed approach. Index Terms: Principal curve, Genetic Algorithm, Nonlinear principal component analysis, Fault detection.
Microstrip circular patch array antenna for electronic toll collectioneSAT Journals
Abstract Electronic toll collection will reduce the wastage of time at toll gates and collects the money in fast manner. At toll collection stations on the highway, the automatic toll collection will collect the money using one sensing antenna and the signal processing unit with the help of computer interfacing. The technology will reduce the man power usage, time and cost with customer friendly environment. The present paper deals with the design and analysis of electronic toll collection antenna operating at 5.8 GHz with moderate gain and bandwidth. An array of 6X6 elements patch antenna is used in this design, which increased the gain considerably for the desired operation. Keywords: Parallel Feeding, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Microstrip Patch Array.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Medical image analysis and processing using a dual transformeSAT Journals
Abstract The demand for images in medical field has increased drastically over the years. The need for reducing the storage space has resulted in image compression. This paper presents a dual transform for medical image compression algorithm. The experimental results determines how the compression ratio (CR), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and SNR (signal to noise ratio) of different compression algorithms responds to dual transform algorithm. Keywords: DCT, SPIHT, Haar Wavelet, Linear approximation transform, image compression, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
Simulation of an adaptive digital beamformer using matlabIJARBEST JOURNAL
Beam forming is the process of combining the weighted signals received on an array of
sensors to improve the directionality. Adaptive beamforming is the ability of the beamformer to
receive the signal only from the desired direction and to reject all other signals from undesired
directions. The weight vector for the adaptive beamformer continuously changes based on some
adaptive algorithm. Therefore, adaptive digital beam formers can point the antenna to the signal
direction without changing the physical architecture of the array antenna. The beam pointing
direction can be varied electronically with this technique. This paper focuses on Least Mean
Square (LMS) adaptive algorithm.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Comparitive analysis of doa and beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systems
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 468
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF DOA AND BEAMFORMING
ALGORITHMS FOR SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Amrita Soni1
, Mukesh Wadhwani2
1
Asst. Professor, Electronics and Communication Engg dept, UEC, Ujjain, M.P, India
2
Student, Electronics and Communication Engg dept, UEC, Ujjain, M.P, India
Abstract
This paper revolves around the implementation of Direction of arrival and Adaptive beam-forming algorithms for Smart Antenna
Systems. This paper also investigates the implementation of algorithms on various planner array geometries viz. circular and
rectangular. Music algorithm is primarily finds the possible location of desired user and adaptive beam-forming algorithms such
as LMS, RLS and CMA algorithms adapts the weights of the array. DOA estimation gives the maximum peak of spectrum with
respect to angle of arrival where the desired user is supposed to exist. After DOA estimation weights of array antenna are
changed with the changing received signal. This methodology is called as Spectral estimation, which allows the antenna pattern
to steer in desired direction estimated by DOA and simultaneously null out the interfering signals. Rate of convergence is the
major criterion for comparison for adaptive beam-forming algorithms.
Keywords: DOA, MUSIC, LMS, RLS, CMA, SAS.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Due to increasing demands for higher data rate and growing
user base in a limited allotted spectrum, there exist need for
Smart signal processing which is possible through Smart
Antenna [1].The antenna array usually do not adapt to the
time changing Electromagnetic environment. The futuristic
smartness makes the antenna array to form the radiation
pattern in the desired direction. This is called as the adaptive
beam-forming (ABF). This is done via digital signal
processing, thus also called digital beam-forming (DBF).
Figure 1.1 shown below is a two stage block diagram which
shows Smart antenna systems SAS with features of
Direction of Arrival DOA estimation in the first stage and in
the second stage Adaptive beam-forming network with
dynamic weight updates. This figure also suggest the
application of both stage algorithms with linear or planner
array geometries.
Fig- 1.1: Block Diagram of SAS with DOA and Adaptive
Beam-forming Together.
Research shows the implementation of two dimensional
antenna array for handling massive MIMO configurations
which will improve the performance in large user base
situation [3]. Figure 1.2 also shows a conceptual model
where instead of linear array on the base station planner
array is shown.
Fig-1.2: Conceptual 2D Antenna array geometry for
implementation of SAS leading to handle multiple user base.
A single source or transmitter whether constant or moving
may have many propagation paths and angle of arrival, due
to the effects like reflection, refraction, scattering and
dispersion of Electromagnetic signal. It becomes much
important when there is large number of transmitters to
estimate angle of arrival. There exist various Angle of
arrival methods. Godara[12], suggested three different
categories, Spectrum based, Parametric based, and subspace
fitting based. Spectrum based are easier in implementation
namely these are Capon AOA, and MUSIC multiple signal
classification (spectrum with subspace) which is a high
resolution method which gives the graph for pseudo
spectrum and angle of arrival [12]. Practical condition of
application involves the effect of mutual coupling which can
be resolved with proper steering vector [4]. This study
works out with Music algorithm for uniform linear array and
uniform circular array. However it can also be employed for
rectangular planner array.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 469
Another stage of Smart antenna system is the Adaptive
beam forming algorithms. Smartness lies in shaping the
beam according to certain conditions of channel and
receiver. This also controls the performance of antenna.
There exists some parameter for beam-forming such as
maximizing SIR signal to interference ratio, minimizing
noise variance, minimizing mean square error, steering
towards signal of interest, nulling or reducing interference
and tracking moving transmitters [14]. Phase shifting and
dynamic array weighting are premiere objectives of DBF
algorithm. Some of DBF algorithms are Least Mean Square
LMS, Recursive Least Square RLS, Constant Modulus
Algorithm CMA and LS CMA, CGA are named a few. All
are iterative algorithms so number of iterations and
convergence rate are the comparison criterion. This paper
deals with LMS, RLS and CMA with their comparison and
simulation result.
2. DOA AND ADAPTIVE BEAM FORMING
As Discussed above DOA and Adaptive Beam forming are
integral parts of the SAS.
2.1 Direction of Arrival
Due to multipath propagation effects, received signal is
impinge on the receiving antenna from different
directions.DOA is an important property for characterizing
channel [12]. Estimation of direction of arrival can be
helpful at both uplink and downlink processing in mobile
communication. Spectrum based methods are mainly
discussed such as Music algorithm.
DOA algorithm (Music) can be understood with help of
given figure.
Fig- 2: Direction of arrival estimation with D signal towards
M array of antenna with w as the weight of the antenna.
As the above figure shows D signals arrive from D
directions at M elements array with x(k) is the received
signal, s(k) is received signal, a(Ө) is the steering vector
with n(k) as AWGN additive white Gaussian noise and k
are the discrete time sampling instants.
Output of array is y(k) = wT
* x(k) (1)
x(k) = ai (Ө) * si (k) + n(k) where i. is from 1 to D (2)
DOA method are worked out with correlation matrices and
correlation matrix of input signal x is calculated as,
Rxx = E[x * x H
] = a * Rss * aH
+ Rnn (3)
where Rss and Rnn are received signal and noise correlation.
As the noise is AWGN, Rnn is given as σ2
* I with I as
M*M identity matrix.
This subspace DOA method in above equation of input
signal x(k) in eigen vector matrix Es as M*D signal
subspace and eigen vector matrix En as M*(M-D) in noise
subspace. For every DOA Pseudo spectrum P(Ө) is
calculated which gives maximum spectrum peak with
desired angle of arrival. Pseudo spectrum based on desired
angle of arrival Ө is given as
Pmu(Ө) = 1 / | (a(Ө) * En * EnH
* a(Ө)H
| (4)
Music method is a high resolution threshold method. Its
resolution depends on SNR and number of elements [12].
Where as Conventional DOA approach do not uses subspace
approach that is why it has lower resolution.
Pcon(Ө) = | aH
(Ө) * Rrr * a(Ө) | / | (a(Ө)H
* a(Ө)| [12] (4.1)
2.2 Adaptive Beam-Forming
There exist fixed beam forming methods such as maximum
likelihood and minimum variance [14] but are not useful
when the angle of arrival changes with time. As the angle of
arrival keeps on changing with time due to multipath effects
array weights should be optimized. LMS, RLS and CMA are
analyzed and simulated in this paper.
In Least Mean square method, minimum mean square error
MSE is calculated [7]. This error is actually the difference
between desired signal d(k) which is a prior estimated signal
and of weight w(k) and input signal x(k) product as,
ξ (k) = error signal = d(k) - wH
* x(k) (5)
| ξ(k)|2
= | d(k) - wH
* x(k) |2
(6)
Equation 6 shows mean square error it should be minimum
with respect to iterations.
Moreover signal characteristics are not known thus input
signal correlation matrix is involved in the calculation.
Rxx (k) = x(k) * xH
(k) = array correlation matrix (7)
r(k) = (d*(k)) * x(k) = signal correlation vector (8)
Now, iterative approximation for array weights is required
w(k+1) = w(k) – 0.5 * µ * 𝕧 (Rxx *w –r) (9)
𝕧 is gradient function
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 470
The convergence of LMS algorithm is dependent on stepsize
parameter µ which in our simulation is between 0 and 1.
For proper convergence it is given by 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1/λmax .
In Recursive least square method computational efficiency
is improved by using k time sample block and calculating
correlation matrix over that time block. This is called as the
recursive calculation. RLS is improvised by using a
forgetting factor alpha unlike step-size parameter of LMS
algorithm. This factor alpha between 0 and 1 deemphasize
the earlier samples and emphasize the most recent ones[14].
So by RLS algorithm recursive calculation of correlation
matrix is done which improves the computational efficiency.
Mathematically, Rxx(k) = Σk
i=1 [άk-i
*x(i)*xH
(i)] (10)
r(k) = Σk
i=1 [άk-i
*(d*(i))*x(i)] (11)
Weight update is given by
W(k) = w(k-1) + g(k) * [d*(k) - xH
(k)*w(k-1)] (12)
g(k) = Rxx(k)-1
*r(k) (13)
It has much faster convergence as compared to LMS
algorithm. One thing to be noticed is d(t) and s(t) are not
exactly known as they are assumed to be sinusoidal in
nature based on a prior estimate, but there must be some
algorithm that must be blind to the desired reference signal.
Frequency selective channel diminish the property of
constant amplitude, as there are certain modulation schemes
that are having constant amplitude such as FM, PM, FSK
and QPSK. If the incoming signal is of above nature of
constant amplitude then adaptive beam forming must be one
in accordance with that. This algorithm of constant modulus
is called as blind equalization algorithm [14]. It uses a cost
function based on incoming signal and thus error is
calculated based on that cost function [14].
CMA cost function is given as
J(k) =E[(|y(k)|p
- Rp)q
] (14)
Where p and q are dispersion function and taking derivative
of equation 14 gives the value of Rp .
Rp = E[(|s(k)|)2p
/ (|s(k)|)p
] (15)
s(k) is estimated incoming signal
e(k) = error signal = y(k)*|y(k)|p-2
*(Rp -|y(k)|p
) (16)
w(k+1) =w(k) + µ * e*(k) *x(k) (17)
Equation 17 is weight update of CMA algorithm.
Equation ref.’s are from [12, 13, and 14]
3. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations are carried out on MATLAB® R2008b; if patch
antenna considerations for array are taken in account the
HFSS and IE3D simulation software can also be used.
First stage simulation includes DOA estimation using music
algorithm. In Figure 3 MUSIC DOA results are shown
desired arrival angles are taken as +/- 20˚ degrees. These are
compared with conventional DOA approach which surely
has a low resolution. These results are shown for linear array
or circular array geometry of N elements defined by the
user; in this case N is taken 8. Figure 4 presents the result
for LMS adaptive beam-forming with 8 element uniform
linear array with desired signal of interest at +20˚ degrees
and interferer at -60˚ degrees, maximized peak of
normalized array factor is obtained at desired angle. LMS
also presents the dynamic change in array weights with the
iterations in figure 5; this plot is for 8 element array which
can be changed according to the user criteria.
Figure 6 and 7 depict the result for planner circular 8
elements and rectangular 8*8 elements array respectively.
These results are plotted with desired signal of interest at
+20˚ degrees and interferer at -60˚ degrees. Deviation can be
clearly seen from the figure 5 as the array factor changes for
planner arrays. Figure 8 and 9 shows the results of RLS
algorithm for 8 element array and with desired signal of
interest at +20˚ degrees and interferer at -60˚ degrees. Faster
convergence of array weights with respect to time samples
can be visualized. RLS can be compared with LMS result of
figure 4 which is much better for interferer rejection.
Figure 10 is the result of constant modulus algorithm with 8
elements array and desired angle at +20˚ degrees and two
interfering signals at -60˚ degrees and -80˚ degrees; this
algorithm works out with one direct path signal as 32 bit
binary sequence and two multipath signal which are 20%
and 10% of the direct path signal. P dispersion factor is
taken as 1. Figure 11 shows the combined constant modulus
for these three signals. And also the arriving signal with
respect to time.
Simulation results are carried out with certain assumptions
such as incoming signal, wavelength and some other
constraints. The effect is found to be very less as the
aforesaid parameters is varied.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 471
Fig- 3: MUSIC DOA estimation in solid line with 8 element
array at +/- 20 degree arrival and its comparison with
conventional DOA approach.
Fig- 4: LMS Beam-forming with 8 element array at +20
degree desired direction and -60 degree interferer direction
Fig- 5: LMS Beam-forming with 8 element array and array
weights setting up with iterations.
Fig- 6: LMS Beam-forming with 8 element uniform circular
array at +20 degree desired direction and -60 degree
interferer direction
Fig- 7: LMS Beam-forming with 8*8 element rectangular
array at +20 degree desired direction and -60 degree
interferer direction
Fig- 8: RLS Beam-forming with 8 element array at +20
degree desired direction and -60 degree interferer direction
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 472
Fig- 9: RLS Beam-forming with 8 element array and array
weights setting up with time-samples.
Fig- 10: CMA Beam-forming with 8 element array at +20
degree desired direction and -60 degree and -80 degree
interferer direction
Fig- 11: Constant Modulus for combined 3 different signals
1st
signal with direct path 2nd
and 3rd
directional signals with
20% and 10% amplitude of the 1st
.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper DOA and adaptive beam-forming estimation is
done on planner and linear geometry of arrays. Music
algorithm has a sharp resolution for desired angle of interest
as shown in figure, it is compared with conventional DOA
approach, and Music is surely a better method with high
resolution. LMS converges slowly in the dynamic
environment with up to 60 iteration at a minimum. RLS
solves this problem but RLS and CMA are not as better for
rejecting interfering signals as LMS. But if convergence rate
and speed is the major criteria then RLS and CMA are
suitable. Convergence of CMA can be increased with
increasing number of elements. Thus Smart antenna systems
can be considered as the combined system of DOA and
adaptive beam-forming for which algorithms are used in this
paper.
REFERENCES
[1]. Dau- Chyrh Chang, Cheng Nan Hu – Smart Antennas
for Advanced Communication Systems Vol. 100, No. 7,
July 2012 Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012
[2]. RK Jain, Sumit Katiyar and NK Agrawal Smart
Antenna for Cellular Mobile Communication Vol. 1(9), 530-
541, VSRD-IJEECE 2011
[3]. Younsun Kim, Hyoungju Ji, Hyojin Lee, Juho Lee,
Boon Loong Ng and Jianzhong Zhang - Evolution beyond
LTE-Advanced with Full Dimension MIMO - IEEE
International Conference on communication 2013
[4]. Vira rahayu, Kei yokokawa – 2D DOA estimation of
patch antenna array using USV MUSIC algorithm The
Institute of Electronics Information and communication
ICICE 2013
[5]. Afif Osseiran, Federico Boccardi, Volker Braun -
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The Vision of the METIS Project IEEE Communication
Magazine May 2014
[6]. D.B.Salunke, R.S.Kawaitkar, Analysis of LMS, NLMS
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[7].Amara Prakasa Rao, N.V.S.N Sarma, Adaptive
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[8].Amarnath Poluri, Ashish Kumar, Beam Steering in
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Wireless Communication - Cambridge press
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 473
[12]. Godara, Lal Chand - Handbook of Antennas in
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[13]. Dimitris G. Manolakis and Stephen M. Kogon –
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[14]. Frank B Gross Smart Antennas with Matlab – Mcgraw
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BIOGRAPHIES
Amrita Soni: Amrita soni is asst. professor at Ujjain
Engineering college Ujjain M.P. She is having M.Tech in
Microwaves and mm waves. She is having teaching
experience of 12 years. Her areas of interest include mobile
communication, computer networks, antennas and wave
propagation, analog and digital electronics. She is also the
member of ISTE.
Mukesh Wadhwani: Mukesh wadhwani is pursuing M.E in
electronics and communication from Ujjain Engineering
College Ujjain M.P. He completed his B.E in ECE in 2010
and has 3 years of teaching experience. His areas of interest
include Antennas, microwaves and wireless communication.