This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and its byproducts on human liver (HePG2) epithelial cells. The study found that the free phenolic extract of artichoke bracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. This extract also exhibited the highest antiproliferative effects against HePG2 cells, reducing viability by 78.3%, higher than the heart extract's effect of 36.7%. Therefore, artichoke byproducts contain compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties and may provide nutritional supplements.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitio...ijtsrd
Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes have been used in the treatment of aliments varying from colics, diabetes, polyuria and albuminiura, these ethanomedicinal potencies have been attributed to its rich phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging capacity. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on total phenolic, flavonoids and free radical scavenging potentials of methanol extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes. The ability of the plant extracts to scavenge 2,2 diphenyl 1 picylhydrazyl DPPH , hydroxyl radical .OH , superoxide radical O2 , nitric oxide radical NO. and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was assayed following standard methods, spectrophotometric method was used to assay for total phenolic and flavonoid content. Non crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract COPOAE in a concentration dependent manner showed a potent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay EC50= 1.03 ±0.01µg ml and EC50 = 1.04 ±1.01µg ml , inhibited hydroxyl radical EC50 = 1.17 ±1.02µg ml and EC50 = 1.46 ±1.21µg ml , superoxide anion radical EC50 =1.30 ±1.21µg ml and EC50 =1.51 ±1.42µg ml and nitric oxide EC50 = 1.40 ±1.23µg ml and EC50= 1.53 ±1.42µg ml also inhibited non enzymatic lipid peroxidation EC50 = 1.58 ±1.42µg ml and EC50 = 2.47 ±2.13µg ml and had more of phenolic and flavonoid contents than COPOAE. This result indicates that NCOPOAE contains more antioxidant compounds than COPOAE, which could make it more potent in ethanomedicinal use. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Charles Tochukwu Nwachukwu "Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Oxythenanthera Abyssinica (Rhizomes) Sourced from South Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/29226/comparative-study-of-free-radical-scavenging-and-lipid-peroxidation-inhibition-potentials-of-oxythenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-sourced-from-south-eastern-nigeria/jonathan-chinenye-ifemeje
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
ABSTRACT- The genus Jurinea (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance including traditional uses. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antilipid peroxidation, anti-toxic, antileishmanial activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenes. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts may be uses for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.
Key Words: Jurinea, Incence, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitio...ijtsrd
Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes have been used in the treatment of aliments varying from colics, diabetes, polyuria and albuminiura, these ethanomedicinal potencies have been attributed to its rich phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging capacity. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on total phenolic, flavonoids and free radical scavenging potentials of methanol extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes. The ability of the plant extracts to scavenge 2,2 diphenyl 1 picylhydrazyl DPPH , hydroxyl radical .OH , superoxide radical O2 , nitric oxide radical NO. and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was assayed following standard methods, spectrophotometric method was used to assay for total phenolic and flavonoid content. Non crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract COPOAE in a concentration dependent manner showed a potent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay EC50= 1.03 ±0.01µg ml and EC50 = 1.04 ±1.01µg ml , inhibited hydroxyl radical EC50 = 1.17 ±1.02µg ml and EC50 = 1.46 ±1.21µg ml , superoxide anion radical EC50 =1.30 ±1.21µg ml and EC50 =1.51 ±1.42µg ml and nitric oxide EC50 = 1.40 ±1.23µg ml and EC50= 1.53 ±1.42µg ml also inhibited non enzymatic lipid peroxidation EC50 = 1.58 ±1.42µg ml and EC50 = 2.47 ±2.13µg ml and had more of phenolic and flavonoid contents than COPOAE. This result indicates that NCOPOAE contains more antioxidant compounds than COPOAE, which could make it more potent in ethanomedicinal use. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Charles Tochukwu Nwachukwu "Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Oxythenanthera Abyssinica (Rhizomes) Sourced from South Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/29226/comparative-study-of-free-radical-scavenging-and-lipid-peroxidation-inhibition-potentials-of-oxythenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-sourced-from-south-eastern-nigeria/jonathan-chinenye-ifemeje
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
ABSTRACT- The genus Jurinea (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance including traditional uses. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antilipid peroxidation, anti-toxic, antileishmanial activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenes. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts may be uses for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.
Key Words: Jurinea, Incence, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
Ijb vol-16-no-1-Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Ba...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijb/gc-ms-analysis-and-evaluation-of-in-vitro-antioxidant-potential-and-total-phenolics-content-of-wild-hops-flemingia-strobilifera-l-w-t-aiton/
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
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Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on human liver hepg2epithelial cells from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by products
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Antioxidant and AntiproliferativeEffects on Human Liver
HePG2Epithelial Cells from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) ByProducts
Alaa A.Gaafar Zeinab A.Salama* , Farouk K.El Baz
National Research Centre, Plant Biochemistry Department El Behouth St., P.O. Box 12311, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
*
E mail of corresponding author: dr.zeinabsalama70@gmail.com
Abstract
Cynara scolymus L.is a medicinal plant frequently used in traditional medicine for liver diseases. This study
aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and Anti-tumer effect in human Liver HePG2 epithelial cells of artichoke. The
antioxidant activity of the free phenolic of bracts methanolic extract, as measured with the DPPH.freeradical
scavenging activity and iron chelating showed significant antioxidant activity > 0.05 as well as yielded the
largest quantity of phenolics and flavonoids compounds. A significant increase was observed in hepatocellular
carcinoma cell line (HePG2) 78.3 % treated with free phenolic extract of bracts higher than that found in by the
heart of artichoke 36.7%. This work showed that extracts with high antioxidant activity can be obtained from
artichoke and artichoke by-products. Therefore, this study indicate that the free phenolic extract from bracts of
Cynara scolymusL. might be of interest within the developing market of nutritional ingredients and is capable of
yielding nutritional supplements with antioxidant and anticancer activities.
Key words: Artichoke by-products, antioxidant, antitumor, HepG2
1. Introduction
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) represents an important component of the Mediterranean diet. Artichoke is a
rich source of minerals, a low amount of lipids, dietary fibre and a high proportion of phenolics(Llorach et al.,
2002&Fratianniet al., 2007).Nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of both artichoke bracts and heart are
showed high levels of polyphenolic compounds and inulin(Luttanizio et al. 2009).In Egypt there is an annual
production of nearly 202458 MT of artichoke (FAO, 2012).The manipulation of food processing wastes is now
becoming a very serious environmental issue. Peels and leaves are often the waste part of various fruits. These
wastes have not generally received much attention with a view to being used or recycled rather than discharged.
This might be due to their unknown benefit of commercial application.
Recent studies on artichoke demonstrated their health-protective potential, especially their
hepatoprotective(Gebhardt, 1997&Aktay et al., 2000)anticarcinogenic(Wang et al., 2003), and
hypocholesterolemicactivities (Lupattelli et al., 2004), antimicrobial (Zhu et al., 2004).Artichoke leaf extracts
(CynarascolymusL.) has been shown to reduce symptom severity in a subset of patients with dyspepsia identified
as suffering from irritable bowel syndrome(Walker et al., 2001).Also,Jimenez-Escriget al., (2003)demonstrated a
pronounced antioxidant potential by artichoke leaf extract. Aktayet al., (2000)have shown that artichoke extract
is very effective as an antioxidant and its health-protective potential has been attributed to its antioxidant power.
The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)canning industry generates large amounts of agricultural waste, represent
(about 80–85% of the total biomass of the plant) consisting mainly of the leaves, stems and the external parts of
the flowers (bracts) which are not suitable for human consumption and could be used as a source of
inulin,phenolics, and should be considered as a raw material for the production of food additives and
nutraceuticals. The aim of the present study is to evaluatethe potential role of artichoke and artichoke byproducts as a source of health-promoting phenolics associated with their antioxidant, and anti-hepatocellular
effect in human liver HePG2 epithelial cells.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1Sampling extraction of free and bound phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds were extracted into free and bound phenolics according to the methods of Adom and Liu
(2002) &Sosulski, et al. (1982),respectively, with a slight modification. Free phenolic compounds of flours (1 g)
were extracted with 10 ml of 80% chilled ethanol for 20 min with continuous shaking. After centrifugation at
2500g for 10 min, the supernatant was collected. The residue was re-extracted twice with 10 ml of 80% chilled
ethanol under the same conditions. All supernatants were combined and evaporated to dryness under reduced
pressure. Then the concentrated slurry was dissolved with methanol to a final volume of 10 ml. The free
phenolic compounds were then stored at – 40 °C until use.
The residue from the extraction of free phenolic compound was hydrolyzed directly with 20 ml of 2 N NaOH for
90 min with continuous shaking at 60 °C (Yeh, et al. 1980). The hydrolysate was acidified to pH 2 (6 N HCl) and
17
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
centrifuged to separate cloudy precipitate. The clear supernatant was extracted five times with hexane at a
hexane to water phase ratio of 1:1 to remove free fatty acids and other lipid contaminants. The liberated phenolic
acids were then extracted six times with ethyl acetate at a solvent to water phase ratio of 1:1. The ethyl acetate
extracts were evaporated to dryness and then bound phenolic compounds were dissolved and filled up to 10 ml
of methanol and stored at (– 40 )°C until use.
2.2Total phenolic content (TPC)
The total phenolic content (TPC) of free and bond phenolic extracts of different parts of artichoke was
spectrophotometrically determined by FolinCiocalteu reagent assay using Gallic acid for the preparation of
calibration curve (20 – 120 mg/l) according to Singleton et al., (1965).A suitable aliquot (1 ml) of each extract or
standard solution was added to 25 ml volumetric flask, containing 9 ml of distilled water. One milliliter of Folin
Ciocalteu`s phenol reagent was added to the mixture and shaken. After 5 min. 10 ml of 7 % Na2CO3 solution
were added to the mixture. The solution was diluted to 25 ml with distilled water and mixed. After incubation for
90 min. at room temperature, the absorbance was determined at 750 nm with Spectrophotometer (Unicum UV
300) against prepared reagent as blank. Total phenolic contents in samples were expressed as mg Gallic acid
equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight. All samples were analysed in triplicates.
2.3Total flavonoid content (TFC)
Total flavonoid content (TFC) of free and bond phenolic extracts of different parts of artichoke was
spectrophotometrically determined by the aluminium chloride method using quercetin as a standard (Zhishen et
al., 1999). One ml of extract or standard solution (quercetin, 20–120 mg/l) was added to 10 ml volumetric flask,
containing 4 ml of distilled water. To the flask 0.3 ml 5 % NaNO2 was added and after 5 min 0.3 ml 10 % Al Cl3
was added. At 6th min, 2 ml 1M NaOH were added and the total volume was made up to 10 ml with distilled
water. The solutions were mixed well and the absorbance was measured against prepared reagent blank at 510
nm by using spectrophotometer (Unicum UV 300). Total flavonoids in sample were expressed as mg quercetin
equivalents (QE)/ g fresh weight.Samples were analysed in triplicates.
2.4 Determination of free radical scavenging activity
Determination of free radical scavenging activity was performed spectrophotometrically as described by Chu et
al. (2000). An aliquot of 0.5 ml of 0.1 mM 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical (Sigma) was added to
a test tube with 1 ml of artichokeextracts at different concentrations10,25,50,100µg/ml. Methanol was used as
blank .The reaction mixture was shaken vigorously at room temperature. Butyl Hydroxytoluene (BHT, Sigma)
was used as a positive control, and negative control contained the entire reaction reagent except the extracts.
Then the absorbance was measured at 515 nm with spectrophotometeragainst blank (methanol pure).Lower
absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated higher free radical scavenging activity.
The capacity to scavenge the DPPH.radical was calculated using the following equation:
DPPH.scavenging effect (Inhibition %) = [(Ac – AS / Ac) × 100].
Where Ac was the absorbance of the control reaction and Asas the absorbance in the presence of the artichoke
extracts.
2.5 Determination of chelating effects on ferrous ions
Metal chelating effects on ferrous Ions was carried out as described by Hsu et al. (2003). One ml of artichoke
extracts, and or EDTA solution as a positive control at different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100 µg/ml) were
mixed with 0.1 ml of 2 mM FeCl2- 4H2O and 0.2 ml of 5 mM ferrozine solution and 3.7 ml methanol were
mixed in a test tube and reacted for 10 min, at room temperature .The absorbance was then measured at 562 nm.
Mixture without extract was used as the control. A lower absorbance indicates a higher ferrous ion chelating
capacity. The percentage of ferrous ion chelating ability was calculated using the following equation: Iron
chelating activity (Inhibition %) = [(Ac – AS / Ac) × 100]
Where Ac was the absorbance of the control reaction and Asas the absorbance in the presence of the artichoke
extracts.
2.6 Cytotoxic effect on human cell line (HePG2)
Cell viability was assessed by the mitochondrial dependent reduction of yellow MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan(Mosmann,1983).
Procedure: All the following procedures were done in a sterile area using a Laminar flow cabinet bio safety
class II level(Baker, SG403INT, Sanford, ME, USA). Cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium for HePG2.
The media are supplemented with 1% antibiotic-antimycotic mixture (10,000U/ml Potassium Penicillin,
10,000µg/ml Streptomycin Sulfate and 25µg/ml Amphotericin B), 1% L-glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum
and kept at 37 °C under 5% CO2. Cells were batch cultured for 10 days, then seeded at concentration of 10x103
cells/well in fresh complete growth medium in 96-well microtiter plastic plates at 37 °C for 24 h under 5% CO2
using a water jacketed Carbon dioxide incubator (Sheldon, TC2323, Cornelius, OR, USA). Media was aspirated,
fresh medium (without serum) was added and cells were incubated either alone (negative control) or with
different concentrations of sample to give a final concentration of (100 – 50 – 25–12.5–6.25–3.125–0.78 and
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3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
1.56 µg/ml). After 48 h of incubation, medium was aspirated, 40µl MTT salt (2.5µg/ml) were added to each well
and incubated for further four hours at 37°C under 5% CO2. To stop the reaction and dissolving the formed
crystals, 200µl of 10% Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in deionised water was added to each well and incubated
overnight at 37ºC. A positive control which composed of 100µg/ml was used as a known cytotoxic natural agent
who gives 100% lethality under the same conditions (Thabrew, et al., 1997).The absorbance was then measured
using a micro plate multi-well reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., model 3350, Hercules, California, USA) at
595nm and a reference wavelength of 620nm. A statistical significance was tested between samples and negative
control (cells with vehicle) using independent t-test by SPSS 11 program. DMSO is the vehicle used for
dissolution of plant extracts and its final concentration on the cells was less than 0.2%. The percentage of change
in viability was calculated according to the formula:
((Reading of extract / Reading of negative control) -1) x 100
A probit analysis was carried for IC50 and IC90 determination using SPSS 11 program.
2.7Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed according to Snedecor& Cochran (1989) for comparison between
different mean values, LSD test at 5% level was used (Duncan 1995). Differences were considered significant
when p ≤ 0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1Phenolicsand Flavonoids contents
The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) canning industry generates large amounts of agricultural waste, represent
(about 80–85% of the total biomass of the plant) consisting mainly of the leaves, stems and the external parts of
the flowers (bracts) which are not suitable for human consumption and could be used as a source of inulin,
phenolics, and should be considered as a raw material for the production of food additives and nutraceuticals.
Data presented in (Table 1) indicated that theartichoke (bracts) showed a higher content of total free phenolic
compounds FTPC (14.16 mg/gDW) followed by theartichoke (heart) which contained only 9.06 mg/gDW.On the
other hand both inner and outer parts of artichoke showed the lower of the bound phenolic compounds (5.35 and
4.2 mg/gDW, respectively).
Previous studies showed that the artichoke (bracts) contained higher amount of phenolic compounds along with
higher amount of minerals and dietary fibres. As a role of phenolics, the artichoke (bracts) should posses higher
free radicals scavenging activity than the artichoke (heart), These resultsweresupported by the results of who
found that nutritional and pharmaceuticalproperties of both heart and bracts are linked to their special chemical
composition which includes high levels of polyphenoland inulin which possess potential antioxidant activity
(Perez-Garcia et al., 2000).
Lattanzio et al., (2009) mentioned that the therapeutic properties have been ascribed to the cynarin (1,3-O
dicaffeoylquinic acid)content of these extracts.in various pharmacological test systems,artichoke bracts extracts
have exhibitedhepatoprotective,anticarcinogenic,antioxidative,antivacterial and ani-HIV activities.
Similar results found by Sallam et al., (2005) &Sallam et al.,(2008) who found that artichoke byproductcontained (8.1 mg Tannic acid/gDW). Lattanzio et al., (2009) found that by-product of artichoke are very
rich in phenolic compounds and hence can regarded as a functional food.
In addition, the total flavonoidscontents (TFC) of free and bound phenolic extracts of artichoke bracts and heart
are shown in (Table 1). The flavonoid content of the free phenolic extracts was higher than that the bound
phenolic extracts.
The total flavonoids concentrations of free phenolic in artichoke bractsextracts was significantly higher (9.85
mg/g DW) when compared toartichoke heart (5.91 mg/gDW). In conclusion, among the twofractions ofartichoke
the (bract and heart) was found to contain the highest content offlavonoidsand phenolic offreephenolic extract.
Significantly different was observed in the total flavonoids of the different parts of artichoke.
Table 1.Total phenolic and total flavonoids content of free and bound methanolic extracts of different parts of
artichoke.
Samples
TPC mg/g
TFC mg/g
Free phenolic extract
9.06c ± 0.06
5.91c ± 0.12
Heart
Bound phenols extract
5.35b ± 0.08
4.17b ± 0.15
d
Free phenols extract
14.16 +0.08
9.85d ± 0.12
Bract
a
Bound phenols extract
4.20 ± 0.07
2.06a ± 0.11
LSD at 0.05
0.14
0.23
All values are the mean of three replicates + SD. All values with the same letters are not significantly different at
p>0.05
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4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
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3.2 Antioxidant activity
3.2.1 DPPH.radical scavenging of free and bound methanolic extracts
The scavenging of the stable DPPH.radical was widely used to evaluate antioxidant activity of phenolic
compounds extracted from fruit, vegetable, cereal grain, wine, etc. (Jimenez-Escrig, et al.,2000). It is based on
the measurement of the reducing ability of antioxidants toward DPPH.(Huang, et al., 2005).The results showed
that the methanolic extract of artichoke bracts and heart (free phenolics) demonstrated the lowest IC50 (55.68
µg/ml and 76.62 µg/ml respectively) in comparison with BHT (30.93 µg/ml).
Figure 1.DPPH.scavenging activity of free and bound methanolic extracts of different parts of artichoke
The IC50 of free phenolic extractofartichoke bracts and heart exhibited higher scavenging capacity of
DPPH.radical than the bound phenolic extracts. Thus, the larger total phenolic compounds in the outer parts
enhanced the antioxidant capacity (Liyana-Pathirana&Shahidi, 2006).
In addition, IC50 for methanolic extracts of artichoke heart and bracts (bound phenolics were 103.89 µg/ml and
145.20µg/ml compared toBHT (IC50 55.68) whichexhibited the highest scavenging activity (30.93
µg/ml).Artichoke (bracts) free phenolics appeared to be more active as compared to the hearts parts in
scavenging activity of the free radicals. Both extracts showed lower activities than BHT due to the significantly
higher IC50 values required to inhibit the free radicals (Figure 1). It has been reported that the strong free radical
scavenging in innerparts and outer parts of artichoke may be attributed to the presence of phenolics(Wang et al.,
2003). As reported previously by Wang et al., (2003) who found that antioxidant activity of inner and outer parts
of artichoke extracts was correlated to their total phenolic compounds. Artichoke is a good source of polyphenol
oxidase that catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinons that induce secondaryproducts (Espin et al.,
1997).Also Jimenez Escrig et al. (2003) found that artichoke extract is very effective as an antioxidant and its
health protective potential has been attributed to its antioxidant activity due to the decreaseof ROS production
(ZapolskaDownar et al., 2002).Also Varmanu et al., (2011)showed that the ethanol extract of artichoke showed
highest antioxidant as well as yielded the largest quantity of polyphenol compound.
3.2.2 Ferrous ion chelating activity
Many plant phenolic compounds have been described as antioxidants due to their chelating ability to iron ions.
As shown in (Table 2) the artichoke extracts displayed the Fe2+-chelating effect in a concentration dependent
manner. The percentages of metal chelating capacity at 100 µg/ml of tested methanol extracts of free
phenolicswere found to be 41.34% ± 0.43and48.13% ± 0.41in artichoke bracts and heart parts of
artichokerespectively.
Table 2.Iron chelating activity of free and bound methanolic extracts of different parts of artichoke
Inhibition %
Extract
10 µg/ml
25 µg/ml
50 µg/ml
100 µg/ml
Free phenolic extract
7.56 b ± 0.54
12.87 c ± 0.34 21.05 c ± 0.23 41.34 c ± 0.43
Heart
Bound phenols extract
5.04 a ± 0.21
8.95 b ± 0.21
16.91 b ± 0.21 35.72 b ± 0.34
Free phenols extract
Bract
10.39 c ± 0.49
17.05 d ± 0.28
28.83 d ± 0.41
48.13 d ± 0.41
Bound phenols extract
4.72 a ± 0.49
8.23 a ± 0.36
15.70 a ± 0.55
31.85 a ± 0.49
23.62 d ± 0.49
34.55 e ± 0.49
46.74 e ± 0.55
71.48 e ± 0.28
0.83
0.64
0.76
0.72
EDTA Standard
LSD at 0.05
All values are the mean of three replicates ± SD. All values with the same letters are not significantly different at
p>0.05
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5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
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Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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Contrary the bound phenolics extracts showed less values 35.72% ± 0.34 and 31.85 %± 0.49. While EDTA
(standard) exhibited the highest ferric chelating ability due to their chemical structure properties (71.48+
0.28).Iron and copper are essential transition metal elements in the human body for the activity of a large range
of enzymes and for some proteins involved in cellular respiration, O2 transport and redox reactions. But, because
they are transition metals, they contain one or more unpaired electrons that enable them to contribute oneelectron transfer reactions. Hence, they are powerful catalysts of autoxidation reactions, such as participation in
the conversion of H2O2 to OH˙ to the highly reactive alkoxyl and hydroxyl radicals (Perez Garcia et al., 2000).
Due to this property, transition metal chelating to form low redox potential complexes is an important
antioxidant property (Halliwell et al., 1995) and measuring chelating of iron (II) is one method for assessing this
property.
4- Correlation coefficient
The Correlation coefficient of different type of phenolicsextracts from different parts of artichoke with different
antioxidant assay was linear and strong to moderate, depending upon the assay system used. The correlation
coefficient between IC50 and different types of phenolics wasR2= 0.8332 and between different types of
flavonoids and IC50was R2=0.8996 (Fig.2).Strong correlation ofdifferent types ofphenolicsand flavonoids with
Fe2+-chelating (R2= 0.9992) and (R2=0.9664), respectively, indicatesthatphenolics are key contributors to
antioxidant activity in free and bound phenolicextracts (Fig. 3).
The results revealed that phenolics and, flavonoids from different types of phenolicsmethanolic extracts (free and
bond) and different parts of artichoke were strongly contributed to the antioxidant scavenging activity.
(a
(b
Figure2.Correlation between IC50and different type of phenolics (a) and flavonoid (b) of differentparts of
artichoke
(a
(a
Figure3.Correlation between Fe2+-Chelating at (50µg/ml) and different type of phenolics(a) and flavonoid (b) of
different parts of artichoke
These findings supported the positive relationship between phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of
different plant species.Ghasemzadeh et al., (2012) reported that strong positive relationship between phenolics
and antioxidant activity which appears to be the trend in many plant species. Recently, it was found that phenolic
compounds are the candidate compounds responsible for antioxidant activity. Flavonol glycosides (quercetin and
kaempferol), sinapic and caffeoyl-quininc acid were found to be the major phenolic compounds found in
artichoke (Wang et al., 2003).
5. Cytotoxicity Activity
The effects of free and bound methanolic extract of heart and bract of artichoke on human cancer cell lines:
hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HePG2) is present in Table (3).The methanolic extract of different parts of
artichoke exhibited cytotoxic effects on cancer human cells in a dose dependent manner assessed by MTT assay.
Treatment with free phenolic methanolic extract of artichoke(bracts) for 24 h resulted in a significant differences
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at p>0.05 in cell viability for hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Remarkable differences between the
responses of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) for treatment with free and bound phenolicextracts for
artichoke (bracts) and (heart) were detected. A significant increase was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma cell
line (HePG2)75.3% treated with bracts free phenolic extract higher two fold than that found in free phenolic
extract of artichoke (heart) (36.7%). Cancer is a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality and
poses both economic and psychological challenges (Moyad& Carroll, 2004,Dossus& Kaaks 2008).It is well
known that different cell lines might exhibit different sensitivities towards an anti-proliferative compound, so the
use of more than one cell line is therefore considered necessary in the detection of antiproliferative compounds.
These data suggest a possible mechanism of cytotoxicity in cancer cell line, at least in part, through the
regulation of apoptosis-related proteins and/or cell cycle deregulation. Artichoke wastes are rich sources of
functional components such as phenolics and flavonoids which have antioxidant and radical scavenging
activities (Llorach et al. 2002).Our results are in agreement with them and with Sperocni et al., (2003) who
mentioned that methanolicartichoke extract could inhibit cancer cell growth or enhance the molecular
mechanism of the chemopreventive effects on cancer. In addition, morphological characterization of treated cells
revealed that the mode of action of cell death induced by methanolic artichoke extract was mediated through
apoptosis.Thenutraceutical benefits of artichoke leaves are confirmed and believed to their antioxidant properties
related to, phenolics and flavonoids (Juzyszyn et al., 2010).
Table 3.Cytotoxic effect of free and bound phenolicsmethanolic extractsagainst hepatocellular carcinoma cell
line (HePG2) in different parts of artichoke
Extracts
IC50 (µg/ml)
IC90 (µg/ml)
Remarks
Free phenolic extract
36.7% at 100 ppm
Heart
Bound phenols extract
27.2% at 100 ppm
Free phenols extract
69.8
116.8
75.3% at 100 ppm
Bract
Bound phenols extract
14% at 100 ppm
DMSO
1%
at 100 ppm
Negative control
0%
6. CONCLUSION
The results obtained from this study indicated thatthe presence of various phenolics and flavonoids, together
with other metabolites that are probably involved in the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities,supported the
traditional medicinal use of artichoke by-products, and provide grounds for further establishing its use as a
functional food.The extract ofbracts free phenolic methanol extract showed a potential activity to inhibit
hepatocellular cell cancer growth indicates the potential value of artichoke by-products (bracts free phenolic
extract) as antioxidant, anticancer and alternative source of therapeutic agents which requires further
investigation.
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