The document provides an overview of the reproductive systems of vertebrates. It describes the general structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Key points include: 1) The female system produces eggs and houses the embryo, while the male system produces sperm. 2) Structures such as ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina are present across vertebrate classes with some variations. 3) Testes, ducts and accessory glands are the main male structures. 4) Fertilization and copulation methods vary between external in frogs to internal in mammals. 5) The cloaca is modified in different groups, remaining primitive in some and separating functions in others like mammals.

1. REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Briones, Abigail Loren
Celajes, Chrizz Shainne
Montuya, Robert Angelo
Okamoto, Eigi

2. INTRODUCTION

3. FUNCTION OF
GENERAL
STRUCTURES

4. Function of General Structures
• Female Reproductive System
• The female external reproductive structures include the clitoris
and two sets of labia
• The internal organs are a pair of gonads and a system of ducts
and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and
fetus
• Ovary
• Follicle
• Mesovarium

7. Cont.
• Female Reproductive System
• Oviducts and Uterus
• Oviduct or Fallopian tube
• Cervix
• Vagina and Vulva

8. OOGENESIS

9. Cont.
• Male Reproductive System
• The male external reproductive structures in most mammals
include the scrotum and the penis.
• The internal organs consists of gonads, which produces sperm
and hormones, and accessory glands.
• Testes
• The male gonads, or testes, consist of highly coiled tubes
surrounded by connective tissue.
• Seminiferous tubules.
• Production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body
temperatures of most mammals

11. Cont.
• Male Reproductive System
• Ducts
• seminiferous tubules
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Urethra.
• Glands
• Seminal vesicle,
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
• Seminal fluid, or semen.

13. COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES

14. Female Reproductive System
Ovary
• Development
-Germinal epithelium thickens and covers the indifferent gonad
(consists of cortex and medulla)
-♀ , migrating germ cells  cortex – primary sex cords =
secondary sex cords
-follicle  ripening egg cells  theca
-blastema becomes stroma or matrix

15. Kardong, K. V. 2000. Fig. 14.19 &
14.16. Embryonic Formation of
the Gonad & Female
reproductive system (humans).

16. Female Reproductive System
Ovary
• Structure
 Crocodilians, Turtles, Birds, and Mammals
-solid and compact with much stroma
 Cyclostomes, Cartilaginous Fishes, Dipnoans, and some
Primitive Ray-Finned Fishes
-solid but less compact
 Amphibians
-stroma is absent
-soft and pleated
 Teleosts
-hollow ovaries

17. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Opistonephric Ducts and Ureters
-convey only urine in females
 Sharks and Urodeles
-drains with accessory ducts
 Amniotes (Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals)
-leaves vestiges

18. Shark Salamander
Kardong, K. V. 2000. Fig. 14.24 & 14.27. Oviducts of female fishes &
Urogenital anatomy of tetrapod females

19. Amniotes
Kardong, K. V. 2000. Fig.14.27. Urogenital anatomy of tetrapod females

20. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Oviducts
-anterior end  funnels w/ openings
-ciliated columnar epithelium
-peristaltic contraction
 Teleostei
-ovaries encloses pockets of coelom
 Chondrichthyes
-fuse in the midline
-some are oviparous (shell glands)
• Mermaid purse
 Amphibians
-glandular and coiled oviducts
-posterior portion  coat of jelly

21. Kardong, K. V. 2000. Fig. 14.24.
Oviducts of female fishes.
Lauder, Bermis, et. al. Fig.
21.15. Reproductive tracts of
female anamniotes
Teleostei

22. Chondrichthyes
Lauder, Bermis, et. al. Fig. 21.15.
Reproductive tracts of female
fishes.
Wyatt, M. 2007.

23. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Oviducts
 Reptiles, Birds, and Monotremata
-large eggs and genital tracts vary widely
-large and pleated ovarian funnels
-glandular anterior portion  albumen
-enlarges near the cloaca  shell gland and ovisac
 Reptiles
right side is larger
 Birds
right side is vestigial

24. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Oviducts
 Therian Mammals
 Oviducts
-ciliated epithelium
-straight and slender; w/o albumen or shells
 Uterus
-Endometrium
-Myometrium
-Cervix
o Types of Mammalian Uterus
• Duplex (Monotremes, Marsupials, Elephants and
many Rodents)
• Bipartite (most Ungulates and most Carnivores)
• Bicornuate
• Simplex (most Primates and some Edentates

25. Marieb. Figure 27.14a.

26. Kardong, K. V.
2000. Figure
14.52.
Reproductive
organs of
female
eutherian
mammals.

27. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Oviducts
 Therian Mammals
 Vagina
-stratified epithelium
-receives penis during copulation
-serves as birth canal
-soft and distensible; glandular or cornified

28. Female Reproductive System
Female Ducts
• Oviducts
 Marsupials
-terminal part of the tract fuses  single urogenital canal
-two embryonic uteri and vaginae
-third pseudovagina grows

29. Kardong, K. V.
2000. Figure
14.51.
Reproductive
organs of
female
marsupials.

30. Development and Structure of
Testes
• Indifferent gonad - early developmental stage is similar in both sexes
which includes cortex and medulla.
• Germinal epithelium forms only the peritoneal covering of adult testes.
• Primary sex cords do NOT degenerate and secondary sex cords are NOT
formed.
• Testes are paired except in CYCLOSTOMES.
• Each testis is suspended from the dorsal wall of a coelom by a mesentery
called the mesorchium.
• Testes are paired but may be partially fused as in ELASMOBRANCHS, or
completely fused as in ADULT CYCLOSTOMES.
• Testes are elongated in CYCLOSTOMES, MOST FISHES, CAECILIANS, and
URODELES.
• Testes are compact and ovoid in some CARTILAGINOUS FISHES, ANURANS,
and AMNIOTES.

31. Kardong,
K.V. 2000.
Figure 14.19

32. Kardong K.V. 2000. Figure 14.32
Hagfish Elasmobranch Lungfish Teleost

33. Cont.
• Testes are elongated in CYCLOSTOMES, MOST FISHES, CAECILIANS,
and URODELES.
• Testes are compact and ovoid in some CARTILAGINOUS FISHES,
ANURANS, and AMNIOTES.
• BIRDS- abdominal air sacs; MAMMALS (PRIMATES – MOST
CARNIVORES, and MOST UNGULATES) – scrotum; MAMMALS
(MONOTREMES, WHALES, ELEPHANTS) – testes are abdominal or
pelvic in position if body temperature is relatively low.

34. Male Ducts
•Except in CYCLOSTOMES, sperms are released in a closed system
of ducts.
•Deferent ducts carries either the sperm or both sperm and urine.
•CHONDRICHTHYANS have paired deferent ducts that convey
ONLY SPERM.
•Several PRIMITIVE RAYFINNED FISHES and SOME DIPNOANS pass
sperm into the anterior end of deferent duct which convey both
sperm and urine.
•All AMPHIBIANS have deferent ducts, some species convey ONLY
SPERM and in others BOTH sperm and urine.
•Deferent ducts of AMNIOTES carry ONLY SPERM.

35. Copulatory (Intromittent)
Organs and Fertilization
• CYCLOSTOMES and MOST BONY FISHES lack copulatory organs.
• SOME TELEOST retained their eggs during development or bear
live young.
o Gonopodium- margin of the anal fin as copulatory organ in males.
• CARTILAGINOUS FISHES also have INTERNAL fertilization.
o Claspers- pelvic fins as copulatory organ in males.
• ANURANS have EXTERNAL fertilization. Hence, they don’t have
copulatory organs.
• URODELES have INTERNAL fertilization but LACK copulatory
organs.
o Cloacal kiss ( male and female press their cloacas together to
transfer sperm)

36. Cont.
• TURTLES and CROCODILES have evolved a grooved penis. (it is
located internally on the floor of the cloaca.
o Small clitoris are present in female turtles and crocodiles.
• BIRDS copulate by pressing the cloacas together for the transfer
of sperm.
o Primitive birds (OSTRICHES, DUCKS and GEESE) have a small penis.
• THERIAN MAMMALS have a penis formed from the genital
tubercle located anterior to the cloacal opening.
• Glans is variously shaped and is forked in MONOTREMES and
MARSUPIALS.

37. Cloaca and Derivatives
• Development
-Nephric and Paramesonephric ducts extends posteriorly to
the hindgut
-common passageway for urinary, digestive, and
reproductive systems (primitive condition)
-L. word “cloaca” = “sewer”
-3 fuctions: defecation, urination, and copulation
-3 compartments:
 Coprodeum- most proximal; empties intestine
 Urodeum- receives products from the urinary and
genital ducts
 Proctodeum- copulation; in many amniotes develops
a penis

38. Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure 14.47. Diagrams of sagittal sections of
tetrapod cloacae.

39. Cloaca and Derivatives
• Development
-Hans Gadow- clocal compartments separated by folds
 Rectocoprodeal Fold- between intestine and
coprodeum
 Coprourodeal Fold- between coprodeum and
urodeum
 Uroproctodeal Fold- between urodeum and
proctodeum

40. Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure
14.49. Bird cloacae.

41. Cloaca and Derivatives
 Adult Hagfishes, Elasmobranchs, Dipnoans, Amphibians, Reptiles,
and Birds
-retains primitive condition
Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure 14.46, 14.48, 14.49. Cloacal and anal regions of fishes,
Cloaca of the lizard Coleonyx,Bird cloacae.

42. Cloaca and Derivatives
 Adult Lampreys, Chimaeras, and Bony Fishes
-Rectum  no longer joined by the urogenital ducts
-Nephric and genital ducts  independently/ fuse to exit at a
common papilla  anus
Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure 14.46. Cloacal and anal regions of fishes.

43. Cloaca and Derivatives
 Monotremes
-cloaca is partly divided by a septum resulting into three
structures:
 Dorsal Coprodeum
 Ventral Urodeum- joined by ureters and paramesonephric
duct
 Common posterior Proctodeum
Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure
14.47. Diagrams of sagittal
sections of tetrapod
cloacae..

44. Cloaca and Derivatives
 Therian Mammals
-embryonic septum continues to push back  dorsal rectum is
completely separated
Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure
14.50. Embryonic derivatives
of the urogenital sinus in some
eutherian mammals..

45. Cloaca and Derivatives
 Therian Mammals
 Males
-urine and sperm release through common urethra
 Females
• Most Mammals
-urinary and genital tracts exit by a common urogenital
sinus
• Primates and some Rodents
-Fetal eversion  anterior urethral opening and posterior
urethral opening

46. Kardong, K.V. 2000. Figure 14.50. Embryonic derivatives of the urogenital
sinus in some eutherian mammals..

47. COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST OF ORGANS
PRESENT ON DIFFERENT
CLASSES

48. Lauder, Bermis, et
al. Fig. 21.28

49. END….. Thank you 