The document summarizes the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes the key functions of the urinary system as excretion of wastes and regulation of water, salt, and acid-base balance. It then details the structures of the human kidney including nephrons, collecting ducts and the bladder. It also describes the female reproductive system including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and hormonal regulation, and the male reproductive system including testes, accessory glands, and spermatogenesis. Comparative anatomy of excretory and reproductive organs across species is also discussed.

2. By the end of this report, the students will be
able to:
• List down the important functions of the urinary
and reproductive system.
• Describe the location, structure, and parts of the
urinary and reproductive system.
• Trace the anatomical path taken by urine.
• Explain the events that occur during meiosis:
spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
• Explain the effect of hormonal activities to the
concentration of urine; and to the changes in
male and female during puberty.

3. The URogenital System
I. Functions of the Excretory System
II. Animal Osmoregulation
III.Excretory System
a. Phylogeny & Development
IV. Human Excretory System
a. Kidney
b. Nephrons; Ducts; and Bladder
c. Urine Formation:
Glomerular Filtration,
Tubular Reabsorption
and Secretion
d. Urine Movement
e. Regulation of Urine
Concentration and
Balance
VI. Functions of Reproductive System
VII. Animal Reproduction
VIII. Reproductive System
a. Development and Variations
IX. Human Male Reproductive System
a. Penis and Scrotum
b. Accessory Glands
c. Spermatic Ducts
d. Testes
1. Spermatogenesis
e. Hormonal Regulation
X. Human Female Reproductive System
a. Vagina and Vulva
b. Oviducts and Uterus
c. Ovaries
1. Oogenesis
d. Hormonal Regulation and
Menstruation

4. Anterior view of the Urogenital System.

5. Functions
The Kidney and Homeostasis
1. The kidneys excrete metabolic
wastes such as urea.
2. Maintenance of water-salt, which
in turn affects blood volume and
blood pressure
3. Maintenance of acid- base
balance
Other parts
1. Ureters transport urine
2. Urinary bladder stores urine
3. Urethra passes urine to outside

6. Animal Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation- (electrolyte homeostasis) the
general term for the processes by which animals
control solute concentrations and balance water gain
and loss.
 Osmoconformers- (mostly marine animals)which
match their body osmolarity to their environment
actively or passively.
 Osmoregulators- actively control salt
concentrations despite the salt concentrations in
the environment.

7. • Stenohaline (stenos- narrow; halos- salt)
- organisms cannot tolerate a wide fluctuation
in the salinity of water.
• Euryhaline (eurys- broad; halos- salt)
- organisms are able to adapt to a wide range
of salinities.

8. In most animals, osmoregulation and
metabolic waste disposal rely on
Transport epithelia - one or more layers
of epithelial cells that specialize for
moving particular solutes in controlled
amounts and in specific directions.

9. Body fluid regulation
of bony fishes.
Marine bony fishes
employ different
mechanism compared
to freshwater fishes in
order to osmoregulate
their body fluids.
Aquatic Animals
(b.) Freshwater Fishes
(a.) Marine Fishes

10. Adaptation of aquatic birds to a high salt
environment
Terrestrial Animals

11. The salt glands found above the eye sockets of
the skull act as a second pair of kidneys in a way
as they desalinate water.

12. To the right, a Marine
Iguana. Below, a
Leatherback Sea Turtle.
In marine turtles, the salt gland is a
modified tear (lacrimal) gland, and in sea
snakes, a salivary sublingual gland
beneath the tongue gets rid of excess salt.
Sharks' glands are found in their rectum,
birds' and reptiles' in or on the skull in the
area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth.

13. Chacoan waxy monkey frog
(Phyllomedusa sauvagii);
adapted to hot and arid conditions, has
excellent kidneys to recycle water, this
species secretes a waxy lipid which it
wipes over its skin to prevent desiccation.

14. A Kangaroo rat.

15. Nitrogenous
Waste
Products

16. • Ammonia - Amino groups removed from amino
acids immediately form ammonia (NH3) by the
addition of a third hydrogen ion
-Toxic and can be an excretory product if a good deal of
water is available to wash it from the body
• Urea - production requires the expenditure of
energy because it is produced in the liver by a set
of energy-requiring enzymatic reactions
-Less toxic than ammonia and can be excreted in a
moderately concentrated solution, conserving water
• Uric Acid - synthesized by a series of
enzymatic reactions that requires expenditure of
even more ATP than urea
-Uric acid is routinely excreted by insects, reptiles, and
birds

18. Excretory System
Nephridia- general term for animal excretory organs;
they consist of nephridial tubules.
 Protonephridia- which inner ends are closed by
ciliated/flagellated cells (Flame cell, if ciliated;
Solenocyte, if flagellated).
Phylogeny of Nephridial tubules

20.  Metanephridia-
which inner ends
open into coelom
by a ciliated
funnel.

21. Malpighian tubules of:
above, cockroach
(indicated by yellow
arrow) ; right, bee

23. Archinephros (holonephros)-
earliest vertebrate kidneys probably
extended the entire length of the
body cavity & had external glomeruli.
Development of Kidney and Ducts

24. Fate of Nephrogenic MesodermThe diagram shows the development of the urinary
system. Also, the animals where these are found.

26. • Pronephros (-nephroi pl. form) -
develops from the most anterior part of
mesomere/nephrotome over a limited,
usually small, number of segments.

27. Mesonephros
(Opisthonephros in
anaminiotes)-
develops in the
mesomere
immediately or
shortly behind the
pronephroi.
Urogenital organs of male salamander.

28. • Metanephros-
third nephridia of
vertebrates, found
only in amniotes.
The collecting
system develops
from an
outgrowth put out
from the
mesonephric duct
near its entrance
into the cloaca.

29. • Urinary Bladder- a sacciform evagination
from the ventral cloacal wall.
- in fishes, when present, bladder is formed by
the enlargement of terminal portions of
mesonephric duct.
- urinary bladder of amphibians is a thin large
ventral outpocketing of the cloaca
- in amniotes, there’s enormous cloacal
evagination called allantois. Adult bladder forms
at the base allantoic stalk.
- birds lack urinary bladders.

31. Human Kidney
• Bean- shaped pair of
organ, about the size
of a tightly clenched
fist.
• Lie posterior to the abdominal wall. Left kidney is
nearer to midline and to diaphragm than the right one.

32. Posterior relation
• Ribs- 11and 12 for left and 12th for right
• Muscles- 3 muscle
a. Psoas major
b. Quadratus luborum
c. Transversus abdominis
• Nerves- 3 nerves
a. Subcostal nerve
b. Iliohypogastric nerve
c. Ilio-inguinal nerve
• Diaphragm

33. Coverings of the Kidney
• Fibrous capsule ( true capsule)
• Perinephric fat
• Renal fascia( fascia of Gerota)
a. Fascia of Toldt
b. Fascia of Zuckerkendl
• Paranephric fat

36. The functional unit of the kidney is
the nephron

37. The glomerulus is composed
of capillaries with pores.
The inner layers of
Bowman’s capsule consists
of specialized cells called
podocytes.
The cross section of
renal cortex (right),
it is composed of
nephron limbs and
ducts; the
glomerular capsule;
and venules and
arterioles.

38. • Scheme of filtration barrier (blood-urine) in the kidney.
A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. pore (fenestra).
B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna
2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural protein
2. filtration slit 3. diaphragma

40. The c.s. of Renal
Medulla showing
the:
Thin Descending Limbs
Thick Ascending Limbs

42. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
a. Macula Densa- sensitive to NaCl
concentration
b. Juxtaglomerular Cells- made up
of smooth muscle cells,
responsible for production of renin
c. Extraglomerular Cells-
(a.k.a. Lacis/ Goormaghtigh/Polkissen Cells)
associated with the secretion of
erythropoietein

43. The inner lining of the ureter, urinary
bladder and urethra are transitional
epithelia and layers of connective tissues.

45. Micturition-
discharge of urine
from the bladder.
Micturition Reflex-
contraction of the
urinary bladder
stimulated by
stretching of urinary
bladder walls.

47. Regulation of Urine
Concentration and Balance
Hormonal Mechanisms
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (Posterior Pituitary Gland)
2. Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone
3. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (Right atrium of heart)
4. Parathyroid Hormone-Calcitonin
Sympathetic Innervation

48. Functions
Reproductive System
1. The main function is to make
sure that a specie survives by
producing new offspring.
Male R. S.
1. Production of sperm cells
2. Sustaining and transfer of sperm
to the female
3. Production of male hormones.
Female R. S.
1. Production of egg cell.
2. Reception of sperm cells from
male.
3. Protecting and nourishing
offspring/s until birth.
4. Production of female hormones.

49. Animal Reproduction
• Animals have evolved to a
large number of strategies,
both asexual and sexual, for
producing offspring.
• Asexual Reproduction- generation of new individuals, from a single parent,
without fusion of gametes (egg and sperm). Offspring is genetically identical to
parents.
• Sexual Reproduction- a two parents give rise to offspring that have unique
combination of genes inherited from both parents

50. • Fission- separation of a parent individual
to a two individuals of approximately
equal size.
• Budding- new individuals arise from an
outgrowth of existing ones.
• Fragmentation & Regeneration- breaking
and regrowth of body parts.

51. Parthenogenesis- is an asexual reproduction in
which an egg develops without being fertilized.

52. Animal Reproduction
 Vertebrates exhibit sexual reproduction.
 Zygote results from the union of male and
female gametes.
 Ova and spermatozoa are produced in the
gonads, the testes and ovaries respectively.
 Gonads are derived from the mesoderm.
 Deferent ducts in male, and oviducts in
female transport gametes to the outside of the
body.

53. • Ovuliparity- fecundation is external. E.g. Fishes and
some amphibians.
• Oviparity- syngamy is internal, the female lays
zygotes as eggs with large vitellus. E.g. Birds
Modes of Reproduction

54. • Oviviparity- fertilization is internal with
retention of zygotes in the female’s body or
in the male’s body E.g. Hippocampus and
Gymnophiona and some reptiles.
• Viviparity- conception and development
occurs inside the female’s body until
offspring/s can independently live.
- Histotrophic- the zygotes develop in the
female’s oviducts, but find their nutriments by
intrauterine cannibalism (E.g. Sharks)
- Hemotrophic- nutrients are provided by the
female (E.g. Placental mammals)

55. • Hermaphroditism- an individual has
both the male and female
reproductive system.
-Sequential Hermaphroditism
†Protandry
†Protogyny,
†Bidirectional Sex Changer
-Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
-Pseudo- hermaphroditism

56. Reproductive System
Development and Variations
Gonadal primordia
Gonads arise as a pair of embryonic
genital ridges, which are the thickenings
of the coelomic mesothelium medial to
the mesonephroi

59. • Lateral to the
undifferentiated
pair of gonad is
two parallel
pair of ducts.
The Wolffian
Duct and the
Mullerian Duct

60. In both males and
females the cloaca
becomes
separated into the
anterior urogenital
sinus and
posterior rectum
by a urorectal
septum.

61. Elasmobranchs’ testes
• Paired
symmetrical
structures
• Suspended by
mesorchium
• Other fishes
have elongated
and lobulated
testes.

62. Amphibian testes
• Shape
corresponds to
body shape
• Elongated in
caecilians, short
or irregular in
urodeles
• Oval or rounded
and more
compact in
anurans

63. Reptiles’ testes
• Oval rounded or pyriform compact
structures
• Snakes’ and lizards testes’ have one
testes that occupies farther forward in
the body cavity than the other

64. Birds’ testes
• Oval or round-
shaped and
changes in size
depending on
the period of
the year.

65. Mammalian testes
• Tunica albuginea a thin
tough fibrous envelop of
the testis
• Vaginal sac is a
diverticulum of the
peritoneum into the
scrotum
• Tunica vaginalis is the
extension from vaginal sac
that comes in close contact
with the tunica albuginea

66. • Vary in vertebrates
and are several times
smaller than the ova
• All possess tails for
locomotion
• Number produced by
the human male is
about 4ml or 300
million per ejaculation
• Boar produces about
½ liter
Spermatozoa

67. Male genital ducts
• Some fishes (e.g.,
gar & sturgeon) &
amphibians -
mesonephric duct
transmits sperm &
urine
• Some amphibians -
mesonephric duct
transports only
sperm; new
accessory urinary
duct drains the
kidney

68. Male genital ducts
• Sharks - mesonephric
duct is used primarily
for sperm transport;
accessory urinary duct
develops
• Teleosts - mesonephric
duct drains kidney;
separate sperm duct
develops
• Amniotes - embryonic
mesonephric ducts
transport sperm in
adults

70. Alosa fallax (Female)
Illustration of
a hen genital
tract and the
eggs.
Table: Comparison of Animal Ovaries
Animal Description
Fishes  Cyclostome, chondrichthyes, dipnoans and some primitive
ray-finned fishes have a solid but less compact ovary.
 Adult teleost have hollow and fused ovaries
Amphibians  One or several large lymph space is present within the
ovary. Stroma is absent and it is pleated. Ripening eggs
hang in the central cavity.
Reptiles Solid and compact with relative much stroma,
>however, snakes’ and lizards’ ovaries are saccular and
elongated. Lutea corpora forms in certain species.
Aves >however, birds’ right ovary degenerates, and the left
becomes the functional gonad. Cicatrix forms when mature
ova escapes the ovarian follicles.
Mammals >however, mammalian ovaries have space within each
maturing follicle. Antra is the only cavitation present in egg
follicle.

71. Frog
Shark
Table: Comparison of Female Ducts of Animals
Animal Description
Fish  Narrow distensible oviduct on either side.
 Elasmobranchs have ostium tubae, which opens into the
coelom.
 Shell gland is an enlargement of the oviduct.
Amphibian  Paired, elongated tubes with ostia, line with cilia.
 Enlarged posteriorly to form a short uterus or uterine
enlargement .
 Uterus opens independently into the cloaca.
 Uteri in most amphibians serve for temporary storage for ova.
Reptiles  Open into the coelom through slit-like ostia.
 Turtles and crocodilians have glands in the upper part that
secrete albumen.
 Shell is deposited in the uterus or shell gland in snakes and
lizards.
 Uteri enter cloaca independently.

72. Hen
Table: Comparison of Female Ducts of Animals
Animal Description
Aves  Most, except birds of prey, have only the left oviduct that
is functional.
 Long, coiled, and consists of several regions.
 Ostium is bordered by fimbriae.
 Albumen is secreted by the glandular portion.
Mammals Paired, with various degrees of fusion between the two sides
Divided into three regions: Oviduct, uterus and vagina.
4 uterine variation
a. Duplex
b. Bipartite
c. Bicornuate
d. Simplex
a. Two completely separated uteri and two vagina.
b. A uterus with two horns and two totally separated passageways within the
body of uterus.
c. A uterus with two horns and a single passageway within the body of
uterus.
d. No uterine horns and the vagina opens directly into the body.

73. Human Male Reproductive
System

75. Human Penis
The penis consists of a root, body, and glans.

76. • It is composed of
three cylindrical
cavernous bodies
of erectile
• tissue: the paired
corpora cavernosa
dorsally and the
• single corpus
spongiosum
ventrally.

78. Scrotum
• A sac-like structure
containing the
testes
• Beneath the skin is
a layer of of smooth
muscle called
dartos muscle.
• Another muscle is
found inside: the
cremaster muscle

79. Accesory Glands
• Prostate Gland-
surrounds the urethra
and ejaculatory ducts
immediately inferior
to the urinary bladder.
The thin, milky
secretion of the
prostate constitutes
about 30% of the
semen.

80. • Seminal Vesicle- are
a pair of glands
posterior to the
urinary bladder.
Contribute a viscous
yellowish fluid, the
last component of
the semen to
emerge.

81. • Bulbourethral
(Cowper’s) gland- are
named for their
position near a dilated
bulb at the inner end
of the penis. They
produce a clear
slippery fluid that
lubricates the head of
the penis

82. • Efferent ductules- carry sperm to
the epididymis. Duct of the
epididymis- a site of sperm
maturation and storage.
• Ductus deferens- It passes upward
through the spermatic cord and
inguinal canal and enters the pelvic
cavity.
• Ejaculatory duct- where the ductus
deferens and duct of the seminal
vesicle meet. It passes through the
prostate gland and empties into the
urethra.

83. • Testes-
are oval organs
within the scrotum.
• Combined endocrine
and exocrine glands
that produce sex
hormones and
sperm.

87. • Vagina- long
fibromuscular canal
lined with mucous
membrane that
extends from the
exterior of the body
to the uterine cervix.
Human Female Reproductive
System

88. • It allows for the
discharge of
menstrual fluid,
receipt of the penis
and semen, and
birth of a baby.

89. • Vulva- consisting of the vestibule and
the surrounding structures. Two
glands maybe found in each side of
the vestibule the:
*Lesser Vestibular Gland
*Greater Vestibular Gland

90. • Oviducts (salpinges)- are canals about
10 cm long leading from each ovary to
the uterus, at the distal ovarian end is
the infundibulum, with finger-like
projections.

91. • Uterus- - is a
thick muscular
chamber that
opens into the
roof of the
vagina and
usually tilts
forward over the
urinary bladder.

92. • Its function is to harbor the
fetus, provide a source of
nutrition, and expel the
fetus at the end of its
development.

93. • Ovary- - produce
egg cells (ova)
and sex
hormones.
• The ovary is an
almond- shaped
organ

97. Puberty