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Comparative Anatomy - Muscular System
This document provides an outline for a project on the muscular system. It begins with an introduction and then outlines the general structures and functions of muscles. The remainder of the document compares the anatomy of muscles across different vertebrate groups including aquatic vertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For each group, it describes the axial musculature, appendicular musculature, jaw muscles, and how muscles have evolved between groups. Tables are provided comparing muscle features across the five vertebrate classes.
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Comparative Anatomy - Muscular System
- 1. Submitted by: Alagao, AliaNevin Andres, Jocielle Marie Atrillano, Noreen Austria, Marion Calsita, Bianca Joy Cipriano, Mary Chris MEB24 ELGA Final Project March 5, 2014 Mrs. Ma. Luisa V. Cuaresma
- 2. OUTLINE: I. Introduction II. GeneralStructures and Functions III. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates: 1. Aquatic Vertebrates 2. Amphibians 3. Reptiles 4. Birds 5. Mammals
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- 4. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Concern withthe body movement Stabilize the body in position Act as movers and levers for every action with the aid of skeleton Contraction of viscera Heat production
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- 7. color • red • white location •somatic • visceral Nervous system control • voluntary • Involuntary Appearance • skeletal • visceral
- 8. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN Mesenchyme –from which smooth muscle and some viscera develop Paired Hypomere – differentiated into smooth muscle layers of the alimentary tract and its derivative Paraxial mesoderm – skeletal muscles develop
- 9. MUSCLE ORGANIZATION SKELETAL MUSCLES VISCERAL MUSCLESCARDIAC MUSCLES - Attaches to bones, skin, fascia - Striated - Voluntary muscles - Axial muscles - Jaw muscles - Extrinsic eyeball muscles - Appendicular musculature - Integumentary muscles - Attached to hair follicles and skin - Non-striated - Involuntary muscles - Includes muscle of tubes, vessels and hollow organs, intrinsic eyeball muscles, erectors of feathers and hair - Forms the wall of the heart - Striated - Involuntary muscles - Myocardium - Electropaxes
- 10. DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLES 1.Axial muscles - Cover the trunk and tail region 2. Jaw muscles - Support the gill arches and contributes the tongue. 3. Extrinsic eye muscles - Muscles of the eye 4. Appendicular musculature - Attached to girdles, fins or limbs. 5. Integumentary muscles - Attached to some parts of the skeleton and inserted on skin.
- 11. Jaw Musculature Arises fromtwo embryonic sources: Hypobranchial -Contributes to the formation of the tongue. Branchiomeric - Derived from somitomeres of the head and supplied by cranial.
- 12. Extrinsic Eyeball Muscles Sixmuscles arises form three different somitomeres: - Superior, inferior and medial rectus (anterior) and inferior oblique muscles arise form the premandibular somitomere (most anterior) supplied by the III cranial nerve - The superior oblique arises from the mandibular somitomere (middle) supplied by the IV cranial nerve - The lateral rectus muscle (posterior) arises from
- 14. 3 TYPES OFMUSCLE TISSUE Striated voluntary muscle tissue ‘skeletal muscle’ Long cylindrical multinucleated cells Sarcoplasm = Parallel rows with alternating light (I-band) and dark (A- band) forming striations Attached to skeleton responsible for voluntary movement.
- 15. Smooth involuntary muscle tissue ‘visceralmuscle’ Elongated cells, tapered ends, nucleus (center) Sarcoplasm = clear Found in internal organs which bring about involuntary movement 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
- 16. Striated involuntary muscle tissue ‘cardiacmuscle’ Linear, branching bundles of fibers joined end to end by intercalated disc Found in walls of heart to bring the involuntary contraction of the organ 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
- 17. 1. Agonist orprime mover – principal mover for specific action ex. Deltoid muscle in abduction of arm 2. Antagonist – opposite movement ex. Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis for deltiod muscle 3. Synergist – stabilize movement of one joint – inhibit undesirable movements ex. brachioradialis and brachialis assist the biceps to create the movement and stabilise the elbow joint. 4. Fixator – fixes position of the limb when movement occurs ex. Biceps and triceps hold shoulder and elbow in position SKELETAL MUSCLE AS TO ACTION
- 18. TYPES OF SKELETALMUSCLES AS TO SPECIFIC FUNCTION 1. Flexor – bend a limb Extensor – straighten a limb or component parts 2. Adductors – draw part toward a median line Abductors – draw part away median line or from neighboring part or limb 3. Pronators – turn or rotate part downwards (axis) Supinators – turn or rotate part forward and upward (axis) ex. (both) – palm of the hand
- 19. 4.Elevator or levator–raise or lift a part Depressors – lower or depress a part ex. Lower jaw 5.Constrictors – draw parts together or compress a space ex. Pharynx and abdomen Dilators – widens an opening or space *Sphincters – constrictors surrounding an opening. ex. Mouth, pylorus, anus
- 20. BASIS IN NAMINGSKELETAL MUSCLES direction of fibers (e.g., oblique) location or position (e.g., superficial) number of divisions (e.g., triceps) shape (e.g., deltoid) origin and/or insertion (e.g., iliocostalis) action (e.g., levator scapulae) size (e.g., major) some combination of these
- 23. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscularsystem of LAMPREYS is more primitive than other vertebrates.
- 24. AXIAL MUSCULATURE 2 divisions: Epaxial(Upper) Hypaxial (Lower) (-) Lateral septum (+) Myomeres (+) Myosepta Each myotome contributes one muscle segment called MYOMERE. The short fibers of the myomeres are inserted on partitions of connective tissues called MYOSEPTA, which lie between successive myomeres. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
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- 26. APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE (-) Pairedappendages (+)Branchial muscles (not prominent) Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 27. The muscles ofJAWED FISHES are more advanced but less complex than TETRAPODS. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 28. AXIAL MUSCULATURE 2 divisions: Epaxial(Upper) Hypaxial (Lower) (+) Lateral septum (+) Myomeres (+) Myosepta MYOMERES become more angled (zig-zag shaped) and are molded into interlocking cones. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
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- 30. Strap-like hypobranchial muscles extend fromthe pectoral girdle to the visceral arches. Serve to open the jaws and pull the gills downward and backward. Evolved from the hypaxial muscles retaining the longitudinal orientation of fibers. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 31. APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE (+) Pairedappendages (evolved with fins) Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Dorsal mass of EXTENSOR: Abductors/Levators Moving the fins UPWARD or FORWARD A series of levators above the pharynx lift the gill bars.
- 32. Ventral mass ofFLEXOR: Adductors/Depressors Moving the fins DOWNWARD or BACKWARD Adductors reduced the internal angles of each visceral arch. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 33. FISHES have 6extrinsic eye muscles: Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 34. Specialized Muscles Electric organs Infish Modified hypaxial muscles Figure 10.17: Electric eel. Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates
- 37. Modified from loweraquatic forms Metameric condition = obscure Trunk reduced in volume
- 39. Do not haveepaxial muscles Their lateral septum is more dorsal in position Myotomes are primitive Muscle fibers still course form one myocommata to the next, The entire epaxial mass formed dorsalis trunci Myotomes – vertically arranged Intersegmental bundles
- 41. Dorsalis trunci become differentiated into intertransversarial musclesbetween the transverse processes and interneural muscles between neural arches
- 42. ADULT URODELES Ventral trunkmuscles Beginning from the outside, there are superficial and deep external oblique (course in posteroventral direction) Internal oblique layer extend in posterodorsal direction Transversus which fibers almost in a vertical position. It lies next to peritoneum
- 43. Reduced the numberof layers in hypaxial trunk muscles Rectus abdominis is large muscle extending from sternum to pubis Myocommata have disappeared from the external oblique and transversus but are retained to some extent in the rectus abdominis as tendinous inscriptions Lastly, the amphibians have muscle that move the to tongue this derived from the hypobranchial muscle
- 46. AXIAL MUSCULATURE Epaxial muscles –functions to extend or straighten the spine and provide some lateral flexion. – lack myosepta and become complex
- 47. AXIAL MUSCULATURE Hypaxial muscles– functions to bend the spine and provides lateral bending. subvertebral group rectus abdominis group lateral group
- 48. APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE more numerousand diverse than in AMPHIBIANS. Intrinsic muscles - quadrupedal locomotion Dorsal extensor Ventral flexor muscles Extrinsic integumentary muscles - inserted on the underside of the dermis.
- 49. Forelimbs -trapezius muscles derivedfrom the branchial musculature -several muscles derived from the axial musculature -most appendicular muscles are derived directly from appendicular muscles of fish ancestors.
- 50. Hindlimbs -dorsal and ventralmuscle groups are again recognized. *caudofemoralis- a prominent flexor of the thigh of Reptiles. Extrinsic eyeball muscles Eyeball can no longer be rotated around its optical axis. *pyramidalis-muscles inserted on the upper lids and nictitating membrane of Reptiles.
- 52. REPTILES is the firstgroup of vertebrates to have INTEGUMENTARY MUSCLES capable of moving the skin. Integumentary muscles Snakes- locomotor apparatus may include separate muscles, the costocutaneous, to move the ventral scutes.
- 55. BIRDS MUSCULAR STRUCTURE Mostbirds have approximately 175 different muscles. The skin muscles help a bird in its flight by adjusting the feathers. Pygostyle (tail muscle) The pectorals, or the breast muscles True Flight thin, stringy muscles of the vertebral column
- 56. THE SUPRACORACOIDEUS WORKSUSING A PULLEY LIKE SYSTEM TO LIFT THE WING WHILE THE PECTORALS PROVIDE THE POWERFUL DOWNSTROKE.
- 59. Epaxial Muscle – lackmyosepta – complex Hypaxial Muscle – same with all tetrapods * subvertebral group – located below transverse process – ventroflexes the spine
- 60. Anterior ribs – enlarged –penetrates external and internal obliques – forms the intercostals muscle – ventilation of the lungs
- 61. Lateral group ofhypaxial muscle: - Serrratus - Levator scapulae - Rhomboideus
- 62. Branchial muscle *Ancestor adductormandibulae of lower vertebrates several muscles in mammals (-) depressor mandibulae Digastric muscle (new muscle) -ventral constrictor of 1st and 2nd arches innervated by 5th and 7th cranial nerves Stapedial muscle Muscle of the larynx
- 65. AXIAL MUSCLES FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILESBIRDS MAMMALS Epaxial (Upper) Solid mass; above the lateral septum Muscle masses subdivided and rearranged into longitudinal muscles Muscle masses subdivided and rearranged into longitudinal muscles Muscle masses subdivided and rearranged into longitudinal muscles Hypaxial (Lower) Solid mass; below the lateral septum 2 outer oblique layers; 1 inner transverse layer; rectus abdominis 2 outer oblique layers and 1 inner transverse layer; rectus abdominis 2 outer oblique layers and 1 inner transverse layer; rectus abdominis Oblique layers are further subdivided, separated by intercostal muscles Septum Transverse/ Lateral septum Dorsally position Linea alba Myotomes Present Present Absent Myosepta Present Present Absent Absent FUNCTION To produce an undulating motion that propels the fish through the water Maintenance of posture, head movement, and respiration Maintenance of posture, head movement, and respiration Maintenance of posture, head movement, and respiration Maintenance of posture, head movement, and respiration Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
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- 70. JAW MUSCLES FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILESBIRDS MAMMALS Branchiomeric Constrictors and levator muscles Associated with mandibular, hyoid and pharyngeal arches Associated with mandibular, hyoid and pharyngeal arches Associated with mandibular, hyoid and pharyngeal arches Highly modified; mandibular, hyoid and pharyngeal arches FUNCTION Breathing and feeding Contribute to larynx (vocalization) and throat Contribute to larynx (vocalization) and throat Contribute to larynx (vocalization) and throat Control vocal functions within larynx Hypobranchial Attached posteriorly to pectoral skeleton Associated with pharyngeal arches Associated with pharyngeal arches Associated with pharyngeal arches Associated with pharyngeal arches FUNCTION Serve to open the jaws and pull the gills downward and backward Movement of the larynx, hyoid apparatus and tongue Movement of the larynx, hyoid apparatus and tongue Movement of the larynx, hyoid apparatus and tongue Movement of the larynx, hyoid apparatus and tongue Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
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- 75. APPENDICULAR MUSCLES FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILESBIRDS MAMMALS Adductor muscles Dorsal; flex fins Ventral; recovery Ventral; recovery Ventral; recovery Ventral; recovery Abductor muscles Ventral; extend fins Dorsal; propulsive Dorsal; propulsive Dorsal; propulsive Dorsal; propulsive Other characteristics Intrinsic muscles are limited in number & undifferentiated Much more complex than in fish More numerous & diverse than in amphibians Intrinsic musculature is reduced Similar to reptiles but more diverse FUNCTION Balance and orientation Support and locomotion Support and locomotion Support and locomotion Support and locomotion Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Recovery Phase - Forward movement and raising of the limb (adduction) – Flexing of arm/leg – Extension of hand/ foot Propulsive Phase - Backward movement of the limb (abduction) – Extension of arm/leg – Flexion of hand/foot
- 76. Muscles responsible for Amphibians ReptilesMammals Forelimb abduction Latissimus dorsi Latissimus dorsi Latissimus dorsi; Trapezius Hindlimb abduction Caudofemoralis Caudofemoralis Caudofemoralis; Biceps femoralis Propulsive Phase:
- 77. INTEGUMANTARY MUSCLES REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS SpecializedMuscles Costo-cutaneous muscles Arrector pilli muscles; patagial muscles Arrector pilli muscles; patagial muscles (bats); mimetic muscles FUNCTION Provide friction for locomotion Aid in flight control Involved in facial expression Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Patagial muscles
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Editor's Notes
- #24 It has a slender eel-like body, of a uniform leaden or blackish color, and with seven purse-shaped gill openings on each side. The mouth is fitted for sucking rather than biting, and with it they attach themselves to the bodies of fishes and feed on their flesh, which they scrape off with their rasp-like teeth.
- #29 MYOMERES become more angled (zig-zag shaped) and are molded into interlocking cones. To extend the action of each myomere over several vertebrae. To assure that muscle fibers can all shorten at equal rates.
- #34 Rectus muscles have their origin close together deep in the posterior part of the orbit. Oblique muscles have their origin deep in the anterior part of the orbit. These muscles are responsible to rotate the eye around the longitudinal and vertical axes of the head.
- #76 Thus, the range of movement of fins is much more limited than that of tetrapod limbs. Appendicular musculature is more complex than that of fishes because the limbs function in both support and locomotion. Better support of body & increased mobility of distal segments of the limbs.