Comp net 2
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This is the second lecture of Advanced Computer Network . The Book is :Computer Networks 4th Ed - by : Andrew S. Tanenbaum
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switching techniques in data communication and networking
This document discusses different types of network switching: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. It describes circuit switching as establishing a dedicated electrical path for communication between two ports. Packet switching breaks communication down into small packets that are routed through the network based on destination addresses. There are two approaches for packet switching - datagram and virtual circuit. Datagram packets can take different paths to the destination while virtual circuit establishes a pre-planned route. Message switching does not establish a dedicated path, and each message is treated independently with the destination address added. The document was submitted by several students to their professor.
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
The slides discuss the techniques used to switch (transfer) information in a networks. Circuit switching, datagram packet switching, and virtual circuits packet switching, are disscused
Switching Techniques
There are two main switching techniques used in communications networks: circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching transmits data in small packets that are routed individually through the network on a non-dedicated basis, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth. The telephone system uses circuit switching while the internet uses packet switching, which is more suitable for data traffic since it allows for variable bandwidth and priority routing.
Message switched
Message switching is a network switching technique where the entire data message is routed from the source node to the destination node through intermediate switches. Each intermediate switch stores the full message until there are sufficient resources to forward it to the next node. If the network is congested, messages are stored until capacity is available. Message switching was used before packet switching but has been largely replaced, though it is still used in some networks due to its store-and-forward efficiency. However, it requires significant storage at each node and can be slow.
Switching Techniques Lecture12,wireless
Switching Nodes:
Intermediate switching device that moves data
Not concerned with content of data
Stations:
End devices that wish to communicate
Each station is connected to a switching node
Communications Network:
A collection of switching nodes
www.amazontedx.com
Switching techniques
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated electrical path between source and destination before data transmission, but it wastes bandwidth if no data is being sent and has high initial delays. Store-and-forward switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently between nodes, allowing more efficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching is commonly used as it offers better delay characteristics than message switching and requires less buffer storage than transmitting full messages.
switching techniques
Circuit switching directly connects the sender and receiver through a dedicated communication path. It has high initial delay but low data delay. Message switching stores and forwards entire messages without dedicated paths, causing some delay. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes, with virtual circuits establishing logical connections and datagrams addressing each packet individually.
Switching techniques
Circuit switching directly connects the sender and receiver through a dedicated physical path. Message switching transmits entire messages from node to node without establishing a dedicated path. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination and are reassembled, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth but introducing complexity.
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switching techniques in data communication and networking
This document discusses different types of network switching: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. It describes circuit switching as establishing a dedicated electrical path for communication between two ports. Packet switching breaks communication down into small packets that are routed through the network based on destination addresses. There are two approaches for packet switching - datagram and virtual circuit. Datagram packets can take different paths to the destination while virtual circuit establishes a pre-planned route. Message switching does not establish a dedicated path, and each message is treated independently with the destination address added. The document was submitted by several students to their professor.
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
The slides discuss the techniques used to switch (transfer) information in a networks. Circuit switching, datagram packet switching, and virtual circuits packet switching, are disscused
Switching Techniques
There are two main switching techniques used in communications networks: circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching transmits data in small packets that are routed individually through the network on a non-dedicated basis, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth. The telephone system uses circuit switching while the internet uses packet switching, which is more suitable for data traffic since it allows for variable bandwidth and priority routing.
Message switched
Message switching is a network switching technique where the entire data message is routed from the source node to the destination node through intermediate switches. Each intermediate switch stores the full message until there are sufficient resources to forward it to the next node. If the network is congested, messages are stored until capacity is available. Message switching was used before packet switching but has been largely replaced, though it is still used in some networks due to its store-and-forward efficiency. However, it requires significant storage at each node and can be slow.
Switching Techniques Lecture12,wireless
Switching Nodes:
Intermediate switching device that moves data
Not concerned with content of data
Stations:
End devices that wish to communicate
Each station is connected to a switching node
Communications Network:
A collection of switching nodes
www.amazontedx.com
Switching techniques
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated electrical path between source and destination before data transmission, but it wastes bandwidth if no data is being sent and has high initial delays. Store-and-forward switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently between nodes, allowing more efficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching is commonly used as it offers better delay characteristics than message switching and requires less buffer storage than transmitting full messages.
switching techniques
Circuit switching directly connects the sender and receiver through a dedicated communication path. It has high initial delay but low data delay. Message switching stores and forwards entire messages without dedicated paths, causing some delay. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes, with virtual circuits establishing logical connections and datagrams addressing each packet individually.
Switching techniques
Circuit switching directly connects the sender and receiver through a dedicated physical path. Message switching transmits entire messages from node to node without establishing a dedicated path. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination and are reassembled, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth but introducing complexity.
Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path or circuit between two endpoints in a network before transmission begins. It requires reserving bandwidth throughout the network for the duration of the connection. A circuit-switched network establishes a physical path and dedicates resources to a single connection. It operates in three phases: circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit disconnection. The public telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
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Circuit switching and packet switching are two methods for transferring data across networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by reserving bandwidth for the duration of the call. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. It allows for more efficient use of bandwidth by allowing packets from multiple messages to share transmission resources.
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Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are sent independently over multiple routes, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated channel for the duration of a call. Packet switching is more efficient for bursty traffic but can lose packets, while circuit switching guarantees delivery but wastes bandwidth for intermittent calls. Both have advantages depending on the application.
Circuit Packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are the two main switching technologies used in communications networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted individually over a network and reassembled at the destination. It provides more efficient use of network bandwidth than circuit switching.
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Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
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Packet-switching networks transfer information as packets that may experience random delays and loss. There are two main approaches: connectionless datagram service which routes packets independently, and connection-oriented virtual circuits which establish paths for packets belonging to a connection. Routing determines the best paths for packets using distributed algorithms that adapt to network changes. Large packet switches use techniques like self-routing, shared memory, and crossbar switches to efficiently route high volumes of packets.
Circuit switch network
1) A switched network consists of interconnected switches that create temporary connections between devices linked to the switch. Multiple cables can connect devices to a switch to enable communication.
2) A switch works by flooding frames to all ports initially, then learning MAC addresses of devices and forwarding subsequent frames only to the relevant port, avoiding collisions. In contrast, a hub only floods frames.
3) A circuit-switched network is a set of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. It establishes a dedicated connection between stations using one or more links and channels. The connection remains for the duration until one party signals teardown.
cuircuit switching
This document summarizes the key differences between packet switching and circuit switching technologies. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that travel independently over networks and are reassembled at their destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of a transmission. Each approach has advantages for certain applications, with packet switching being more scalable and flexible but sometimes less reliable than circuit switching.
Packet Switching
This document defines packet switching and discusses several packet switching technologies. It begins by defining packet switching as dividing messages into packets that can follow different routes to the destination, where they are then recompiled. It then discusses three main packet switching technologies: TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay. It provides details on each technology and notes that Frame Relay was implemented in Malaysia and replaced X.25 for connections within wide area networks.
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This document discusses different methods for allowing one-to-one communication between nodes in large networks, including direct connections, central controllers, and common buses. It focuses on switching networks, which consist of interlinked switches that can create temporary connections between devices. There are three main types of switching networks: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. Packet switching breaks messages into small packets that contain user data and control information and are briefly stored at nodes before being passed to the next node.
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Wide Area Network (WAN) connects local area networks (LANs) over long distances using technologies like leased lines, DSL, frame relay, or VPNs. A WAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN and uses networking devices like routers, switches, and modems. Common WAN technologies include leased lines, DSL, frame relay, cable internet, and SONET. WANs provide connectivity between LANs but usually at slower speeds and lower bandwidth compared to LANs. Security measures for WANs include firewalls, VPNs, and antivirus filtering.
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Circuit switching and packet switching are the two main switching technologies used in communications networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted individually over a network and reassembled at the destination. It provides more efficient use of network bandwidth than circuit switching.
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This document discusses different communication switching techniques for networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between stations but is inefficient for bursty data traffic. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted independently through the network, allowing dynamic sharing of network bandwidth. It supports data rate conversion and priority handling. Packet switching can use either a datagram approach, treating each packet independently, or a virtual circuit approach, pre-establishing routes for packets.
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Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
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The document discusses packet switching and circuit switching in computer networks. It defines packet switching as dividing data into discrete chunks or packets that are sent through the network and shared across network resources. In circuit switching, dedicated circuits are established for each connection, reserving bandwidth for the duration even if not in use. The document also outlines the hierarchical structure of the Internet, made up of tier 1, 2, and 3 ISPs that connect end users and pass traffic through multiple networks of routers and switches.
Unit i packet switching networks
Packet-switching networks transfer information as packets that may experience random delays and loss. There are two main approaches: connectionless datagram service which routes packets independently, and connection-oriented virtual circuits which establish paths for packets belonging to a connection. Routing determines the best paths for packets using distributed algorithms that adapt to network changes. Large packet switches use techniques like self-routing, shared memory, and crossbar switches to efficiently route high volumes of packets.
Circuit switch network
1) A switched network consists of interconnected switches that create temporary connections between devices linked to the switch. Multiple cables can connect devices to a switch to enable communication.
2) A switch works by flooding frames to all ports initially, then learning MAC addresses of devices and forwarding subsequent frames only to the relevant port, avoiding collisions. In contrast, a hub only floods frames.
3) A circuit-switched network is a set of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. It establishes a dedicated connection between stations using one or more links and channels. The connection remains for the duration until one party signals teardown.
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This document summarizes the key differences between packet switching and circuit switching technologies. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that travel independently over networks and are reassembled at their destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of a transmission. Each approach has advantages for certain applications, with packet switching being more scalable and flexible but sometimes less reliable than circuit switching.
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This document defines packet switching and discusses several packet switching technologies. It begins by defining packet switching as dividing messages into packets that can follow different routes to the destination, where they are then recompiled. It then discusses three main packet switching technologies: TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay. It provides details on each technology and notes that Frame Relay was implemented in Malaysia and replaced X.25 for connections within wide area networks.
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Certainly! Let's break down the discussion on data communication into several parts. For a comprehensive understanding, we'll cover the basics, protocols, networking, security, and emerging trends. Each part will provide a more in-depth exploration of the topic.
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IPSec and VPN
IPsec provides the capability to secure communications across a LAN, across private and public WANs, and across the Internet. Examples of its use include:
Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet
Secure remote access over the Internet
Establishing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners
Enhancing electronic commerce security
Convolutional codes
A second important technique in error-control coding is that of convolutional coding . In this type of coding the encoder output is not in block form, but is in the form of an encoded
sequence generated from an input information sequence.
convolutional encoding is designed so that its decoding can be performed in some structured and simplified way. One of the design assumptions that simplifies decoding
is linearity of the code. For this reason, linear convolutional codes are preferred. The source alphabet is taken from a finite field or Galois field GF(q).
Convolution coding is a popular error-correcting coding method used in digital communications.
The convolution operation encodes some redundant information into the transmitted signal, thereby improving the data capacity of the channel.
Convolution Encoding with Viterbi decoding is a powerful FEC technique that is particularly suited to a channel in which the transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by AWGN.
It is simple and has good performance with low implementation cost.
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM allows tightly packed carriers to convey information orthogonally and with high bandwidth efficiency
Objectives Description:
Concepts
Basic idea
Introduction to OFDM
Implementation
Advantages and Drawbacks.
FDMA
Solving QoS multicast routing problem using ACO algorithm
The document discusses using an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve the quality of service (QoS) constrained multicast routing problem. The ACO algorithm is inspired by how real ants find the shortest path to food sources. In the algorithm, artificial ants probabilistically construct multicast trees and update pheromone values on the paths/edges to gradually converge on high quality solutions. The document provides details of the ACO algorithm and gives an example of applying it to find the shortest path between a source and destination node to demonstrate how it works.
Solving QoS multicast routing problem using aco algorithm
In IP multicasting messages are sent from the source node to all destination nodes. In order to meet QoS requirements an optimizing algorithm is needed. We propose an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to do so. Ants release a chemical called pheromone while searching for food. They are capable of finding shortest path to their target. This can give an effective optimal solution to our Multicast Routing Problem.
SNAPDRAGON SoC Family and ARM Architecture
Snapdragon is a family of mobile systems on a chip (SoC) by Qualcomm. Qualcomm considers Snapdragon a "platform" for use in smartphones, tablets, and smartbook devices.
ARM is a family of RISC-based microprocessors and microcontrollers designed by ARM Inc., Cambridge, England.
ARM chips are high-speed processors that are known for their small die size and low power requirements.
Error Detection and Correction - Data link Layer
Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
Some applications can tolerate a small level of error. For example, random errors
in audio or video transmissions may be tolerable, but when we transfer text, we expect
a very high level of accuracy.
At the data-link layer, if a frame is corrupted between the two nodes, it needs to be
corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
simply discard the frame and let the upper-layer protocols handle the retransmission
of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
Introduction to Data-Link Layer
The document introduces the data-link layer, which provides node-to-node communication between devices connected by a link. It describes the services of framing, flow control, error control and congestion control. Links can be either point-to-point between two devices or broadcast where a link is shared. The data-link layer has two sublayers: the data-link control layer and the media access control layer. It also discusses three types of link-layer addresses - unicast, multicast and broadcast - and introduces the Address Resolution Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Comp net 1
This is the first lecture of Advanced Computer Network .
the Book is :Computer Networks 4th Ed - by : Andrew S. Tanenbaum
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Comp net 2
- 1. 5/2/2014 Characteristics of WANs Covers large geographical areas Circuits provided by a common carrier Consists of interconnected switching nodes Traditional WANs provide modest capacity • 64000 bps common • Business subscribers using T1 service – 1.544 Mbps common Higher-speed WANs use optical fiber and transmission technique known as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) • 10s and 100s of Mbps common
- 2. 5/2/2014 Wide Area Networks Alternative technologies • Circuit switching • Packet switching • Frame relay • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
- 3. 5/2/2014 Characteristics of LANs Like WAN, LAN interconnects a variety of devices and provides a means for information exchange among them Traditional LANs • Provide data rates of 1 to 20 Mbps High-speed LANS • Provide data rates of 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps
- 4. 5/2/2014 Differences between LANs and WANs Scope of a LAN is smaller • LAN interconnects devices within a single building or cluster of buildings LAN usually owned by organization that owns the attached devices • For WANs, most of network assets are not owned by same organization Internal data rate of LAN is much greater
- 5. Example Networks The Internet Connection-Oriented Networks: ATM Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11 5/2/2014
- 6. Architecture of the Internet Overview of the Internet 5/2/2014
- 8. The ATM Reference Model 5/2/2014
- 9. Ethernet Architecture of the original Ethernet 5/2/2014
- 10. Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking.
- 11. Modems (a) A binary signal (b) Amplitude modulation (c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Wireless
- 12. Digital Subscriber Lines Bandwidth versus distanced over category 3 UTP for DSL.
- 13. Digital Subscriber Lines Operation of ADSL using discrete multitone modulation A typical ADSL equipment configuration.
- 17. Time Division Multiplexing The T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps)
- 18. Time Division Multiplexing Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers
- 19. 5/2/2014 Techniques Used in Switched Networks Circuit switching • Dedicated communications path between two stations • E.g., public telephone network Packet switching • Message is broken into a series of packets • Each node determines next leg of transmission for each packet
- 20. Circuit Switching (a) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching.
- 21. 5/2/2014 Data sent out of sequence Small size (packets) of data at a time Packets passed from node to node between source and destination Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications Packet Switching
- 22. Message Switching (a) Circuit switching (b) Message switching (c) Packet switching
- 23. Packet Switching A comparison of circuit switched and packet-switched networks.
- 24. 5/2/2014 Effect of Packet Size on Transmission Effect of Packet Size on Transmission time
- 25. Propagation and Transmission Delay Propagation Delay = Distance/Propagation speed Transmission Delay = Message size/bandwidth bps Latency = Propagation delay + Transmission delay + Queueing time + Processing time
- 26. 5/2/2014 Performance comparison Circuit switching Packet switching
- 27. 5/2/2014 Variable vs. Fixed-Length Packets No Optimal Length if small: high header-to-data overhead if large: low utilization for small messages Fixed-Length Easier to Switch in Hardware simpler enables parallelism
- 28. 5/2/2014 Network Criteria Performance Depends on Network Elements Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput Reliability Failure rate of network components Measured in terms of availability/robustness Security Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to: • Errors • Malicious users