These set of slides were presented at the BEP Seminar "Targeting in Development Projects: Approaches, challenges, and lessons learned" held last Oct. 2, 2023 in Cairo, Egypt

1. Targeting in
Development Projects:
Approaches, challenges,
and lessons learned
BEP Seminar Series
02 October 2023

2. Policy and Research Intersection on
Targeting
Bridging Evidence and Policy Seminar Series
Sikandra Kurdi
Egypt Country Program
IFPRI
Cairo | October 2, 2023

3. •Choose targeting approach
•Select specific policy variables
(i.e. cutoffs, weights)
•Communicate approach to
stakeholders
•Evaluate targeting relative to
objectives
•Evaluate relationship between
targeting and impact
•Describe theoretical trade-offs
•Use theory to predict behavioral
responses
•Use data to develop formulas for
predicting poverty or other
characteristics
•Set and prioritize objectives
Policy Research
Policy
Research
Policy/ Research Intersection on Targeting

4. IFPRI Research on Targeting in Egypt
• IFPRI targeting evaluation of Takaful in 2017
• Inclusion and exclusion errors similar to other large scale PMT programs
• Highest exclusion errors in urban areas where outreach had not been
intensive
• Takaful impacts were higher among older households
• Analysis using ELMPS panel data highlights that household PMT score is higher with age
even after controlling for consumption
• Supports recent change in policy to have higher cut-offs for older households
• Ongoing evaluation of overlap in targeting between Takaful and EFB
• EFB impacts are higher on non-Takaful beneficiaries

5. State of the Global Literature on Targeting
Recent literature review Banerjee, Hanna, Olken, Lisker (August 2023)
• Experimentation with new modalities of targeting (remote sensing, telephone data)
• Technical adjustments in PMT some gains from quantile-based regression, machine
learning but not major improvements
• Examine degree to which PMT induces mis-reporting (India, Mexico)
• Degree to which self-selection models create distortions in labor supply (India, US,
Indonesia)
• Compare PMT based targeting/ community-based targeting (Indonesia, Liberia, India,
Malawi, Niger, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire) – generally less effective than PMT, though
some studies find preferred by community and much cheaper
• Future research needed:
• How to improve community-based targeting
• How to improve dynamic targeting

6. Motivations to discuss and research targeting
in Egypt
• Egypt experience can contribute to global literature and regional
literature
• Recent explosion of social protection programming in MENA region
• Policy goals in Egypt:
• Inform targeting of major national programs:
• Takaful and Karama
• Tamween
• Share lessons learned among NGOs to improve targeting of other
development programs
• Understand how Takaful/ Tamween targeting complements targeting by other
development interventions

7. ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬
:
‫واﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﺪروس‬
‫أ‬
.
‫د‬
.
‫ﺷﯾرﯾن‬
‫اﻟﺷوارﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎرك‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾد‬
–
‫اﻷﻋﻣﺎل‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻧﯾل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫وأﺳﺗﺎذ‬
‫وم‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
-
‫اﻟﻘﺎھرة‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

8. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻷرﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻗﺿﺎﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬
‫ﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗوﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎداة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺛﯾرﯾن‬ ‫دﻓﻊ‬
universalism
‫وﺑﺘﻜﺮار‬
‫ﺑـ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرارات‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ‬
:
،‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫اﺗﺳﺎع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺿﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣدى‬
،‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫واﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
‫و‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﻧﺟﺎح‬ ‫ﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛم‬
Steven Devereux. (2019). Targeting. in Schüring, Esther and Markus Loewe. (2021). Eds. Handbook on Social Protection Systems Edited by
Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353836100_Handbook_on_Social_Protection_Systems
Michal Rutkowski, Global Director, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice, The World Bank Group in:

9. ‫اﻟﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬
‫اءة‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
:
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻀﻼت‬
٥۳۹
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
Grosh, Margaret, Phillippe
Leite, Matthew Wai-Poi,
and Emil Tesliuc, editors.
2022.
Revisiting Targeting in
Social Assistance: A New
Look at Old Dilemmas.

10. ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬

11. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬

12. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎرض‬ ‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬

13. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋم‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻل‬
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎرض‬
‫ﻘوض‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬

14. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋم‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻل‬
.
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرور‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻖ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻﻠوا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧوا‬ ‫ﺳواء‬ ،‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.
‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎرض‬
‫ﻘوض‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬

15. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋم‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻل‬
.
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرور‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻖ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻﻠوا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧوا‬ ‫ﺳواء‬ ،‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.
‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎرض‬
‫ﻘوض‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬
‫و‬ ،‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﻟدﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟوﺻ‬
‫ﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾزاﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫واﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬

16. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋم‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻل‬
.
‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬
‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺛرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛروة‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻰ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن‬
:
"
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‬
) "
‫ﻣﺎرﻛس‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.(
‫اﻟﻔﻛري‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرور‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻖ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺻﻠوا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧوا‬ ‫ﺳواء‬ ،‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.
‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎرض‬
‫ﻘوض‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬
‫واﻟوﺻﻣﺔ‬ ،‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﻟدﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬
‫وﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ،‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
politics
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾزاﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫واﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫وﻓﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎس‬ ‫أﻓﻘر‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻠﮭم‬
‫ﺣدﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘرا‬ ‫اﻷﻗل‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬
marginally
less poor
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺞ‬

17. ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
:
‫اﻹطﻼق؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
•
‫ﯾ‬
‫ﻌﺗﻣ‬
‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫د‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫أو‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗ‬ ‫وأھداف‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻛﺎن‬ ‫وﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫دﺧل‬
.
•
‫وﯾدﻋو‬
Deverreux
‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ،‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫اﺗﺑﺎع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎدئ‬
:
(1
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎواة‬ ‫ﻣﺑدأ‬
:
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟوﺻول‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﻟﻘدرة‬
‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺑل‬ ،‫اﻟدﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻧ‬‫ﻣﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺗوﻓﯾرھﺎ‬
.
(2
‫اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑدأ‬
:
‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺟﻊ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻣﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻻدﺧﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫ردي‬
‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎرﺋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻣدﻓوﻋﺎت‬
/
‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎت‬
‫ﻻﺷﺗراﻛﺎت‬
.
(3
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑدأ‬
:
‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘدم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﻛﺣﻖ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬
)
‫ﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬
(

18. ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت‬

19. ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﻓﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
•
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف؟‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬
•
‫اﻵﻟﯾﺎت؟‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أﺧطﺎء‬

20. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﻟﻣن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
:
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫أﻓراد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ‬
•
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋم‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
‫أﻧﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدون‬
‫ﺳﮭم‬
•
‫ذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬
•
‫ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬
•
‫ﻓﺋوي‬
:
،‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬ ،‫ﺳن‬
‫ﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺣوال‬
•
‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
MT
•
‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎراﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‬
PMT

21. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟرﻓﺎھﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺋوي‬
•
‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬
)
‫ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬
(
•
‫ﺳن‬
•
‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬
•
‫ﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺣوال‬
•
‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
MT
•
‫اﻟﮭﺟﯾن‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
HTM
•
‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎراﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‬
PMT

22. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
۰
‫واﻟوﺟﺎھﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
prestige
‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
:
‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺢ‬
/
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬
‫اﻟرﻓﺎھﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺋوي‬
•
‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬
)
‫ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬
(
•
‫ﺳن‬
•
‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬
•
‫ﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺣوال‬
•
‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
MT
•
‫اﻟﮭﺟﯾن‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
•
‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎراﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‬
PMT

23. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﻣراﻋﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل‬
‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
۰
‫واﻟوﺟﺎھﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
prestige
‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
:
‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺢ‬
/
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬
‫اﻟرﻓﺎھﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺋوي‬
•
‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬
)
‫ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬
(
•
‫ﺳن‬
•
‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬
•
‫ﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺣوال‬
•
‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
MT
•
‫اﻟﮭﺟﯾن‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
•
‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎراﻟوﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‬
PMT
‫اﻟﮭدف‬
•
‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬
/
‫اﻟﻼﻣﺳﺎواة؟‬
•
‫ﻣﺣددة؟‬ ‫ﻓﺋﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫دﻋم‬
•
‫ﻟﺻدﻣﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ‬
•
‫اﻟﺗﻘ‬ ‫واﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻧﯾﺔ؟‬
•
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎواة؟‬ ‫ﻋدم‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫؟‬
•
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻋﺗﺑﺎرات‬
‫اﻵﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬

24. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
1
(
‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺗرﺗب‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﻧوﻋﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻷﺧطﺎء‬
:
‫اﻹدراج‬ ‫ﺧطﺄ‬
:
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎﺟون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫ﻷوﻟﺋك‬ ‫ﻓواﺋد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺢ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺧطﺄ‬
:
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎﺟون‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫ﻋدم‬
.
،‫اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﻗرار‬ ‫اﺗﺧﺎذ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣدي‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺄﻗل‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬
.
‫ﯾﻧطوي‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
‫ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺿﺎت‬
‫ﺑﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﺎﺟﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬
)
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
:
‫اﻻ‬ ‫أﺧطﺎء‬ ‫أدﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫واﻹدﻣﺎج‬
(
‫و‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬
)
‫واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارﯾﺔ‬
(
‫ﻗﯾود‬ ‫ﺣدود‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،
‫واﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾزاﻧﯾﺔ‬
.

25. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
1
(
‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
•
‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫واﻟﻌﯾوب‬ ‫اﻟﻘوة‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫ﺑﮭﺎ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫وﻻ‬
"
‫اﻟطرﯾ‬
‫ﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺛل‬
"
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫وﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
)
‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
(
‫ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
100
%
‫ن‬
‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬
:
•
‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
:
‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫إدرا‬ ‫ﺧطﺄ‬
،‫ﻣرﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾﻔﮫ‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫ﺻﻔر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫وﺧطﺄ‬
•
‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
PMT
:
‫واﺟﺗ‬ ‫إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،‫ﻣرﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺧطﺄ‬ ‫اﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔض‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫ﺧطﺄ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻔروﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫ﺣدود‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وإن‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﯾ‬‫ﺟﻐراﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﺻﺎرم‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻓﻧﯾﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻗرار‬ ‫وﻟﯾس‬ ،‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﯾﺎر‬ ‫ھو‬
.

26. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
1
(
‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
‫أن‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدﺑﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗؤﻛد‬
:
•
‫اﻵﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺑر‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺑﺎﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أﺧطﺎء‬
:
‫ﻣﻧﮭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﻗل‬ ‫ﺗﻛن‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺧطﺎء‬
‫ﻟواﺣدة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫أﺧرى‬ ‫أو‬
.
•
80
%
‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺑﺎﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬
20
%
‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬
.
‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣدد‬ ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫وھذا‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺟودة‬ ‫ﻣدى‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
.
•
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﺿل‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫واﺣدة‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
-
‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣل‬
‫اﻵﻟﯾ‬ ‫ﻣواءﻣﺔ‬
‫أھداف‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟطﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
.

27. PMT
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻹدﻣﺎج‬ ‫أﺧﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻞ‬

28. PMT
‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺠﺢ‬
‫ﻘﺮ‬
-
-

29. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
1
(
‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
•
‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻹﺳﺗﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻛ‬‫وإدرا‬
‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫ﻗدم‬ ،
Slater and Farrington (2010)
"
‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أداة‬
‫اﻟﺟﯾد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﮭداف‬
"
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻠﺧص‬
:
•
‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣوﯾﻼت‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬
Appropriate
)
‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫أھداف‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺎھم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
(
،
•
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻼ‬
Achievable
)
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‬ ‫وﻗدرات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫ﺿوء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
(
•
‫ﻣﻘﺑوﻻ‬
Acceptable
)
‫وﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑدﻋم‬ ‫ﯾﺣظﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
.(
•
‫ھذه‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫وﻧظر‬
"
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬
"
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻐﯾر‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺿ‬‫أﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج‬
‫ﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗظم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫واﻟرأي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﻗدرات‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫أھداف‬
.
Slater, R. and J. Farrington (2010). Appropriate, achievable and acceptable: A practical tool for good targeting. Social Protection Toolsheet: Targeting Social Transfers. London: ODI.

30. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
1
(
‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
‫ا‬
‫اﻟﻣراﺣل‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌدد‬ ‫ﺳﺗﮭداف‬
•
‫ﻧﮭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫آﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻋدة‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗطﻠب‬ ‫اﻷﺣﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌدد‬ ‫ﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻣراﺣل‬
.
•
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﻛراﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻓل‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ،‫ﻣﺛﻼ‬ ،
‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫اﻷﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرى‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد‬
‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻘر‬
‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ؛‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
PMT
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻠوﺻول‬
‫ﻓﺋﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬
:
‫اﻷ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫اﻷﺳر‬
،‫طﻔﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻣؤھﻠﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫وأﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺳﻧﯾن‬
.
‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧوع‬ ‫ﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾ‬ ‫ﻟزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻷھﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗواﺋم‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﻼن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺔ‬
.

31. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
2
(
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
•
‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘراء‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺗواﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧطﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت‬ ‫أﺣد‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد‬
‫وارد‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻗت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳرﯾﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،
)
‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋدا‬
‫اﻟﻣزﻣﻧﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘراء‬
:
‫اﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫وأﺻﺣﺎب‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺳﻧون‬
.(
•
‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت‬ ‫إن‬
-
‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘراء‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ووﻗوع‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘراء‬ ‫ﺧروج‬
-
‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﺟراء‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺟرد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗدﯾﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫اﻷﻏﻧﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳر‬ ‫ﺗرﺗﯾب‬
‫ف‬
.
•
‫ﻋ‬ ‫وﺗﺗزاﯾد‬ ،‫اﻟﻔور‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺑدأ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻹدﻣﺎج‬ ‫أﺧطﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫دم‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗوﻓر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑدء‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬
‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺟدﯾدة‬
.
•
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻛرر‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫وﺗﻧطوي‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫واﻟﺗﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟدﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺄﻟوﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﯾف‬
.

32. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
3
(
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬
•
‫ﺳﯾﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﯾزﯾد‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟوﺻﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻌﺎر‬
‫اﻟذي‬
،‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎرھم‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدون‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻌر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﯾﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻌر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫أﻓراد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدﯾن‬ ‫ﺿد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺑﻌدون‬
.
•
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫وﺗﻛون‬
‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ﺗﻌﺳﻔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫واﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎدھم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدﯾن‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺑدو‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واﺳﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬
.
•
‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫وإﻗﺻﺎء‬ ‫اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﺗرات‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺳوء‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﺿد‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻧف‬ ‫اﻟﺟرﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺗﻰ‬ ،‫اﻷﺳر‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎل‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫وﺗﺂﻛل‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدﯾن‬
.

33. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
4
(
‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬
"
‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ‬
"
•
‫ﯾﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﺿد‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟﺔ‬
"
‫اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺣواﻓز‬
) "
incentives for
adverse behaviors
(
•
‫اﻟﻣزا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄھل‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻗل‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫وﺛرواﺗﮭم‬ ‫دﺧﻠﮭم‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺑﻼغ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﻗد‬
‫أو‬ ،‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣؤھﻠﯾن‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫إﺟراءات‬ ‫اﺗﺧﺎذ‬ ‫ﻋﻣدا‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺟﻧﺑون‬
.
•
‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك‬
"
‫اﻟﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻼزﻣﺔ‬
) "
dependency syndrome
(
‫اﻟﺑﻠدان‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬
.

34. ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟدروس‬

35. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
•
‫ﻣوازﻧﺗﮭ‬ ‫وﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺑول‬ ‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫رﻏم‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫أﻣس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ھم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫ﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳب‬
.
•
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫واﻷﺧطﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳب‬ ‫ﺗزن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
.
•
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﯾﺎق‬ ‫اﻷھداف‬ ‫ﺗؤﺛر‬
.
‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﺣد‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧطﺑﻖ‬
.
‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
"
‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫واﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬
"
•
‫ا‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ،‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫أﻣر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌد‬
‫ﻟﺑراﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﻔﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ،‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬
.
•
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﻌ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫أﻣر‬ ‫اﻷھﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻌل‬ ‫واﻟﺻدﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت‬ ‫إن‬
.
‫ﺗﻛو‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬
‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻏﯾرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣروﻧﺔ‬
.
•
‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣ‬‫داﺋ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﯾظل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬
.
•
‫اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘدم‬ ‫إن‬
-
‫ا‬ ‫واﻟذﻛﺎء‬ ،‫اﻟﺿﺧﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ،‫واﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬
،‫ﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻌﻠم‬
-
‫ﺳﺣرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺷر‬
.
‫ﺗﻛو‬ ‫ﻗد‬
‫اﻷﻓﺿل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ن‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗدﻻل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬
.

38. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻼﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
•
‫ﻣوازﻧﺗﮭ‬ ‫وﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺑول‬ ‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫رﻏم‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫أﻣس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ھم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوارد‬ ‫ﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳب‬
.
•
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬ ‫واﻷﺧطﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳب‬ ‫ﺗزن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬
.
•
‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﯾﺎق‬ ‫اﻷھداف‬ ‫ﺗؤﺛر‬
.
‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﺣد‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧطﺑﻖ‬
.
‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
"
‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫واﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬
"
•
‫ا‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ،‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫أﻣر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌد‬
‫ﻟﺑراﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﻔﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ،‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدرات‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬
.
•
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﻌ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫أﻣر‬ ‫اﻷھﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻌل‬ ‫واﻟﺻدﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت‬ ‫إن‬
.
‫ﺗﻛو‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬
‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻏﯾرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣروﻧﺔ‬
.
•
‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣ‬‫داﺋ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫ﯾظل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬
.
•
‫اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘدم‬ ‫إن‬
-
‫ا‬ ‫واﻟذﻛﺎء‬ ،‫اﻟﺿﺧﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ،‫واﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬
،‫ﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻌﻠم‬
-
‫ﺳﺣرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﮭداف‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺷر‬
.
‫ﺗﻛو‬ ‫ﻗد‬
‫اﻷﻓﺿل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ن‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗدﻻل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬
.

41. ‫اﻟﻣﺻري‬ ‫اﻟطﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬
‫اﻟﻤ��وع‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬة‬
:
�
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬- ‫اﻟﻣﻌﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرأة‬ ‫ﻣﺷروع‬
‫اﺳﺘﻬﺪاف‬
‫ا��ﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎق‬

42. ‫ڣ‬
‫ﭘ‬
�
–
–
–
–
�‫ﭥ‬
‫ڣ‬
‫ﭘ‬
‫ﭬ‬‫ڣ‬
‫ڣ‬ ‫ڥ‬
�
‫ﭫ‬
‫ﭘ‬
‫ڣڥ‬
‫ڣ‬ ‫ڣ‬
�
‫ﭬ‬
‫ﭘ‬
‫ڣ‬ ‫ڣ‬
�
‫ﭭ‬
‫ﭘ‬
‫ڣڥ‬
�
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮأة‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

43. ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
–
‫اﻟﻣﺻري‬ ‫اﻟطﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬
‫واﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ا��ﺳﺘﻬﺪاف‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎرات‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟ��ﻳﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ا��ﺳﺘﻬﺪاف‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺛ��ﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ا��ﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

44. 



‫اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ا��ﺳﺘﻬﺪاف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬
‫وا��ﻧﻔﺎق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﺪروس‬

45. From: Brown, Ravaillon, and van de Walle (2016)
Correct
excluded
Correct
beneficiaries
Inclusion
error
Exclusion
error
• Exclusion error: proportion of poor who
are not included
• Inclusion error: proportion of included
who are not poor
• Coverage: the share of the population
targeted

46. From: Brown, Ravaillon, and van de Walle (2016)
Inclusion
error
Exclusion
error
• Exclusion error: proportion of poor who
are not included
• Inclusion error: proportion of included
who are not poor
• Coverage: the share of the population
targeted
Increasing cut-off decreases exclusion
error, increases share of population
receiving benefits, but increases
inclusion error

47. From: Brown, Ravaillon, and van de Walle (2016)
Correct
Correct
Inclusion
error
Exclusion
error
• Exclusion error: proportion of poor who
are not included
• Inclusion error: proportion of included
who are not poor
• Coverage: the share of the population
targeted
Increasing cut-off decreases exclusion
error, increases share of population
receiving benefits, but increases
inclusion error
The trade-off in exclusion error vs. inclusion error as
you change coverage rate depends on the where
you are in the distribution
If coverage rates are very low (orange) there can be
a lot of reduction in exclusion error without too
much concern about inclusion error increasing

48. From: Brown, Ravaillon, and van de Walle (2016)
Correct
Correct
Inclusion
error
Exclusion
error
• Exclusion error: proportion of poor
who are not included
• Inclusion error: proportion of included
who are not poor
More accurate targeting reduces trade-off between
exclusion error and inclusion error…
But may have higher data/ administrative costs