This is the first of a series of presentations prepared to give the students an overview of the classes of words in the English language.
We start off with nouns. In part one, we will cover the following topics:
• Types of words
• What is a noun?
• The difference between common and proper nouns
• The difference between concrete and abstract nouns
English Words: The Building Blocks of English Grammar (B1)Masih Sadat
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A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. It is one of the fundamental parts of speech in English and plays a crucial role in constructing sentences and expressing meaning. Nouns can be concrete or abstract.
Concrete nouns refer to tangible objects that can be perceived by the senses, such as "dog," "table," or "book." Abstract nouns, on the other hand, represent concepts, qualities, or ideas that cannot be physically experienced, such as "love," "happiness," or "freedom."
Nouns can function in various ways within a sentence. They can serve as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb or preposition, or as a complement to a linking verb. Additionally, nouns can be singular or plural, and they can be further classified into categories like proper nouns (referring to specific names of people, places, or things) and common nouns (referring to general, non-specific entities).
Here are some examples of nouns in sentences:
"John (proper noun) is reading a book (common noun)."
"The cat (common noun) is sleeping on the mat (common noun)."
"Sheila (proper noun) loves playing the piano (common noun)."
In these examples, "John," "book," "cat," "mat," "Sheila," and "piano" are all nouns that represent people, things, or ideas.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Common Nouns
the general name of a person, place, animal,
thing and idea.
Classifications of Common Nouns
Count and Non-Count Nouns
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Collective and Compound Nouns
3. are nouns that can be counted. They have
singular and plural forms. A singular count
noun must have a determiner.
Determiner - is a modifier of a noun that
provides more information about the noun
such as how much and by whom.
Count Nouns (Countable
Nouns)
5. Examples
Count noun: doctor
Sentence: I have to see my doctor to get the medical test
results.
Count noun: pencil
Sentence: This pencil belongs to Jean.
Count noun: cockroach
Sentence: I saw a cockroach inside the pantry.
Count noun: town
Sentence: Typhoon Yolanda hit several towns in Leyte.
6. Non-count Nouns (Uncountable or Mass
Nouns)
are nouns that are not countable. It has no
plural form. They are quantified by a word that
signifies amount.
Some quantifiers that will work with mass
nouns are: Quantifiers
not much
a little
a bit of
a good deal of
a great deal of
7. Example
Mass noun: sugar
Sentence: There’s not much sugar in the
canister.
Mass noun: advice
Sentence: Collin gave him a bit of advice to
solve his problem.
8. There are quantifiers that will work with both
count and non-count nouns.
Quantifiers
all of the
some
most of the
enough
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
9. Example
Count noun: bird
Sentence: We saw a lot of birds flying in the park.
Mass noun: money
Sentence: There’s a lot of money in his pocket.
Count noun: seat
Sentence: There are enough seats for the participants who will
join the convention.
Mass noun: food
Sentence: There is enough food for the parishioners.
10. Concrete Nouns
are nouns that we cannot see, hear, smell, taste and touch. These
include persons, animals, places and objects. An example of this is
pizza – it registers with our senses. You can see, touch, smell and
taste it.
Examples:
Concrete noun: gun
Sentence: Three guns were confiscated from the students after the
incident,
Concrete noun: customer
Sentence: An upset customer was given a compensation for being
misled by the sales person.
11. Abstract Nouns
are nouns that are not tangible. They are not
perceivable by the 5 senses. These include state
of mind, qualities, ideas, conditions and events.
Examples:
Events: vacation, childhood, war
State of mind: courage, grief, anger
Qualities: truth, kindness, beauty
Ideas: democracy, energy, luck
Conditions: diabetes, cancer, flu
12. There are abstract nouns that cannot be
pluralized.
Examples of these are the following:
education
hospitality
chaos
In terms of quantifiers and words that precede
these words, what we say about the non-count
nouns, above, can be said about abstract nouns.
13. Example
Abstract Noun: courage
Sentence: Your courage was unbelievable
during those tough times.
Abstract Noun: memory
Sentence: Our memories in California are truly
priceless.
14. Collective Nouns
are nouns which refer to a group of people, animals or things. These nouns
take a singular verb when all members of the group are performing an
action as a unit.
Examples:
Collective noun: staff
Sentence: The staff thinks new ideas to increase their production.
Collective noun: a colony of ants
Sentence: A colony of ants is found inside Gavin’s room where he left candy
wrappers.
We can use a plural verb when all members of the collective noun are
performing an action as individuals:
15. Example
Collective noun: cast
Sentence: The cast are rehearsing their lines for their
upcoming movie.
In many cases, it may sound more natural to make the
subject plural in form by adding a word like “members”.
Collective noun: team
Sentence: The team members work until midnight to present
the output the following day.
Collective noun: family
Sentence: Our family members pray the rosary for the early
recovery of Aunt Jean.
16. Compound Nouns
are nouns that are consist of 2 or more words
to form a single noun. There are three forms
for compound nouns:
1. Open or spaced - written as separate words
(ex. buko juice, turn off)
2. Hyphenated - words linked by a hyphen (ex.
father-in-law, check-in)
3. Closed or solid - one word (ex. butterfly,
basketball)
17. Other Combinations
WORD MEANING USED IN A SENTENCE
noun + noun water tank a container for
storing water
A water tank is the
needed in their
community for safe
drinking water,
agricultural farming and
fire
suppression.
noun + verb sunrise the rise or ascent
of the sun above
the horizon in the
morning.
It's a beautiful
experience to see the
sunrise from the
mountaintop.
noun + verb
(ing)
housekeeping it is the
management of
duties and
chores involved in
TESDA offers
scholarships for those
who are interested to
undergo the training for
18. Other Combinations
WORD MEANING USED IN A SENTENCE
verb (ing) + noun washing machine is a machine to wash
laundry, such as
clothing and sheets.
She will buy a washing
machine to start her laundry
business.
verb +
preposition
check-out the time by which a
hotel room must be
vacated to avoid
another day's charge.
Remember that check-out is at
12 noon so pack your things as
soon as possible.
adjective + noun blackboard a green or black panel
usually found in a
classroom for writing
or drawing on with
chalk
She wrote the scientific
formula
on the blackboard
