Nouns can be classified into several types including proper nouns, common nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns, compound nouns, and predicate nouns. Adjectives are used to describe nouns and can be classified as descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative, possessive, or comparative. Pronouns are used in place of nouns and include personal, possessive, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and indefinite pronouns.

1. NOUNS
Definition and types

2. Noun - Definition
A noun is a word, which is used as
the name of a person, animal,
place, bird, idea, emotion or thing.

3. Types of Noun
Proper Nouns
Countable/Uncountable
Nouns
Common Noun
Concrete
Predicate
Plural Nouns
Compound Nouns
Collective Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Gerunds

4. Proper Noun
Proper nouns have two distinct features: They name
specific one-of-a-kind items, and they begin with capital
letters, no matter where they occur within a sentence.
There is no article in front of proper nouns except The
Jones (Jone’s family) and The Jones must be written in
plural form. The United States the word “States” is in plural
form.
Another exception like The Pacific Ocean, The Sahara, The
Vatican, The White House.

5. Examples of Proper Noun
People : Thompson, Joseph, John, Jane, Jason
Animals : Monkey, Cow, Buffalo, Cat
Things : IKEA office furniture, Toyota, Honda
Places : KMUTT, Bangkok, Thailand, Australia
Time : January, Saturday, Christmas

6. Common Noun
A common noun is a name given in common to
every person or thing of the same class or kind.
These are the common nouns for things.
People : Man, Woman, Male, Female, Boy, Girl
Animals : Ant, Elephant, Bird, Cat, Dog
Things : Table, Chair, Desk, Television, Door
Places : Building, Park, Stadium, School, Company
Emotion : Fear, Love, Hate
Time : Minute, Hour, Year

7. Countable Noun
Countable Noun is noun that you can count them in
number. It may or may not have a shape.
Shape : Dog, Chair, Table, Student, Door
No Shape: Day, Month, Year, Journey
Activity : Job, Assignment
Q: Countable Nouns, Singular or plural ?
A: Countable Nouns have 2 forms
Singular : Dog, Country, Day, Year
Plural : Dogs, Countries, Days, Years

8. Singular Countable Nouns
They must have determiner or article in front of
them.
I want an orange.
Where is the book ?
Do you want to watch this movie ?

9. Plural Countable Nouns
The determiner or article depends on the situation.
I like to water the flowers.
Cats are adorable pets.
I want those books on the table.

10. Examples of Countable Noun
There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.
Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the
Grand Canyon.
Your book is on the kitchen table.
How many candles are on that birthday cake?
You have several paintings to study in art
appreciation class.
There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.

11. Uncountable Noun
Uncountable Noun is noun that you can’t count in
number directly. It can be a very small thing or a
very big thing.
Thing= Milk, Sugar, Salt, Furniture
Emotion= Anger, Happiness, Knowledge
Language = English, German, Spain
Subject = Mathematics, Physics
Activity = Swimming, Eating
Other = News, Money, Mail, Work, Gossip, Education,
Weather, Research, Traffic, Breakfast, Permission

12. Uncountable Noun (Contd.)
Q: Uncountable Nouns, Singular or plural ?
A: Uncountable Nouns have 2 forms
Most of uncountable nouns must be written in singular form
and without article.
I have bread and butter for my breakfast.
We cannot live without air and water.
If uncountable nouns act as the subject of the sentence, it
must be followed by the singular Verb to be.
Butter is one of diary product.
Butter and cheese are made from milk.

13. Q: How can we count the uncountable nouns ?
A: Simply add “the container” in front of uncountable
nouns
A cup of coffee.
Two glasses of water.
A tablespoon of sugar.
A set of furniture.
Uncountable Noun (Contd.)

14. Examples of Uncountable Noun
There is no more water in the pond.
Please help yourself to some cheese.
I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.
You seem to have a high level of intelligence.
Please take good care of your equipment.
Let’s get rid of the garbage.

15. Nouns that can both be countable
and uncountable
Some of the nouns can be countable and uncountable
for example :
Glass :
Please give me a glass of water.
That container is made of glass.
Where are my glasses ?
Paper :
I read two papers every morning.
These flowers are made of paper.
Show me your paper.

16. Compound Noun
A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two
or more words. Most compound nouns in English are
formed by nouns modified by other nouns or
adjectives
Noun + Noun = Bed + Room = Bedroom
Verb + Noun = Swimming + Pool = Swimming Pool
Preposition + Noun = Under + Ground = Underground
Noun + Verb = Hair + Cut = Haircut

17. Compound Noun (Contd.)
There’re 3 ways to write a compound noun.
Write 2 words together.
- Toothpaste, Bedroom, Blackboard
Write 2 words separate by hyphen.
- Six-Pack, Mother-in-law
Write 2 word separately
- Swimming pool, Full moon, Tool box.

18. Collective Noun
A collective noun is noun that is used to name
something that is formed in group or in collection.
Structure :
Collective noun + of + common noun
They are names of collections or the word that use
for define a groups of objects.
People = A crowd of people
Animals = A swarm of bees
Places = A union of countries
Things = A network of computers

19. Collective Noun (Contd.)
Usually examples for collective nouns are given in a phase
form.
A bunch of grapes
A swarm of bees
The words bunch and swarm are collective nouns
The words grapes and bees are not.
There’re 2 forms of collective noun - Singular and Plural
The average British family has 3.6 members.
The family are always fighting among themselves.

20. Examples of Collective Noun
an army of soldiers a gang of thieves
a bevy of
beauties/girls a horde of savages
a band of musicians a host of angels
a band of robbers a line of kings/rulers
a board of directors a mob of rioters
a body of men a group of dancers
a bunch of crooks a group of singers
a caravan of gypsies a pack of rascals
a choir of singers a pack of thieves
a class of pupils a party of friends

21. Examples of Collective Noun
a congregation of
worshippers a staff of servants
a crew of sailors a staff of teachers
a crowd of spectatorsa team of players
a crowd of people a tribe of natives
a dynasty of kings a troop of scouts
a galaxy of beautiful
women a troupe of artistes
a galaxy of film stars a troupe of dancers
a gang of crooks a troupe of performers
a gang of prisoners a party of friends
a gang of robbers

22. Abstract Noun
Abstract nouns are words that name things that are
not concrete. Your five physical senses cannot
detect an abstract noun – you can’t see it, smell it,
taste it, hear it, or touch it. In essence, an abstract
noun is a quality, a concept, an idea, or maybe even
an event.
Abstract nouns and concrete nouns are usually
defined in terms of one another.

23. Abstract Noun (Contd.)
Abstract Nouns from Verb
Decision – To decide
Thought – To think
Imagination – To imagine
Speech - To speak
Growth - To grow
Abstract Nouns from
Adjective
Beauty - Beautiful
Poverty - Poor
Vacancy - Vacant
Happiness - Happy
Wisdom - Wise
Abstract Nouns from Nouns
Friendship - Friend
Childhood - Child

24. Concrete Noun is opposite to abstract noun.
Actually Concrete noun is similar to Common
noun.
A concrete noun refers to things with physical
properties.
This noun can be sensed using one of our five
senses.
Examples: paper, sun, light, chair, people
Concrete Noun

25. Predicate noun is a noun that follows verb “to be”.
It is used to define the subject.
He is a mathematician. (Mathematician is
predicate noun)
We are engineers. (Engineers is predicate noun)
She is a Prime Minster. (Prime Minster is a
predicate noun)
Predicate Noun

26. Gerunds
Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns
The gerund is a common part of speech that most of us use every
day, whether we know it or not.
Examples
Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon’s passion since she was
five years old.
Let’s go dancing at the club tonight.
Dreaming is an act at the subconscious level.
Holly decided that flying above the clouds was the most incredible
experience she’d ever had.
Bill avoided doing his math assignment because the World Series
was on.

27. Pronouns

28. Definition
 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group
of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun.
 The word or words that a pronoun replaces is called the
antecedent.
 The pronoun must match the antecedent in number and
gender.

29. Types:
 Personal
 Possessive
 Reflexive
 Intensive
 Demonstrative
 Interrogative
 Relative
 Indefinite

30. Personal
 Refer to a specific person or thing by indicating the person
speaking, the person being addressed, or any other person
or thing being discussed
 Cases:
Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

31. Possessive
 Used to indicate possession
or ownership
 Singular
 My, mine
 Your, yours
 His, her, hers,
its
 Plural
 Our, ours
 Your, yours
 Their, theirs

32. Reflexive
 Refers or reflects back to a
noun or pronoun already
mentioned
 Add new information
 Cannot be removed from the
sentence
 Singular
Myself
Yourself
Himself, herself,
itself
 Plural
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

33. I consider myself to be a great student.
Reflexive
pronoun
antecedent

34. Intensive
 Add emphasis
 Can be removed from the
sentence
 Singular
Myself
Yourself
Himself, herself,
itself
 Plural
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

35. Mom drove me to school herself.
Intensive
pronoun
Antecedent

36. Demonstrative
 Point out specific persons,
places, things, or ideas
 Singular
This (near)
That (far)
 Plural
 these (near)
 those (far)That is my car.
Those are his shoes.

37. Interrogative
 Used to form questions
Who
Whom
Whose
What
Which
Whose jacket is this?
Which of those girls do you
like?

38. Relative
Used to begin a special subject-verb word
group called a subordinate clause.
Who, whoever
Whose
Whom, whomever
That
Which, whichever
What, whatever
Whoever borrowed my
book needs to return it.

39. `
All Either Much Others
Another Enough Neither Plenty
Any Everybody Nobody Several
Anybody Everyone None Some
Anything Few Nothing Someone

40. Review Pronouns:
 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun
 The word replaced is called the antecedent
 The pronoun must match its antecedent in number and
gender
 Pronouns make English easier

41. Adjectives
Types and Usage

42. Placement of Adjective
 Before a noun
-- She has a beautiful handwriting
 After a verb
-- Her handwriting is beautiful

43. Types
Descriptive adjective or adjective of quality
These adjectives describe nouns that refer to action, state, or quality
dangerous chemicals
green vegetables
a square box
a big house
a tall tree
a cold morning
a true story
English language
Mediterranean country.

44. Types (Contd.)
Adjective of quantity
An adjective of quantity tells us the number (how many) or amount
(how much) of a noun.
He has eaten three apples.
I don’t have much money.
There is so much wine for the guests.
This long, thin centipede has many legs.

45. Types (Contd.)
Demonstrative adjective
A demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those) shows the noun it
modifies is singular or plural and whether the position of the noun is
near or far from the person who is speaking or writing. A
demonstrative adjective also points out a fact about the noun.
This red balloon is mine and those three yellow ;ones are yours.
This cute baby is his brother. That cute baby is his sister.
These two fat cats have tails, but that thin cat doesn’t have a tail.

46. Types (Contd.)
Possessive adjectives/pronouns
Singular Plural
my Our
your Your
his Their
her their
its their
Possessive adjective
A possessive adjective expresses possession of a noun by someone or
something. Possessive adjectives are the same as possessive
pronouns. All the possessive adjectives are listed in the following table:
Examples of possessive
adjectives/pronouns:
I spent my afternoon cleaning the toilet.
This must be your cap.
His arms have a few tattoos.
Its skin is dry and rough.
Our grandmothers were classmates.

47. Adjectives as Noun
Some adjectives are used as nouns to describe groups of
people. Each of these groups follows the determiner the
(definite article).
There are the blind, the deaf, the elderly, the homeless,
the old, the rich, the sick, the young, etc.
Examples:
The injured were in the thousands.
Every year, millions join the ranks of the unemployed
worldwide.
There seems to have no plans to provide cheap housing
for the homeless.

48. Degree of comparison
Adjectives of one syllable
Adjectives of one syllable add -er and -est.
Adjectives ending on 'e' just add -r and -st.
Some adjectives double the final consonant.
Example: Small, Warm, Old, Nice, Big
Adjectives of two syllables
Some adjectives of two syllables add -er and -est.
For adjectives ending in 'y‘ – cut y then add -ier and -iest.
Adjectives ending in -ful, -less, -ing, -ed use more and most.
Some other adjectives of two syllables use more and most
(modern, famous, normal, correct, ...).
Example: Narrow, Happy, Useful, Boring, Moddern

49. Degree of comparison
Adjectives of three or more syllables
Adjectives of three or more syllables use more and most.
Examples: Beautiful, Dangerous, Exciting
Irregular adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good (well)
bad
little
much, many
far
late
old
better
worse
less
more
farther, further
later
older, elder
best
worst
least
most
farthest
last, latest
older, oldest

50. Comparison
The absolute form
We use the absolute degree to describe a noun or to
compare two equal things or persons.
Examples:
My uncle is bald.
My uncle is as bald as a cue ball.
His head is big.
His head is as big as my head.
His wife-to-be is very charming.
His ex-wife is not as charming as his wife-to-be.

51. Comparison (Contd.)
The comparative form
When comparing two nouns, we use a comparative form of
adjective to describe how one person or thing is when
compared to another person or thing. “Than” is used for such
comparisons
Examples:
A hen's egg is bigger than a pigeon's egg.
Our fingers are longer than our toes.
This basketball player is taller than that footballer.
She says her pet hen walks faster than her pet duck.
His head is bigger than my head.

52. Comparison (Contd.)
The superlative form
When comparing more than two nouns, we use a superlative
form of adjective
Examples:
My great grandfather is the oldest one in the family.
She has the prettiest face in the whole school.
He talks the loudest in his circle of friends.
Bozo is the funniest clown in the circus.
His head is the biggest in the family.

53. Verbs
Types and Usage

54. Definition
 A verb is an action or express word.
 It indicates the action in the present, past and future tenses.

55. Placement of verb
 The placement of verb in English is quite different from most of
our regional languages
Subject + Verb + Object
I + eat + my breakfast

56. Types
 Transitive
A Transitive Verb requires an object to
complete its meaning.
Examples : --
(a) The hunter killed a bear.
(b) The scholar learned his lesson.
In ( a ) " bear " is the object of " killed ".
In ( b ) " lesson " is the object of " learned ".

57. Types (Contd.)
 Intransitive
An Intransitive Verb does not require an
object to complete its meaning.
Examples : --
( a ) He sleeps
( b ) We go.
No object can come after such verbs as "
sleep ", " go " etc

58. Types (Contd.)
 Auxiliary
An Auxiliary Verb is used to help main verb.
Auxiliary verbs always come before the main verb
( a ) I shall go.
( b ) We have come.
Note : A verb that is helped by an auxiliary verb is called
a Principal verb
In (a) " shall " is an auxiliary verb used to help the verb "
go " to form a future time.
In (b) " have " is an auxiliary verb used to help the verb "
come " to express a time partly past and partly
present.
List:

59. Types (Contd.)
 Auxiliary (Contd.)
Generally questions with answers as Yes/No
start with an auxiliary verb
Wh- questions use auxiliary verb
What, where, why, when, which, how
Wh-word+ auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
In negative sentences the form taken is:
Auxiliary verb + not + main verb

60. Common Errors with Auxiliary Verb
 My cousin going to Dubai tomorrow
 He already left for work
 Why you came late?
 She saw you going in, isn’t it?
 ANSWERS:
My cousin is going to Dubai tomorrow
He has already left for work
Why did you come late?
She saw you going in, didn’t she?

61. 3 Important Auxiliary Verbs and 6
Basic Forms
Base FormBase Form be do have
PresentPresent is/ am/ are do/ does has
PastPast was/ were did had
InfinitiveInfinitive to be to do to have
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
being doing having
Past ParticiplePast Participle been done had

62. Introduction to Verb Forms
Present –
Habitual Action – I wake up at 6 am every
morning
Universal Truth – JAVA is a programming
language
Facts or Generalization – California is not in the
United Kingdom
Scheduled events in near future – Campus
recruitment begins during the 7th
semester.
Past –
Action already completed – More than 800
students got placed last year in LPU

63. Introduction to Verb Forms (Contd.)
 Infinitive –
 To + verb forms infinitives
 Past Participle –
 Formed by both regular and irregular verbs
 Used along with helping verbs such as has, have, had
 Example: The teacher has requested the students to
maintain the decorum of the class
 Present Participle –
 This is formed by adding -ing to the end of present verbs.
 It is used with forms of the verb to be, such as am, is, are,
was, or were.
 This expresses an ongoing action

64. Regular Verbs
 A regular verb forms we can add -d or -ed to the
end of its base form.
 The present participle is formed by adding -ing to
the end of its base form and the past is formed by
adding -ed.
 If the base form verb ends with the letter -e, we
can add only -d for past form verb and remove the
-e then just add -ing for the present participle.

65. Regular Verbs (Contd.)
PresentPresent PastPast Past ParticiplePast Participle
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
book booked booked booking
erase erased erased erasing
form formed formed forming
infect infected infected infecting
pick picked picked picking
purchase purchased purchased purchasing
question questioned questioned questioning
recover recovered recovered recovering
remove removed removed removing
type typed typed typing

66. Regular Verbs (Contd.)
When a verb ends with a vowel followed by
a consonant, the last consonant is doubled
before adding -ing or -ed
Present (V1)Present (V1) Past (V2)Past (V2)
PastPast
ParticipleParticiple
(V3)(V3)
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
(V1-ing)(V1-ing)
allot allotted allotted allotting
bat batted batted batting
dot dotted dotted dotting
cancel cancelled cancelled cancelled

67. Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs with similar present, past
and past participle forms
Present TensePresent Tense Past TensePast Tense Past ParticiplePast Participle
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
beset beset beset besetting
broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcating
burst burst burst bursting
cast cast cast casting
put put put putting
read read read reading
set set set setting

68. Irregular Verbs (Contd.)
Irregular verbs with similar past and past
participle forms
Present TensePresent Tense Past TensePast Tense Past ParticiplePast Participle
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
behold beheld beheld beholding
beseech besought besought beseeching
build built built building
deal dealt dealt dealing
say said said saying
sell sold sold selling
sit sat sat sitting
teach taught taught teaching

69. Irregular Verbs (Contd.)
Irregular verbs with similar present and past
participle forms
Present TensePresent Tense Past TensePast Tense Past ParticiplePast Participle
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
come came come coming
overcome overcame overcome overcoming
run ran run running
outrun outran outrun outrunning
overrun overran overrun overrunning

70. Irregular Verbs (Contd.)
Irregular verbs with three distinct forms
Present TensePresent Tense Past TensePast Tense Past ParticiplePast Participle
PresentPresent
ParticipleParticiple
arise arose arisen arising
awake awoke awoken beseeching
blow blew blown blowing
choose chose chosen choosing
do did done saying
go went gone going
fly flew flown flying
give gave given giving
see saw seen seeing

71. Irregular Verbs (Contd.)
Vowel changes from “i” to “a” to “u”
PresentPresent PastPast Past ParticiplePast Participle
begin began begun
drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
spring sprang sprung
swim swam swum
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