This document discusses conceptualization and operationalization in research planning methods. It begins by explaining how to choose a research topic, including potential sources of topics and ways to narrow a topic. It then discusses conceptual frameworks, including how to construct one using theories, concepts, and literature. The document explains conceptualization as specifying the meaning of terms, and operationalization as developing measurable variables. It provides examples of dimensions and indicators to operationalize concepts. Finally, it discusses steps in the research process like problem identification, framing research questions and objectives.
Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon with its real life context using multiple sources of evidence.”
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
This document discusses different sampling methods for selecting a representative subset of a population for research purposes. It describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling, where every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. The key advantages of sampling are that it is more time-efficient, cost-effective, and allows examining the population in greater detail than a census. Probability sampling aims to select a truly random and representative sample, while non-probability sampling does not give all population members an equal chance of selection.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
This document discusses the formulation of a research problem and development of research hypotheses. It defines a research problem as a gap in existing knowledge that hinders effective decision making. The process of identifying a research problem involves discussing the issue with experts, reviewing literature, analyzing the organization, and qualitative analysis. This leads to identifying a specific management research problem to address. Research objectives and hypotheses are then formulated. Hypotheses make assumptions about expected relationships between variables and should be stated in a simple, measurable, and testable way.
This document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the initial conceptualization process and consultation with an adviser to define the research problem and parameters. It also describes the typical chapters in a research proposal, including the introduction, background, theoretical framework, statement of problem, and literature review. The methods and procedures section explains how to describe the research methodology, sampling, and instruments.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
Research Questions, Objectives, and HypothesisAshok Pandey
With the objective of
To train the health professionals on health system research proposal development,
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To train basic managerial skills required to manage proposed health research.
Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypothesis is important.
Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon with its real life context using multiple sources of evidence.”
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
This document discusses different sampling methods for selecting a representative subset of a population for research purposes. It describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling, where every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. The key advantages of sampling are that it is more time-efficient, cost-effective, and allows examining the population in greater detail than a census. Probability sampling aims to select a truly random and representative sample, while non-probability sampling does not give all population members an equal chance of selection.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
This document discusses the formulation of a research problem and development of research hypotheses. It defines a research problem as a gap in existing knowledge that hinders effective decision making. The process of identifying a research problem involves discussing the issue with experts, reviewing literature, analyzing the organization, and qualitative analysis. This leads to identifying a specific management research problem to address. Research objectives and hypotheses are then formulated. Hypotheses make assumptions about expected relationships between variables and should be stated in a simple, measurable, and testable way.
This document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the initial conceptualization process and consultation with an adviser to define the research problem and parameters. It also describes the typical chapters in a research proposal, including the introduction, background, theoretical framework, statement of problem, and literature review. The methods and procedures section explains how to describe the research methodology, sampling, and instruments.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
Research Questions, Objectives, and HypothesisAshok Pandey
With the objective of
To train the health professionals on health system research proposal development,
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To train basic managerial skills required to manage proposed health research.
Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypothesis is important.
This document discusses the different types of research. It identifies six main types: applied vs basic research, descriptive vs analytical research, quantitative vs qualitative research, cross-sectional vs longitudinal research, primary vs secondary research, and conceptual vs empirical research. Additional types discussed include historical research, simulation research, exploratory research, conclusion-oriented research, and decision-oriented research. The purpose of research is to systematically search for and acquire new knowledge, whether it be discovering new facts or verifying existing theories. The type of research used depends on the goal and whether the focus is on gathering new knowledge or solving practical problems.
concept of sample and sampling, sampling process and problems, types of samples: probability and non probability sampling, determination and sample size, sampling and non sampling errors
The document discusses different research paradigms and methodologies including positivism, phenomenology, and post-modernism. It describes the key aspects of each paradigm such as their views on ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Positivism uses the scientific method and emphasizes empirical evidence and objective knowledge. Phenomenology focuses on interpretation and subjective experiences. Post-modernism sees knowledge as constructed through social discourses rather than reflecting an objective reality.
A research problem refers to a difficulty that a researcher experiences and wants to solve in a theoretical or practical situation. For a problem to exist, there must be: 1) an individual or group with the problem, 2) at least two possible courses of action to address the problem with different outcomes, and 3) some uncertainty about which course of action is best. Selecting a research problem requires considering factors like the problem's importance, the researcher's qualifications, available resources, and conducting a preliminary study. Defining the research problem properly involves generally stating it, understanding its nature, reviewing prior work, developing ideas through discussion, and refining it into a clear proposition.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
The document discusses observation as a research method for collecting data in behavioral science studies. It defines observation as systematically recording behaviors, objects, or occurrences without communicating with what is being observed. There are different types of observation including participant and non-participant, as well as direct and indirect observation. The advantages of observation are that it allows researchers to study natural behaviors without influencing participants. However, it also risks selective perception bias. Proper planning is needed when using observation which includes determining what to observe and how to record the data, such as with observation guides, checklists, or recording devices.
This document discusses research paradigms and provides examples of different types of research paradigms. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is - the underlying beliefs, assumptions, and methodologies that guide research. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism/quantitative, interpretivist/qualitative, critical, and pragmatic. For each paradigm, it describes the ontology (view of reality), epistemology (relationship between the researcher and what is being researched), and methodology. It provides examples of research questions and studies for each paradigm. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of different paradigms and whether they meet the needs of practicing educators.
This document outlines how to conduct case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative method that explores a bounded system or systems through detailed data collection from multiple sources. It describes the types of case studies as intrinsic, instrumental, or collective. The key steps are deciding if a case study fits the research problem, identifying the case(s), collecting data from various sources, conducting within-case and cross-case analysis, and reporting lessons learned. Validation involves ensuring a coherent narrative, adequate data, and attention to context. Case studies differ from narratives and ethnography based on their unit of analysis. The discussion covers whether theory is needed and balancing generalizability with depth.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as focusing on understanding human behavior and reasons for behavior through words rather than numbers. The document outlines different qualitative research approaches like phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, biographical studies, and case studies. It compares qualitative and quantitative research and discusses qualitative research purposes, methods of data collection including interviews, observations, documents, and focus groups. The document also covers qualitative sampling strategies, designing a qualitative study, and concerns of qualitative researchers.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
This document discusses important factors in research design such as concepts, definitions, variables, theory, and models. It defines research design as a plan and structure based on the research question that provides a framework for specifying relationships among variables. Research design also involves stating data collection, measurement, analysis, and interpretation with a time-based activity plan. Key types of variable relationships discussed are correlational-symmetrical and causal, with causal relationships further broken down into reciprocal and asymmetrical. Research design choice depends on factors like the type of research method, nature of the research question, data collection method, and research environment.
Presentation types of qualitative researchafzal39sp
This document discusses four major types of qualitative research: phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and grounded theory. Phenomenology aims to understand individuals' lived experiences of a phenomenon through in-depth interviews. Ethnography seeks to discover and describe the culture of a group through observation and interviews. Case study provides a detailed analysis of one or more real-world cases or situations. Grounded theory develops theories that are grounded in systematically analyzed qualitative data through open, axial, and selective coding.
1. The document discusses paradigms in research, which are models or patterns that shape a researcher's perspective and approach.
2. Paradigms were first introduced by philosopher Thomas Kuhn and can be defined narrowly as specific methods or broadly as entire worldviews.
3. The paradigm a researcher adopts determines what questions they study, methods they use, and how they interpret results.
4. The main paradigms discussed are the normative, interpretative, and critical paradigms, which differ in their assumptions and approaches.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on each method:
Observation methods involve systematically observing participants and recording data. Interviews can be structured or unstructured, and involve an interviewer asking respondents questions. Questionnaires are printed forms sent to respondents to complete on their own, while schedules are similar forms that an enumerator completes by interviewing respondents. Each method has advantages like producing large datasets, but also disadvantages such as being time-consuming or open to bias.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
This document outlines different types of research according to objectives and methods. It discusses pure vs applied research, exploratory vs explanatory research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. It also examines different research methods - historical method, descriptive method, and experimental research. For each method, it provides details on their purpose, characteristics, types, variables, and key aspects of conducting the research.
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
The document presents an overview of focus groups as a qualitative research methodology. It describes focus groups as interviews conducted by a moderator with 6-10 participants to explore perceptions, opinions and attitudes on a topic. Key points covered include the features of focus groups, when they should and should not be used, how to organize one including recruiting participants and analyzing the results. Examples of focus group questions on dental flossing habits are also provided.
The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that identifying a research problem is the first and most challenging step of the research process. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting. The document provides examples and criteria for selecting a research problem, as well as common sources that researchers draw from in identifying problems, such as personal experiences, literature reviews, previous research, and social issues.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology for MPH students. It defines research and describes the characteristics and types of research. The document outlines the learning objectives of understanding research proposals, designs, and reports. It also distinguishes between basic and applied research, as well as quantitative and qualitative research. Additionally, the document compares empirical and conceptual research and the components of the research process. Finally, it provides guidance on developing research topics, titles, and proposals.
designing proposal for research projects budget and funding schemesabhisrivastava11
This document provides information about writing a research proposal for funding. It begins with the aim and objectives of making participants proficient in writing research proposals. It then discusses key elements like the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, facilities, budget, funding agencies and eligibility. The document provides guidance on writing each section of the proposal, including defining problems, objectives, hypotheses and significance. It also outlines the budget, time schedule and reviewers' expectations for funding approval.
This document discusses the different types of research. It identifies six main types: applied vs basic research, descriptive vs analytical research, quantitative vs qualitative research, cross-sectional vs longitudinal research, primary vs secondary research, and conceptual vs empirical research. Additional types discussed include historical research, simulation research, exploratory research, conclusion-oriented research, and decision-oriented research. The purpose of research is to systematically search for and acquire new knowledge, whether it be discovering new facts or verifying existing theories. The type of research used depends on the goal and whether the focus is on gathering new knowledge or solving practical problems.
concept of sample and sampling, sampling process and problems, types of samples: probability and non probability sampling, determination and sample size, sampling and non sampling errors
The document discusses different research paradigms and methodologies including positivism, phenomenology, and post-modernism. It describes the key aspects of each paradigm such as their views on ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Positivism uses the scientific method and emphasizes empirical evidence and objective knowledge. Phenomenology focuses on interpretation and subjective experiences. Post-modernism sees knowledge as constructed through social discourses rather than reflecting an objective reality.
A research problem refers to a difficulty that a researcher experiences and wants to solve in a theoretical or practical situation. For a problem to exist, there must be: 1) an individual or group with the problem, 2) at least two possible courses of action to address the problem with different outcomes, and 3) some uncertainty about which course of action is best. Selecting a research problem requires considering factors like the problem's importance, the researcher's qualifications, available resources, and conducting a preliminary study. Defining the research problem properly involves generally stating it, understanding its nature, reviewing prior work, developing ideas through discussion, and refining it into a clear proposition.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
The document discusses observation as a research method for collecting data in behavioral science studies. It defines observation as systematically recording behaviors, objects, or occurrences without communicating with what is being observed. There are different types of observation including participant and non-participant, as well as direct and indirect observation. The advantages of observation are that it allows researchers to study natural behaviors without influencing participants. However, it also risks selective perception bias. Proper planning is needed when using observation which includes determining what to observe and how to record the data, such as with observation guides, checklists, or recording devices.
This document discusses research paradigms and provides examples of different types of research paradigms. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is - the underlying beliefs, assumptions, and methodologies that guide research. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism/quantitative, interpretivist/qualitative, critical, and pragmatic. For each paradigm, it describes the ontology (view of reality), epistemology (relationship between the researcher and what is being researched), and methodology. It provides examples of research questions and studies for each paradigm. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of different paradigms and whether they meet the needs of practicing educators.
This document outlines how to conduct case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative method that explores a bounded system or systems through detailed data collection from multiple sources. It describes the types of case studies as intrinsic, instrumental, or collective. The key steps are deciding if a case study fits the research problem, identifying the case(s), collecting data from various sources, conducting within-case and cross-case analysis, and reporting lessons learned. Validation involves ensuring a coherent narrative, adequate data, and attention to context. Case studies differ from narratives and ethnography based on their unit of analysis. The discussion covers whether theory is needed and balancing generalizability with depth.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as focusing on understanding human behavior and reasons for behavior through words rather than numbers. The document outlines different qualitative research approaches like phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, biographical studies, and case studies. It compares qualitative and quantitative research and discusses qualitative research purposes, methods of data collection including interviews, observations, documents, and focus groups. The document also covers qualitative sampling strategies, designing a qualitative study, and concerns of qualitative researchers.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
This document discusses important factors in research design such as concepts, definitions, variables, theory, and models. It defines research design as a plan and structure based on the research question that provides a framework for specifying relationships among variables. Research design also involves stating data collection, measurement, analysis, and interpretation with a time-based activity plan. Key types of variable relationships discussed are correlational-symmetrical and causal, with causal relationships further broken down into reciprocal and asymmetrical. Research design choice depends on factors like the type of research method, nature of the research question, data collection method, and research environment.
Presentation types of qualitative researchafzal39sp
This document discusses four major types of qualitative research: phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and grounded theory. Phenomenology aims to understand individuals' lived experiences of a phenomenon through in-depth interviews. Ethnography seeks to discover and describe the culture of a group through observation and interviews. Case study provides a detailed analysis of one or more real-world cases or situations. Grounded theory develops theories that are grounded in systematically analyzed qualitative data through open, axial, and selective coding.
1. The document discusses paradigms in research, which are models or patterns that shape a researcher's perspective and approach.
2. Paradigms were first introduced by philosopher Thomas Kuhn and can be defined narrowly as specific methods or broadly as entire worldviews.
3. The paradigm a researcher adopts determines what questions they study, methods they use, and how they interpret results.
4. The main paradigms discussed are the normative, interpretative, and critical paradigms, which differ in their assumptions and approaches.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on each method:
Observation methods involve systematically observing participants and recording data. Interviews can be structured or unstructured, and involve an interviewer asking respondents questions. Questionnaires are printed forms sent to respondents to complete on their own, while schedules are similar forms that an enumerator completes by interviewing respondents. Each method has advantages like producing large datasets, but also disadvantages such as being time-consuming or open to bias.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
This document outlines different types of research according to objectives and methods. It discusses pure vs applied research, exploratory vs explanatory research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. It also examines different research methods - historical method, descriptive method, and experimental research. For each method, it provides details on their purpose, characteristics, types, variables, and key aspects of conducting the research.
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
The document presents an overview of focus groups as a qualitative research methodology. It describes focus groups as interviews conducted by a moderator with 6-10 participants to explore perceptions, opinions and attitudes on a topic. Key points covered include the features of focus groups, when they should and should not be used, how to organize one including recruiting participants and analyzing the results. Examples of focus group questions on dental flossing habits are also provided.
The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that identifying a research problem is the first and most challenging step of the research process. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting. The document provides examples and criteria for selecting a research problem, as well as common sources that researchers draw from in identifying problems, such as personal experiences, literature reviews, previous research, and social issues.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology for MPH students. It defines research and describes the characteristics and types of research. The document outlines the learning objectives of understanding research proposals, designs, and reports. It also distinguishes between basic and applied research, as well as quantitative and qualitative research. Additionally, the document compares empirical and conceptual research and the components of the research process. Finally, it provides guidance on developing research topics, titles, and proposals.
designing proposal for research projects budget and funding schemesabhisrivastava11
This document provides information about writing a research proposal for funding. It begins with the aim and objectives of making participants proficient in writing research proposals. It then discusses key elements like the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, facilities, budget, funding agencies and eligibility. The document provides guidance on writing each section of the proposal, including defining problems, objectives, hypotheses and significance. It also outlines the budget, time schedule and reviewers' expectations for funding approval.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and philosophy. It defines research and discusses the purpose and motivation for conducting research. The document outlines the research continuum model and differentiates between research and development. It also describes the research onion model and key steps in the research process, including formulating the research problem statement, developing hypotheses and objectives, and considering research designs both qualitative and quantitative. The goal is for learners to understand research philosophy and strategies for aligning research with organizational goals.
This document provides an overview of research methods in education. It defines research and discusses its importance and characteristics. It describes different types of research including fundamental, applied, and action research. It also discusses research paradigms, objectives, qualities, and criteria for good research. Finally, it covers various ways research can be classified such as by level, approach, precision, nature of findings, and objectives.
Borrador...differences between research project and the research proposal (3)...dannyquintero
The document outlines the key differences between a research project and a research proposal. A research project is the culmination of a research process and provides results, while a research proposal establishes the plan for how to answer a research question. Specifically:
- A research project reports results, while a proposal establishes the methodology and plan.
- Proposals must clearly define the research question, methodology, and design, while projects synthesize results.
- Proposals are evaluated for approval, while projects demonstrate skills developed through the research process.
Research methodology guide prepared by kanbiro orkaido (2019)kanbiro orkaido
This document is a research methodology guide prepared by Kanbiro Orkaido for the Department of Accounting and Finance at Dilla University. The guide aims to provide a clear understanding of research methodology by answering questions about topics, problem formulation, literature reviews, research methods, and developing research proposals. It discusses key aspects of the research process such as defining research, the difference between research methods and methodology, research objectives and types of research. The guide also covers qualitative research approaches, case study methods, ethnographic research, and the 13 steps to effectively carry out research.
Content of Project Synopsis
The project synopsis needs to be prepared keeping in mind the following points.
a) Title of the project
– Maximum 20 words
b) Introduction and Objectives of the Study
- Maximum 200 words
c) Problem Statement (including Literature Review)
– Maximum 500 words
d) Research Methodology and References
– Maximum 500 words
Components of Project Report
1. Title of the Project
2. Introduction of the Study
3. Objective(s) of the Study
4. Literature Review
5. Research Methodology
6. Research Hypotheses
7. Research Model
8. Research Plan
9. Sampling Plan
10. Research Procedure
11. Data analysis & Interpretation
12. Results & Discussions
13. Suggestions/Recommendations
14. Limitations and Scope of Future Research
15. Conclusion
16. Bibliography
This document outlines a presentation on research in curriculum design. It begins with defining key terms like research, research model, curriculum, and curriculum design. It then discusses the purpose of research in curriculum design and different research methods. The document presents a 5-step research model for curriculum design that includes gathering data, analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It also covers the impacts of research on curriculum design and constraints that can hinder the research process.
This chapter discusses the key components of a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, and work plan. It explains that a proposal establishes the rationale for a study and outlines the research questions, objectives, hypotheses, methods, and anticipated structure of the thesis or project report. Specifically, the document emphasizes that a proposal must have a clear introduction justifying the significance of the research, a methodology section explaining the study design and analysis, and a work plan with timelines for completing each task.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It contains 5 units that cover topics such as introduction to research, sampling and data collection, measurement techniques, data analysis and interpretation, and research report preparation. It also includes information about the authors, Dr. J. Mexon and Dr. A. Ananda Kumar, who are senior lecturers at DMI – St. Eugene University in Zambia. The document aims to cover all aspects of methodology and statistical analysis for business research.
This document describes a researcher mobility lens created to help researchers be effective in international and new research environments. The lens defines skills for mobile researchers as those required to work effectively in different contexts. It can be used by researchers to focus on skills for different environments, identify strengths and areas for development, and provide evidence of transferable skills. Research developer may also use the lens to demonstrate how mobility develops skills and highlights abilities gained from working in new settings.
This document discusses trends and importance of research in the current scenario. It discusses connecting research to oneself, one's institute, society and industry. It also discusses the concept of a "connected researcher" and trends related to collaboration, social media, and alternative metrics for measuring research impact. Connected researchers leverage tools like social media to build networks, get feedback, and disseminate their work more widely.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses 10 steps in the research process: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) literature review, 3) developing working hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining sample design, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, 8) hypothesis testing, 9) generalizations and interpretations, and 10) preparing the report. It also describes different types of research studies, samples, and the roles of key organizations in education and research in India.
This document provides guidance on writing a research grant proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including objectives, introduction/problem statement, literature review, methodology, timeline, budget, and significance. The document emphasizes selecting a focused research topic and questions, developing the proposal early, and seeking feedback. Funding sources mentioned include Indo-Sri Lanka programs, Sri Lankan research grants, and international foundations. Overall, the document outlines the essential elements and process for crafting a competitive research grant proposal.
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs and methods for collecting data. It discusses case study, ethnography, historical research, phenomenology, and grounded theory as qualitative research designs. For each design, it outlines the purpose and typical methods of data collection, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, biography/autobiography readings, and documentary analysis. It also lists some common qualitative data collection methods like interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis. Finally, it presents some example research topics and asks the reader to identify the appropriate research design and data collection method.
This document provides a framework for a research proposal in education. It discusses the key components of an effective research proposal, including an introduction with the title, problem statement, objectives and hypotheses. It also covers the literature review, significance of the study, definition of terms, delimitations, assumptions, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, bibliography, time schedule and budget. The proposal framework is intended to guide researchers in developing well-structured research proposals that clearly outline their planned study.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
The document outlines the introductory lecture for a course on research methodology. It discusses key topics like the difference between search and research, types of research classified by inquiry method, objectives, applications, and logic, and the stages of research. Research is presented as a systematic process of investigating issues to increase knowledge and arrive at new conclusions, as opposed to simple searching. The course will cover topics such as formulating research problems and questions, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings over its 15 weeks.
Similar to Lecture 7 - Research Conceptualization.pptx (20)
The document discusses the normal distribution, also known as the bell curve. It describes key properties of the normal distribution including that the mean, mode, and median are equal, the curve is symmetric, and areas under the curve follow specific probability distributions within standard deviations from the mean. Examples are provided to demonstrate using normal distribution tables to find values, probabilities, and mean and standard deviation values.
Conditional probability is the probability of an event B occurring given that another event A has already occurred. This can be different than the probability of event B on its own. Tree diagrams and Venn diagrams can be used to visualize conditional probabilities and calculate the probabilities of events. Events can be mutually exclusive, meaning they cannot both occur, or independent, where the occurrence of one event does not impact the other.
Conditional probability is the probability of an event B occurring given that another event A has already occurred. This can be different than the probability of event B on its own. Conditional probability and tree diagrams can help visualize and calculate probabilities, including for mutually exclusive or independent events.
This document discusses research integrity and methodology. It emphasizes the importance of honesty, truthfulness, and being reliable in research. Researchers should strive to be people that others want to work with by having integrity in their attitudes and actions. A hadith from the Prophet Muhammad teaches that honesty leads to goodness and paradise, while lying leads to ruin and hell. Another hadith stresses showing respect to elders and mercy to young people.
This document discusses research methodology and novelty. It emphasizes that research should have a clear contribution and significance, answering the "who cares" question. The document also stresses stating the novelty and contribution of any research paper, presentation, or thesis clearly.
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It discusses what a literature review is, including that it involves published information on a topic within a certain time period and combines both summary and synthesis. The key steps of the literature review process are searching for relevant literature, sorting and prioritizing sources, analytical and evaluative reading of sources, comparing across studies, organizing the content, and writing the review. The document also provides guidance on assessing source quality, developing a focused topic and argument, surveying and critiquing the literature, and addressing gaps in existing research.
Lecture 5 - Formulating and Managing your research.pptxHafeezUllah783173
This document discusses formulating and managing a research topic and outlines the actual research process. It covers deduction and induction, providing examples of each. Finally, it discusses ensuring the research methodology fits the topic and goals of the study.
This document provides an outline for developing writing skills in English. It discusses planning, organizing, and presenting essays. Specifically, it covers developing a thesis, narrowing topics, outlining with an introduction, body, and conclusion. It also describes different types of essays like expository, persuasive, informal, reviews, research essays, and literary essays. Finally, it discusses writing your own essay through brainstorming, developing a thesis, and creating an outline to organize ideas.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Research involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments or studies, and interpreting results to draw conclusions. There are different types of research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Scientific research follows the scientific method and involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments or studies, and analyzing results. Engineering research focuses on developing new technologies to design products.
This document outlines the course schedule and topics for RM 898 Research Methodology. The course will cover 15 topics over 15 weeks including introductions to research, the scientific method, formulating research topics and proposals, literature reviews, conducting research, writing research papers, avoiding plagiarism, referencing, statistics, innovation, and oral communication skills. Students will complete assignments such as essays, article reviews, abstracts, research proposals, and presentations. The goals are for students to critically analyze research papers, apply the scientific method to formulate research problems and aims, and clearly communicate research projects orally and in writing. Attendance is mandatory for the weekly lectures and activities. Students must achieve minimum 80% attendance and satisfactor
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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1. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Research Conceptualization and
Operationalization
Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana
Assistant Professor
Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
National University of Sciences and Technology
URP-803 : Planning Research Methods
3. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Classroom
School
Community
Own teaching experiences
Class discussions
Seminars
Workshops/paper presentations
Where do you see problems that may
ignite your mind to think about research?
3
4. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Internet
Out-of-class exchanges of ideas with fellow students and
professors
Reading assignments
Consultation with…
Course instructor; Advisor; Major Professor; Faculty member
Where do you see problems that may
ignite your mind to think about research?
4
5. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Personal values/curiosity/challenge
Work experience
Everyday life/media
Hot/fashionable
Body of knowledge/academic interest
Solving problems
Donor-driven issues
Ways to Choose a Research Topic
5
6. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Is the problem/topic significant enough?
Is it feasible (practical/possible for me to do it)?
Is it free of unknown hazards/dangers?
Is it clear (unambiguous)?
Answer the following preliminary
questions…
6
7. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Narrowing the focus (Scope)
Population (Target)
Situation (time, condition, subject availability, researcher’s
readiness, resources available, etc.)
Measurements
Issue(s) dealt with?
Setting the scope of the problem
(“this is my line…I won’t go beyond it…”)
Actively involve yourself (and other experts) in
NARROWING & REFINEMENT of the problem
7
8. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Techniques for narrowing a topic:
Examine the literature. You can repeat a previous
study, explore unexpected findings from previous
studies. Follow author suggestions for future
research, extend a theory to a new topic.
Talk over ideas with others.
Apply research to a specific demographic group.
Define the aim or desired outcome of the study.
9. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
There are times when it is appropriate to replicate
(repeat) a study to verify its conclusions or to extend
the validity of its findings to a different situation or
population ……….
Should we replicate?...
9
10. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Interesting – keeps the researcher interested in it throughout
the research process
Researchable – can be investigated through the collection and
analysis of data
Significant – contributes to the improvement and
understanding of educational theory and practice
Manageable – fits the level of researcher’s level of research
skills, needed resources, and time restrictions
Ethical – does not embarrass or harm participants
Characteristics of good topics
10
12. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What do we mean by concept?
o Concepts are constructs; they represent the
agreed-upon meanings we assign to terms.
o Our concepts don’t exist in the real world, so
they cannot be measured directly.
o Can measure the things our concepts
summarize.
13. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
• Conceptualization is the process of
specifying what we mean by a term.
• A clear, verbal specification of your
variable (concept) so that others know
what it is and can place cognitive
borders around it.
Conceptualization
13
14. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Sustainability?
Absolute Poverty?
Corruption?
Social Status?
Risk?
Poverty?
What do we mean by concept?
15. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Conceptualization is a process for taking
concept and refining it by giving a conceptual
and theoretical definition and explanation,
which may be either in abstract or concrete
terms or both.
Conceptualization
15
16. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Concept: “Idea or plan that takes shape in
one’s mind”
Framework: “Pull together; shape/build up
or form a plan”
A conceptual framework is “to build up the
way of thoughts in perspective”.
Conceptual Framework
16
17. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
A conceptual framework specifies the variables of
interest and the expected relationship among them.
The framework may be relatively straightforward or
complex, which depends on the identification of
research problem or issue.
The development of a conceptual framework is a
mechanism to refine the focus of the
study and it can be used as a vehicle to explain the
research study.
Conceptual Framework
17
18. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What do we mean by conceptualization?
Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean
when we use particular terms.
In research, conceptualization produces an agreed upon meaning
for a concept for the purposes of research.
Different researchers may conceptualize a concept slightly
differently.
The end product of conceptualization is the
specification of a set of indicators and dimensions of
what we have in mind, indicating the presence or
absence of the concept.
19. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What are dimensions and indicators?
Dimensions
o We classify different meanings into different groups.
Such groups are called "dimensions."
o A concept may have more than one dimension
o At a practical level, we are usually more interested in
dimensions than in concepts (which are more abstract,
vague).
20. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What are dimensions and indicators?
Indicators
o When a dimension is not directly observable, we use
indicators.
o Indicators are identified to mark the presence or
absence of a concept.
21. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Provide knowledge and understanding of social
phenomena by explaining it through
theories and/or concepts;
Show boundaries or conceptual limits of theories
and concepts applied in the study; and
Present the direction of the relations among factors
and/or variables for hypothesis testing.
Why do we need the conceptual
framework?
21
22. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Theories and concepts; and
Theories start out as ideas, which may be explored scientifically, which
should be characterized by logical consistency, interrelatedness,
exhaustiveness and prospect to empirical scrutiny.
Literature review
The literature review will enable a researcher to have better
understanding and knowledge on the study subjects, key concepts and
theories and the relationship between factors and variables used in
various studies both from theoretical and empirical perspective.
How can we construct the conceptual
framework?
22
23. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
From Chambers' Concept
From Sustainable Livelihood Concept
Poverty of rural people is caused by several
social, economic and institutional factors”.
“What is/are key factor (s) to be considered in
this research?
Concept of Poverty
23
24. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
In this research:
Social Factors: Education Level, Health Condition
Economic Factors: Farm Size, Job Opportunities and
Agricultural Production
Institutional Factors: Accessibility and Isolation from
Local Groups,
Concept of Poverty
24
27. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Operationalization is a process of developing an
operational definition of the theory/ concept or
hypothesis into variable(s) that can be measurable
in concrete terms.
It is a process to transform
“abstract” into “concrete” in research.
Operationalization: Definition
27
28. Abstract Construction to C o n c r e t e M e a s u r e m e n t
Dependent Variable (s) Independent Variable (s)
Hypothetical
Causal
R elationship
Conceptualization Conceptualization
Theory
Operationalization Operationalization
Operation/Empirical
Tested Empirical
Hypothesis
Abstract
C on structio n
Abstract
C onstru ction
C on ceptual
Definition C on ceptu al
Definition
Indicator(s) or
Measurement
Indicator(s) or
Measurement
29. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
There are two levels to be considered in the
operationalization:
1. Conceptual Level: the causal relationship in the
theory and/or concept (conceptual relationship);
Operationalization: Levels
29
Conceptual Relationship
(CR)
Hypothesis Formulation
(HF)
30. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
2. Operational level: the degree of
association between them through empirical
investigation (testing)
Operational Level (OL): the measurement of
indicators/variables to identify the (actual) empirical
relationship (ER)
Operationalization: Levels
30
Conceptual Relationship
(CR)
Empirical Relationship
(ER)
(Testing)
31. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Conceptual and Empirical
Relationship
Dependent
Variable
Independent
Variables
a b1
Empirical
Association (?)
b2 b3
34. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
From conceptualization the researcher creates a
nominal definition to identify the focus of the study.
An operational definition is created to defined the
procedures or steps used in measuring a concept.
From Conceptualization to
Operationalization
35. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Operationalization or operational definition consists
of the development of a measuring instrument by
means of which it is possible to obtain accurate data
about specific phenomena.
Operationalization
37. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
The Research Question
The foundation of the research process
It all begins with a question
38. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What is your area of interest?
Where could you look for help in deciding upon a
specific research problem?
What criteria will you apply when deciding upon a
specific research problem?
How could you narrow down your research problem?
How might your value-judgments (preconceived
ideas) affect your research endeavors?
Your research problem
38
39. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Practical critical development problems
Sources of problem people, community,
policy/program/project and social phenomena (i.e.,
changes of situations).
Realization of existing needs and the necessity of
change for the better (efficiency and effectiveness)
situation.
Feasibility for searching solutions to the problem
identified.
Problem Statement
39
40. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Problem Statements
“The problem of this study was to …”
“This study was concerned with …”
“This study is designed to …”
“The purpose of this investigation is to …”
41. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Educational Research 2e:
Creswell
A research problem is an educational
issue or concern that an investigator
presents and justifies in a research
study.
42. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
This study was designed to determine the
relationship between stability performance and
physical growth characteristics of preschool children.
The present study was designed to identify those
characteristics which differentiate between students
who binge Netflix and those that do not.
Sample Problem Statements
43. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Why are research questions
important?
“Well-crafted questions guide the systematic planning
of research. Formulating your questions precisely
enables you to design a study with a good chance of
answering them.”
-- Light, Singer, Willett, By Design (1990)
44. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Why did the chicken cross the road?
(The question does not address which
chicken or which road.)
Preparing questions
44
45. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
How many chickens crossed Kashmir Highway,
G-11 Crossing, on February 17th , 2020?.
This question could be answered in one
sentence and does not leave room for analysis
Preparing questions
45
46. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
What are some of the environmental factors that
occurred, G-11 Crossing between January and
February 2020 that would cause chickens to cross in
Kashmir Highway?
Preparing questions
46
47. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Establishes importance of topic
Creates reader interest
Focuses reader’s attention on how study will add to
literature
Why is the Research Problem
Important?
Educational Research 2e:
Creswell
48. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
1. Define or measure a specific fact or gather
facts about a specific phenomenon.
2. Match facts and theory
3. Evaluate and compare two theories, models,
or hypotheses.
4. Prove that a certain method is more effective
than other methods.
Checklist of Potential Research
Questions
48
49. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Cause Question: Why did this action/event
happen?
Effect of Relationship Question: What effect*
did this action/event have on that
action/event?
Comparison Question: How are two
things/events similar or different?
Types of Research Questions
49
Adapted from Concepts: Types of Research Questions. Thinkertools, University of California at Berkeley, 2002
50. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Determine All Factors Question: What are all the
factors that affect something?
Characterize Processes Question: How does
something happen? What processes make
something happen?
Determine Successful/Effective Strategies Question:
What are the best strategies for accomplishing
something?
Types of Research Questions
50
Adapted from Concepts: Types of Research Questions. Thinkertools, University of California at Berkeley, 2002
51. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Function or Purpose Question: What is the
function or purpose of something?
Ways to Achieve Purpose Question: How can
something be done or achieved?
Identify Types Question: What are all the
different types of something?
Types of Research Questions
51
52. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Properties/Characteristics Question: What
are the characteristics of something?
Stages Question: What are the stages that
something goes through?
Structural Question: How are the parts of
something interrelated?
Types of Research Questions
52
53. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Descriptive:
To what extent the Pakistani people vote for Party A and/or
Party B candidates in the next national election?
Relational:
What is a relation between education (male and female voters)
and voting preference between Party A and/or Party B in the
next national election?
Causal:
How the political advertising campaigns increase number of
votes of both candidates from Party A and/or Party B? Why?
Research Questions
53
54. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Research question vs. Hypothesis
A research question is similar to a hypothesis, except
that a hypothesis presents an expectation about the
way two or more variables are related, but a research
question does not
55. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Develop research questions/objectives for your topic
Show your classmates
Refine research questions
Submit
Exercise
55
56. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Topic: People’s Participation in a Development
Project.
Research Questions:
1. How people’s participation is organized in a
development project?
2. How is people’s participation effective in a project?
Why?
Research Questions and Objectives
56
58. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
“A coordination schema is a plan to
facilitate the establishing of linkages
between each topic under research and
its lowest-order measurement”.
(Weber and Tiwari, 1992)
Definition
58
59. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Parameters
Complex Variables
Simple Variables
Values
Components of Coordination Schema
59
60. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
A complex variable represents a group of closely
interrelated variables. Its relevance lies in the
organization and systematization of a research
design.
A simple variable is the real unit which a researcher
uses for diagnosis, analysis, prognosis and
interpretation.
Complex and Simple Variables
60
61. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Concept of Variables
A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute of a
person or thing that can be classified or measured
Attitude
Gender
Heart rate
Hair color
Variable - the condition or characteristic which in a
given study may have more than one value
62. Poverty • Economic
- Income
- Land holding
• Agriculture
(rice, corn, mango)
•Non-agriculture
(trading, wage labor)
• Homestead/Farm land
orchard, fish pond
• in PKR
• in hectare
• Social
- Education
- Health
• Education level
• Frequency of visiting
Doctor/heath center
•Type of health service
received
•Primary, secondary,
high school
•Number
• Statement
• Institutional
- Organization
• No. of membership in
organizations
•Length of participation
• Level of satisfaction
• Number
• Year/month
•Satisfied, moderate,
dissatisfied
Parameter
Complex
Variable
Simple
Variable
Value
63. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Classification of Variables
Quantitative – measured numerically
Discrete
Continuous
Qualitative – categorical in nature
64. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Independent Variable
A variable that is presumed to influence another
variable; the variable under study or the one that the
researcher manipulates
Two types
Active – variable is actually manipulated
Attribute – cannot be manipulated because it is preexisting
trait; sometimes called a “categorical” variable (e.g., race,
gender)
65. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
Dependent Variable
The variable that is expected to change as a result of
the manipulation of the independent variable; that
which is measured in a study
66. URP-803: Planning Research Methods, Spring Semester 2020, NUST [Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana]
determining the scope of research;
ensuring coherence and consistency;
eliminating redundancy and avoiding gaps;
providing perspective for specific research design
designing data collection tools (survey format, checklists
for observation and interviews);
drafting data processing and analysis guidelines; and
Specifying type of expected findings.
Usefulness of Coordination Schema in
Research
66