Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
Minority groups and other marginalized groupsSekar Subramani
this speaks about the minority groups and other marginalized groups which is a topic under social problems lesson in sociology.
this tells you the article given for the minority groups
my short report in sociology about social stratification.. :D x x x
My slides includes:
Meaning of stratification
Basic concepts of inequality
Social stratification system
Dimensions of social stratification
Methods of determining class divisions
The theories of social stratification
Four ways in which wealth can be distributed
Three types of social stratification
Classes in some countries
The ppt is aimed at helping UG/PG students of medical and allied health sciences to understand the system of socio- economic classification and prevailing systems in India.The ppt has been updated till Jan 2018
Basics of social stratification including history, concepts and social mobility. How social stratification affects oral health with evidence from literature.
Minority groups and other marginalized groupsSekar Subramani
this speaks about the minority groups and other marginalized groups which is a topic under social problems lesson in sociology.
this tells you the article given for the minority groups
my short report in sociology about social stratification.. :D x x x
My slides includes:
Meaning of stratification
Basic concepts of inequality
Social stratification system
Dimensions of social stratification
Methods of determining class divisions
The theories of social stratification
Four ways in which wealth can be distributed
Three types of social stratification
Classes in some countries
The ppt is aimed at helping UG/PG students of medical and allied health sciences to understand the system of socio- economic classification and prevailing systems in India.The ppt has been updated till Jan 2018
Basics of social stratification including history, concepts and social mobility. How social stratification affects oral health with evidence from literature.
Each of your responses must be no lessthan one paragraph.1. BaAlyciaGold776
Each of your responses must be no lessthan one paragraph.
1. Based on the theories discussed this week, which two (2) theories do you think bestexplains social inequality?
2. Which main points (from each theory you have chosen), do you think can best be used to explain inequality? Why do you like these theories over the other theories? Explain.
3. After reading the material for this week, to which social class do your really belong? Does your answer prior to reading differ after reading? Discuss what you have learned about social class and how this is determined.
Textbook Readings: Ch3 & Ch4
CHAPTER 3
Repeat Performance: Globalization through Time and Space
In the midst of the lively conversation, the elegant, 90-year-old woman said, “Please excuse me. There’s something I want to share with you.” A moment later she came back with a letter, which she had received at the turn of the twentieth century. The writer was a young Englishman she had met during a transatlantic voyage. He was explaining to his 15-year-old correspondent how exciting it was to be growing up in the nation whose empire stretched around the globe. “What’s particularly impressive,” he wrote, “is that in spite of our modest size, the magnificent phrase still rings true: ‘Rule, Britannia! Rule the waves.’ And that’s going to be the reality for centuries to come.” How strange it felt listening to the young man’s words while realizing that the world’s once dominant nation was now sharply reduced in the course of less than one slender lifetime.
Yes, he was wrong. In fact, as we see with modern world systems, once a nation attains dominance, it is on the brink of decline, and soon a repeat performance makes another nation dominant. In this chapter we examine the development and demise of world systems, which significantly affect citizens’ economic and political opportunities around the planet. Then the focus shifts to global social stratification, with distinctive differences between core nations and the less developed peripheral and semiperipheral countries. Throughout the chapter it is apparent that not only classes but nations themselves vary in access to capital resources. In particular, certain types of capital such as technology and education affect social inequality within countries. The final section indicates how the context of the global age impacts class groups, ranging from the wealthy to the poor.
First, however, it is necessary to place the global age in context.
THE RISE AND FALL OF WORLD SYSTEMS
The past 400 years of human history have featured three time periods in which a single country—Holland (the United Provinces) 1620–72, Great Britain 1815–73, and the United States 1945–67—established hegemony, a situation in which one nation has sufficient power and influence to impose its rules and goals globally in the economic, political, military, diplomatic, and even cultural realms (FineDictionary.com 2017; Wallerstein 1984, 38). The leaders of hegemonic powers pr ...
Intensifying Complexities in the Global Context, People's reporter Vol. 32 no...VIBHUTI PATEL
Market fundamentalism of
neo-liberal economic
globalisation, religious
chauvinism and cultural
nationalism, financialisation of
the world economy, right wing
sectarian political leadership
both locally and globally,
valorisation of toxic patriarchy
and hyper masculinity with
hyper nationalism and jingoism
by globally controlled media
barons have intensified
complexities in governance,
polity, livelihood and survival
struggles in the midst of
climate change, for the mass of
rural and urban workers,
peasants, forest dwellers/
tribals, fisher folks, petty
traders, small scale
industrialists, sexual minorities
and women.
The small-bodied hominin, namedHomo luzonensis, lived on the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago. The hominin—identified from a total of
Third World countries according to the whites, with the explaining factors how they end up there. Facts and research were used to narrate my understanding of the same.
In this presentation, given at the end of this semester's CM443/743 class (New Media and Public Relations), I predict the end of the world, and whether social media will be the cause of it. I also create the "Societal Collapse Index," a score inspired by the HANDY model that is based on a country's EPI (Environmental Performance Index) and its World Bank Gini score. Based on their most recent EPI and Gini scores, the top five societies I predict the collapse of are: The Central African Republic, South Africa, Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Chapter 9 Global Inequality and PovertyONE PHOTO CAPTURES A SH.docxbissacr
Chapter 9 Global Inequality and Poverty
ONE PHOTO CAPTURES A SHARP CONTRAST BETWEEN RICH AND POOR IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD. The high-rise buildings in the background are apartments for the wealthy.
Learning Objectives
1. 9.1Examine how widening gap between rich and poor strengthens inequality-perpetuating institutions
2. 9.2Contrast between the viewpoints of globalists and antiglobalists on the effects of globalization
3. 9.3Examine the causes and the impact of domestic or global inequality between nations
4. 9.4Examine the economic, social, and educational inequality that exists within rich countries
5. 9.5Examine the inequalities that exist in different aspects of life in poor countries
6. 9.6Review the six dimensions of poverty that can be used to gauge poverty
7. 9.7Evaluate some of the measures for diminishing poverty and reducing inequality
The richest eighty people in the world control as much wealth as the poorest half of the world’s population. Thirty-five of those eighty are Americans. The top 1 percent of the world’s richest people control 48 percent of the world’s total wealth. More than one billion people in the world live on less than $1.25 a day. Inequality exists within the United States. The richest four hundred Americans own more assets than the poorest 150 million, or almost half the population. The bottom 15 percent, about forty-six million people, live in households earning less than $22,000 per year. The top 5 percent of households in Washington, D.C., make an average of more than $500,000, while the bottom 20 percent make less than $9,500. Conflict between rich and poor is now the greatest source of tension in American society. Economic inequality has emerged as a dominant global issue that has fueled massive protests and popular uprisings. The global financial crisis and economic recession have rekindled debates about inequality and its consequences. Discussions about wealth and poverty and how to achieve greater equality are as old as human society. They demonstrate a perennial concern about the implications of inequality for the security and well-being of communities. Given the persistence of inequality among individuals, groups, and nations over centuries, this debate is interminable. Struggles to achieve equality are also endless. Issues pertaining to global inequality and poverty permeate almost every significant global problem, from trade to the environment, from terrorism and criminal activities to democratization and human rights, and from ethnic conflicts to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As we have seen, popular uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa were strongly influenced by widespread inequality and poverty. Consequently, as our discussion shows, inequality and poverty are closely connected to politics, economics, and culture.
A central question addressed in this chapter is whether inequality matters. Human societies are inherently unequal due to variations of abilities, opportun.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
4. CONTENTS
1) Introduction
2) Definition
3) History
4) System of stratification.
5) Theories of class and stratification.
6) Indicators of socioeconomic position.
7) Socioeconomic status scale.
8) Impact of Socioeconomic status on
health.
9) Conclusion
3/10/2015 4
5. Social Stratification
Social stratification is a term used in
the social sciences to describe the
relative social position of persons in a
given social group, category,
geographical region or other social unit.
53/10/2015
6. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
It derives from the Latin strātum (plural strata;
parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given
society’s categorization of its people into rankings
of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like
wealth, income, social status, occupation and
power
3/10/2015 6
7. Social Stratification
Stratification is the
division of society into
classes that have
unequal amounts of
wealth, power, and
prestige. In a stratified
society, inequality is part
of the social structure
and passes from one
generation to the next.
- Max Weber 73/10/2015
8. Social Stratification
A system by which
a society ranks
categories of
people in a
hierarchy based on
their access to
scarce resources.
9. Definition
Arrangement of any
social group or
society into hierarchy
of positions that are
unequal with regard
to power, property,
social evaluation and
psychic gratification .
Melvin M.
Tumin,
3/10/2015 9
11. Social Stratification: Ancient
Times
Most ancient societies could be
divided into two large groups:
The “haves” and the “have-nots.”
The “haves,” of course, were the upper
classes, generally consisting of rulers,
nobles, and priests.
The “have-nots” was made up mostly of
merchants, artisans, and peasants.
In every ancient civilization, there was a
large slave class at the bottom of the social
structure
113/10/2015
12. ANCIENT EGYPT
In ancient Egypt there were four social
classes. At the top was the royal family, along
with a large number of nobles and priests.
Next class was of professional soldiers,
Middle class comprised of merchants, artisans,
and scribes .
Lastly the peasants, who were mostly farmers.
And at the bottom, of course, were the slaves,
many of whom had been brought to Egypt as
prisoners of war.
123/10/2015
13. CHINA
China had nothing resembling a caste system. At
the top, below the ruler, was a class of great
feudal lords who governed the land in his name.
Next came a class of knightly gentry, or
landowners, who served at court and fought in the
armies of the feudal lords.
At the bottom were the peasants on whose labor
everyone relied.
Merchants and artisans, like slaves, were not
recognized as belonging to any class.
133/10/2015
14. INDIA
In early India, the society was
divided into three classes consisting of the
rich and powerful, a middle class of merchants
and farmers, and a lower class of workers and
slave.
Around 1500 BC Aryans moved into northern
India from central Asia. They came into India
as , nomadic tribes led by warrior chieftains.
Over time, they settled down as rulers over the
native Dravidians and formed tribal
kingdoms. This lasted till Maurya Empire till
320 BC
143/10/2015
15. India ...
They gave re-birth to Urban
Civilisation and class and caste
system. There were some 3,000 castes,
divided into four classes.
The first class consisted of Brahmans,
or priests, followed in order by the
nobles and warriors (Kshatriyas), the
merchants, farmers, and traders
(Vaishyas), and the Shudras.
153/10/2015
16. Contd...
At the very bottom of
Indian society was a
group not belonging to
any caste. They were
known as the
untouchables and
performed jobs
considered polluting,
such as that of
butchers or street
sweepers
163/10/2015
18. Global stratification
Is social stratification on a global
scale. Where social stratification
draws attention to inequalities
between smaller groups of people,
global stratification draws attention
to inequalities among all the
countries.
183/10/2015
19. THREE-WORLD MODEL
For a long time, Americans used three
categories to stratify nations: first-, second-
, and third-world.
The First World included the U.S. and
other capitalist nations . Communist
nations made up the Second World.Third
World was everyone else. So the
categories were originally based on political
ideology.
193/10/2015
20. Global Stratification ......
Global stratification categories today are high-
, middle-, and low-income countries.
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
Approximately 25% of the nations in the
world, hold most of the world's wealth. Three
examples are the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Japan
203/10/2015
21. Contd...
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES - the largest
proportion of the world's nations - about 42% -
falls into the middle-income category have
average income and a standard of living .
India, Egypt, and Mexico are examples of
middle-income countries.
LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : This is third
category is which constitute people living with
limited resorces e.g.Bangladesh,Pakistan,and
Afghanistan etc..
213/10/2015
22. 1. Property– associated with
education, income and occupation
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is based on
Three major premises
2. POWER – ability of one
party to affect the behavior
of another party
3. PRESTIGE – the distinction or
reputation and how people are
subjectively evaluated by others
3/10/2015 22
25. List of countries by distribution of
wealth
25
1. United States 25.4%
2. JAPAN 09.86%
3. CHINA 08.77%
4. U.K. 04.71
5. GERMANY 04.65%
6. ITALY 04.34
7. INDIA 04.14%
8. FRANCE 03.49%
9. RUSSIA 01.51%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_3/10/2015
26. List of countries by GDP (nominal)2013
Rank Country/Region GDP (Millions of US$)
World 72,689,734
1 United States 16,768,100
2 China 9,181,204
3 Japan 4,898,532
4 Germany 3,730,261
5 France 2,806,432
6 United Kingdom 2,678,455
7 Brazil 2,243,854
8 Italy 2,149,485
9 Russia 2,096,774
10 India 1,937,797
26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
3/10/2015
27. Richest Countries in the World in year 2014
RANK COUNTRY
Current International
Dollar (GDP based on
PPP per capita YEAR
2014)
1 Qatar 1,45,894.18
2 Luxembourg 90,332.89
3 Singapore 78,761.92
4 Brunei Darussalam 73,823.13
5 Kuwait 70,785.46
6 Norway 64,363.14
7 United Arab Emirates 63,180.83
8 Switzerland 53,976.60
9 United States 53,000.97
10 Hong Kong SAR 52,984.06
SOURCE World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014
273/10/2015
28. Lowest Per capita
180 Korea, North 583
181 Mozambique 579
— Zanzibar 565
182 Guinea 532
183 Gambia, The 512
184 Guinea-Bissau 510
185 Eritrea 507
186 Central African Republic 483
187 Madagascar 447
188 Niger 395
189 Liberia 356
190 Malawi 355
191 Ethiopia 354
192 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 286
193 Burundi 229
28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita
142 India 1,509
3/10/2015
29. Richest Men in the World.
Bill Gates
Net Worth: $76 B
Source of wealth: Microsoft
2. Carlos Slim Helu & family
Net Worth: $72 B
Source of wealth: telecom
3. Amancio Ortega
Net Worth: $64 B
Source of wealth: retail
Warren Buffett
Net Worth: $58.2 B
Source of wealth: Berkshire Hathaway
5. Larry Ellison
Net Worth: $48 B
Source of wealth: Oracle
6. Charles Koch
Net Worth: $40 B
Source of wealth: diversified
6. David Koch
Net Worth: $40 B
Source of wealth: diversified
40. Mukesh Ambani
Net Worth: $18.6 B
Source of wealth: petrochemicals, oil & gas
29
61. Azim Premji
Net Worth: $15.3 B
Source of wealth: software
122. Hinduja Brothers
Net Worth: $10 B
Source of wealth: diversified
418 Anil Ambani
$ 4B #19 in India
Source Of Wealth-
diversified
3/10/2015
30. PRESTIGE
Defence Minister AK Antony is
the poorest minister, with
personal assets worth Rs 1.8
lakh.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine 2010 was awarded to Robert
G. Edwards "for the development of in
vitro fertilization".
Meira Kumari, the first woman Speaker of
Lok Sabha on 3 June 2009
3/10/2015 30
32. FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:
1. It is a characteristic of
society, not simply a
reflection of individual
differences.
2. It persists over
generations.
3. It is universal but variable.
4. It involves not just
inequality but beliefs.
3/10/2015 32
33. MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION
Historically, four basic system of stratification
can be distinguished:
1. slavery,
2. caste,
3. Estates &
4. class.
Slavery is an extreme form of inequality, in
which certain people are owned as property
by others.
3/10/2015 33
35. Slavery..
According to the British Anti-Slavery
Society, "Although there is no longer
any state which recognizes any claim by
a person to a right of property over
another, there are an estimated 27
million people throughout the world,
mainly children, in conditions of
slavery.”
3/10/2015 35
36. CASTE
• A caste system is a social system in
which ones social status is given for
life.
• Caste system is a closed system. A
person is born into a caste and
remains there for life.
3/10/2015 36
37. Contd...…
India made it illegal to
discriminate on the basis of caste in 1949.
Caste system remains strong in India
though the situation is changing .
Caste also specifies the rituals people
perform i.e.marriages etc.
The caste associations may establish
banks, schools, colleges, rest houses and
hospitals in the name and use in the field
of politics.
3/10/2015 37
39. ESTATES
Were part of European feudalism, but
also existed in many other traditional
civilisations.
3/10/2015 39
40. Estate System
The stratification system of
medieval Europe, consisting of
three estates -
a) Nobility – the wealthy and powerful families that
ruled the country and owned the land.
b) Clergy – the Roman Catholic Church was a
political power at this time, owning vast tracts of
land and collecting taxes from commoners.
c) Serfs – the commoners, including farmers,
carpenters, harnessmakers, and servants.
403/10/2015
42. Social class
Segment of society
whose members hold
similar amounts of
resources and share
values, norms and an
identifiable lifestyle.
Ownership of wealth
together with
occupation are chief
bases of class
differences.
423/10/2015
43. Classes differ from earlier forms of
stratification in four main respects
1. Class system are fluid.
2. Class positions are in some part achieved.
3. Class is economically based.
4. Class system are large scale and
impersonal
3/10/2015 43
44. RACE – biological attribution of
a group of people
transmitted from one
generation to another
OTHER BASES OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
ETHNICITY – a distinctive
social identity based on
unique cultural traits
- Majority Cultural Groups
-Minority Groups/Cultural
Communities
3/10/2015 44
45. GENDER – based on the personal
traits and social positions
that members of a society
attach to being male or female
AGE/AGING - can be examine according to 3
processes that affect people as they grow older
3 Processes
Biological
Psychological
Social
3/10/2015 45
46. DISENGAGEMENT
THEORY – states that
older adults withdraw from
personal relationships,
society and from their
common social roles
ACTIVITY THEORY –
proposes that successful
aging occurs when older
adults stay active and
maintain social
interactions
SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY
3/10/2015 46
47. Is the movement between or
within social classes. Its of
two Types
• Horizontal mobility refers
to movement within a social
class or stratum.
• Vertical mobility refers to
the movement between
social classes or strata.
SOCIAL MOBILITY
3/10/2015 47
48. Contd…
• There are two kinds
of vertical mobility:
• Intragenerational
mobility (within a
person’s lifetime)
• Intergenerational
mobility (several
generations of one
family)
483/10/2015
49. • Individual effort
• Technological change
• Change in merchandising
patterns
• Increase in population’s
general educational level
Causes of
Upward Mobility
SOCIAL MOBILITY
• Personal factors such as
illness, divorce, or
retirement
• Technological change
altering the demand for
labor
• Overall economic health
Causes of
Downward Mobility
3/10/2015 49
50. SOCIAL MOBILITY -????
Slavery System - possible
Caste System - impossible
Estate System - low but possible
Class System - possible and frequently
occurring
3/10/2015 50
52. For both the social categories Marx
used the word “ class” which is
defined in terms of the ownership
and non ownership of the means of
production.
Thus, class is a social group whose
members share a similar
relationship to the means of
production.
543/10/2015
53. Contd..
• Marx believes that those who
own the means of production also
exercises political and legal power-
Ruling class.
• Service class- it has to abide by the
laws that the ruling class creates to
protect its interest.
• Marx says that the ideas prevalent in
a given society at a given point of time
are in fact ideas of dominant class.
3/10/2015 55
54. According to Marx, the last stage of
class divided society would be
capitalism, where conflict would
take place between ruling and
service class.
Which would culminate in a society
where there would be no classes.
This society is called the communist
society.
3/10/2015 56
55. Communism FAILED!
This was because of lack of help from
most people and increase in greed.
(5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher,
sociologist , economic historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist
who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism
573/10/2015
56. MAX WEBERS THEORY
Weber believes that besides
class, there are two other
forms namely status and
power.
The individuals skills determine
his class, which is dependent
upon the market. People who
have no ownership of property but
have skills that are much needed
by the market have good chance
to survive. 3/10/2015 58
58. 1. EDUCATION
• Education can be measured as a
continuous variable or categorical
variable.
• Strong determinant of future
employment and income.
• The knowledge and skills attained
through education may affect a
person’s cognitive functioning.
3/10/2015 61
59. Contd...
Strengths
Education is comparatively easy to
measure in self administered
questionnaires.
Limitations
The meaning of educational level varies
for different birth Cohorts.
Education outside the country of
residence.
3/10/2015 62
60. 2. INCOME
• Most directly measures the material
resources component.The
mechanisms through which income
could affect health are:
• Buying access to better quality
material
• Allowing access to services, which
may improve health directly.
• Fostering self esteem and social
standing. 3/10/2015 63
61. limitations...
Personal income is a sensitive issue
and people may be reluctant to provide
such information.
Do not share all of their income with the
rest of the household.
income is variable daily, weekly, or
seasonally.
3/10/2015 64
62. OCCUPATION
Occupation is strongly related to
income
Easier access to better health care,
access to education, and residential
facilities.
Occupation may also reflect specific
toxic environmental or work task
exposures such as physical demands
3/10/2015 65
64. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND AMENITIES
Strength
• They are comparatively easy to collect
• Some indications of specific
mechanisms linking SEP to particular
health outcomes .
3/10/2015 67
65. Limitations
• These indicators may be specific to
the geographical context where they
were developed and thus be difficult to
compare across studies.
3/10/2015 68
66. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE
Several methods or scales have been proposed for
classifying different populations by socioeconomic
status in India.
1. Rahudkar scale 1960
2. B G prasad 1961
3. Udai Parikh scale 1964
4. Jalota Scale 1970
5. Pareek & Kulshrestha scale 1972
6. Kuppuswamy scale 1976
7. Shrivastava scale 1978.
8. Bharadwaj scale 2001
9. Hollingshed (USA)
3/10/2015 69
67. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE (RURAL)
By Udai Pareek (1964)
This scale has nine parameters which
assess the socio-economic status of the
individual:-
1. Caste
2. Occupation
3. Education
4. Social participation
5. Land
6. House
7. Farm powers
8. Material possession and
703/10/2015
68. Udai Pareek SES Scale(Rural)
1. Caste :Schedule Caste -1, Lower caste -2 ,Artisan Caste -3 ,Agriculture – 4,
Prestige Caste -5,Dominant Caste -6
2. Occupation: Labor=1, Caste occupation=2, Business=3, inde-pendent
profession=4, cultivation=5, Service=6 .
3. Education: Illiterate=0, Can read only=1, Can read and write=2, Primary=3,
Middle=4, High school=5, Graduate=6 .
4. Social Participation: Mem-ber of one organization=1, Member of more than
one organization=2, Office holder=3, Wider public leader=6
5. Land: 0= no land, 1= < 1 acre, 2= 1-5 acres, 3= 5-10 acres, 4= 10-15 acres,
5= 15-20 acres, 6= >20 acres
6. House: No home=0, Hut=1, Katcha house=2, Mixed house=3, Pucca
house=4, Mansion=6
7. Farm power: 1= no drought animal, 2= 1-2 drought animals, 4= 3-4 drought
animals or =1 prestige animal, 6= 5-6 drought animals or tractor
8. Material Possession: Bullock-cart=1, Cycle=1, Radio=1, Chairs=1, improved
agricultural implements=2, Mobile Phone=4, Television= 3, Refrigerators=8
9. Family: Type: Single=1, Joint=2, Extended= 3, Size: Up to 5=2, Distinctive
features=2
713/10/2015
69. Score
The reliability of the scale was found
to be very high(r = 0.93).
Total score Social class
Above 43 Upper Class (I)
33-42 Upper Middle Class (II)
24-32 Middle Class (III)
13-23 Lower Middle Class (IV)
Below 13 Lower Class (V)
723/10/2015
70. The Hollingshead Four Factor SES
Scale
The Hollingshead Four Factor Index of
Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed
to measure social status of an individual
based on four domains:
a) Marital status,
b) Retired/employed status,
c) Educational attainment,
d) Occupational prestige.
733/10/2015
71. 3/10/2015 74
Classification for 2013 Socio Economic
Status: Class BG Prasad’s Classification of
1961 Modified BG Prasad’s Classification
for 2013
1961 Jan 2015
I Rs 100 and above Rs> 5797
II Rs 50-99 Rs>2898-5797
III Rs 30-49 Rs 1932-2577
IV Rs 15-29 Rs 869-1546
V Below Rs 15 Below Rs 869
They have been calculated as: New income
value = 2.38 × (old value × 4.63 × 4.93).
All-India Average CPIfor Industrial Workers in
Jan 2015= 254
72. Contd..
Strength
• Applicable to both rural and urban area.
• Can be modified according to current
CPI.
Easy to measure.
Limitation
• Single indicator.
• Reluctance by the people to reveal.
• Impractical today & has lower validity
due to great variations in CPI.3/10/2015 75
73. KUPPUSWAMY REVISED SCALE 2012
3/10/2015 76
(A) Education Score
1 Professional or Honors
4
2 Graduate or Post Graduate 3
3 High school or Intermediate or Diploma
2
4 Illiterate or Primary school 1
(B) Occupation Score
1 Legislators, Senior Offi cials, and Managers 13
2 Professionals 11
3 Technicians and Associate Professionals
9
4 Clerks 7
5 Service Workers /Shop/Market Sales Workers 6
6 Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers
5
7 Craft and Related Trades Workers 4
8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 3
74. 3/10/2015 77
(C) Monthly family income Jan 2015 (INR)
7. ≥ 37338
6. >18669 – 37338
5. >14360 – 18669
4. >9573 – 14360
3. >5657 – 9573
2. >1895 – 5657
1. ≤ 1895
Total Score Socioeconomic class
26–29 Upper (I)
16–25 Upper Middle (II)
11–15 Middle/Lower middle (III)
5–10 Lower/Upper lower (IV)
<5 Lower (V)
Current income groups = Original family income groups of Kuppuswamy
(1976) X current consumer price index X 0.0735 (multiplication factor)
2000 X 254 X 0.0735
75. Kuppuswamy classification….
Strengths
• Multiple indicators.
Limitations
• Only urban population.
• Highest level of income which is shown
by Kuppuswamy is also inconsistent
across various economic groups in the
present time.
• Educational and occupational factors not
revised.
3/10/2015 78
76. THE WEALTH INDEX
The NFHS-3 wealth index is based on
the following 33 assets and housing
characteristics and is a composite measure of
a household's cumulative living standard.
The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-
collect data on a household's ownership of
selected assets, such as televisions and
bicycles; materials used for housing
construction; and types of water access and
sanitation facilities.
793/10/2015
77. Contd....
• Uses information on 33 household
assets and housing characteristics, such as
ownership of consumer items, type of
dwelling, source of water, and availability of
electricity etc..
Combines this information into a single
wealth index, using a scientific method of
assigning weights to individual components
The household population is divided into five
equal groups of 20% each (quintiles) at the
national level from 1 (lowest, poorest) to 5
(highest, wealthiest)
3/10/2015 80
78. Contd....
STRENGTH
• Multiple indicators. The wealth index is
particularly valuable in countries that lack
reliable data on income and
expenditures, which are the traditional
indicators used to measure household
economic status.
Limitations
• Income not included as indicators.
• Not revised after 1964.
• So not applicable to current time.
3/10/2015 81
80. POVERTY IN INDIA
India has two things in abundance:
People and Poverty! We can also call it
PRC – poverty rich country!
There are poor everywhere – one-third
of world’s poor live here. Add to this the
poor of Pakistan and Bangladesh and
you can discover almost half of global
poverty only in this region of South Asia
833/10/2015
81. NEW POVERTY LINE : JULY 2014
Rs 32 in villages, Rs 47 in cities Those
spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas
and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be
considered poor, an expert panel headed by
former RBI governor C Rangarajan.
60% of the poor still reside in the states of
Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand.
843/10/2015
82. REPORT BY RANGARAJAN
COMMITTEE
The latest report by Rangarajan committee
has added almost 100 million more people
to the list of poor
The Rangarajan report has added 93.7
million more to the list of the poor
assessed last year as per the Suresh
Tendulkar committee formula. Now the
total number of poor has reached 363
million from 269 million in 2011-12.
853/10/2015
83. No. of Rural
poor
No. of urban
poor
Total
Percent of
poor
Rangarajan
Committee
260.5 million 102.5 million 363 million 29.5
Tendulkar
committee
216.5 million 52.8 million 269 million 21.9%
Difference 44 million 49.7 million 93.7 million
863/10/2015
84. Contd...
The methods also included on
certain normative levels of adequate
nourishment, clothing, house rent,
conveyance, education and also behavioral
determination of non-food expenses.
It also considered average requirements of
calories, protein and fats based on ICMR
norms differentiated by age and gender.
873/10/2015
85. Contd...
This means 29.5% of the India
population lives below the poverty line
as defined by the Rangarajan
committee
883/10/2015
89. Extreme poverty
Absolute poverty rates, based on 2011 constant PPP international dollar,
according to The World Bank in 2014.According to World Bank's revised
estimates for extreme poverty coupled with regional economic development,
extreme poverty rates have fallen significantly in China and India. In other
countries, extreme poverty has increased per 2011 benchmarks compared to
2005 benchmarks.
923/10/2015
91. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
AND HEALTH
Poverty and poor health worldwide
are inextricably linked. The causes of
poor health for millions globally are
rooted in poor socio- economic
conditions.
Poverty is both a cause and a
consequence of poor health.
943/10/2015
92. Contd..
Poverty increases the chances of
poor health. Poor health in turn
traps communities in poverty.
Infectious and neglected tropical
diseases kill and weaken millions
of the poorest and most vulnerable
people each year
953/10/2015
93. MAIN EFFECTS OF POVERTY
Malnutrition is the most common effect of
poverty is malnutrition.This is especially
seen in children of poor families. People
living in poverty rarely have access to highly
nutritious foods. 2. Health
Health. One of the most severe effects of
poverty are the health effects that are
almost always present. Diseases are very
common in people living in poverty because
they lack the resources to maintain a
healthy living environment.
963/10/2015
94. Education.Education is largely affected by
poverty. Many people living in poverty are
unable to attend school from a very early
age.
Economy.Among the effects of poverty
includes its impact on the economy of the
country. Mainly, the number of people living
in poverty influences employment rates
heavily. Without an education, people are
unlikely to find a paying job.
973/10/2015
95. Social effects. Many people living in
poverty are homeless, which puts them on
the streets. There is also a connection
between poverty and crime.
When people are unemployed and
homeless and have nothing and no
money to buy necessities, they may be
forced to turn to theft in order to survive.
983/10/2015
97. Distribution of Households by Wealth
Index and Caste
50
28
18
10
24
25
22
14
13
21
23
17
8
17
21
24
5
10
16
36
ST SC OBC Other
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
3/10/2015 101
103. UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES
NFHS 3
Wealthier households were less likely to
use the public health sector than the
households in the lower quintiles of wealth
index.
Among households that do not use govt.
health facilities, the main reasons given for
not doing so are poor quality of care( 58%),
lack of nearby facility(47%) and long
waiting times(25%).
3/10/2015 108
105. ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA” (AAY)
To make TPDS more focused towards the
poorest of the poor category of the
population, AAY “was launched in
December 2014 to provide wheat and
Rice @ Rs. 2 & 3 per kg (Total 35Kg).
The States/UTs are required to bear the
distribution cost, including margin to
dealers.
1103/10/2015
106. AAY - GUIDELINES
Landless agriculture labourers, marginal
farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen, such
as potters, tanners, weavers,
blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers
and persons earning their livelihood on
daily basis in the informal sector like
porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers in both
rural and urban areas.
1113/10/2015
107. Households headed by widows or
terminally ill persons/disabled
persons/persons aged 60 years or
more with no societal support
All primitive tribal households.
Eligible BPL, families of HIV positive
persons in the AAY list of on priority.
1123/10/2015
108. Karnataka
1. Green cards and yellow are
cards issued to BPL families who
are living in rural areas and urban slums
2. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) cards are
issued to the poorest of the poor families
who are living in rural area and urban slums.
3. Saffron cards are issued to APL families
living in rural areas and photo cards are
issued to APL families living in urban areas.
1153/10/2015
109. Contd...
3. For BPL card holders, government provide
1 kg sugar per member
35 kg Rice
5 litres kerosene OIL per member
10 litres kerosene oil for 2 to 3 members
15 litres kerosene oil for more than 3 members
3 litres kerosene oil for a single gas connection holder
1163/10/2015
110. OTHER BENEFITS TO BPL CARD
HOLDERS ..........
1. The Citizen can with draw 1000/- rupees
credit for a year, where he has to pay
the MONEY back to the government with the
minimum interest rate. If there are late
payments made, all the benefits will be
withdrawn and you cannot further use the
card.
2. BPL card holders can utilize the following
schemes:
> Housing
> Employment
> Small Value Individual Scheme
1173/10/2015
112. CONCLUSION
Although many societies worldwide have
made great strides toward more equality
between The “haves” and the “have-nots
in terms of the standard of living and life
chances.
Still there are large gaps between the
wealthiest and the poorest within a nation
and between the wealthiest and poorest
nations of the world.
3/10/2015 119
113. Contd....
A January 2014 Oxfam report indicates
that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the
world have a combined wealth equal
to that of the bottom 50% of the
world's population, or about 3.5 billion
people.
1203/10/2015
114. Scarce and unequally distributed
resources are the main stratifying factors
and are responsible for huge sufferings for
those “have nots”
Poverty is not an accident like slavery and
apartheid ; it is man-made and can only
be removed by the actions of human
beings.
3/10/2015 121
117. REFERENCES
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3. Community Medicine with Recent Advances by
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4. Lal S. Textbook of community Medicine. 3nd
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5. B.G. PRASAD’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
SCALE – REVISION FOR 2014. The Scientific
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Development 2014, 3(6): 351-354 .
6. KUPPUSWAMY’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
SCALE – A REVISION OF ECONOMIC PARAMETER
FOR 2012.
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118. 7. Bruna G. Indicators of socioeconomic position. J Epidemiol
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definition-differences-in-income-levels-and-poverty.html.
12. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Socioeconomic status.
http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Socioeconomic _status.
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120. 17. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of countries by
distribution of wealth. http://en. wikipedia. org/ wiki
/List of countries by distribution of wealth.
18. http://tec-sep.blogspot.in/2013/03/social-stratification.
html.
19. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of countries by
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countries by income equality.
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switzerland
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