Combinational circuits
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A combinational circuit is composed of basic logic gates like NOT, AND, and OR gates. Logic gates perform operations using combinations of input signals to produce output signals. An OR gate outputs a 1 if any or both of its inputs are 1. An AND gate outputs a 1 only if both inputs are 1. A NOT gate, or inverter, outputs the opposite of its single input. Combinational circuits use these logic gates together to perform more complex logical operations on multiple inputs and produce a single output.
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COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS & FLIP FLOPS
Combinational circuits are arrangements of logic gates with inputs and outputs. Flip-flops can store one bit and have two outputs, one for the stored value and its complement. Common types of flip-flops include SR, D, JK, and T flip-flops. SR flip-flops set or reset their output based on S and R inputs, while D flip-flops set their output based on the D input. Edge-triggered flip-flops change state on either the rising or falling edge of a clock signal.
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This document discusses D flip-flops. It states that a D flip-flop stores one bit of data and its output, Q, follows the input, D, at the rising or falling edge of the clock signal, CLK. A D flip-flop can be constructed by adding an inverter to an S-R flip-flop. The document provides examples of the timing diagram of a D flip-flop and how positive and negative edge triggered D flip-flops work. It also discusses using D flip-flops to create a ring counter and provides an example of a 6-bit ring counter with its output states over 6 clock cycles.
All flipflop
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D flip Flop
The D flip-flop is a modified form of the SR flip-flop that overcomes the shortcoming of invalid or indeterminate output when both S and R inputs are logic 0. It ensures the S and R inputs are never equal using an inverter between the inputs to allow a single D (data) input. The D flip-flop's truth table and characteristic table show that the next state Q(n+1) will always equal the current D input regardless of the clock or current state Qn. This simplified design makes D flip-flops useful in applications like data transfer, counters, registers, and frequency dividers.
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D Flip Flop
The document discusses the design and analysis of a D-flip flop. It begins by introducing flip flops and their use for storing state information. It then discusses the need for a D-flip flop due to limitations in the basic SR flip flop. A D-flip flop overcomes these limitations using a gated SR flip flop with an inverter between the S and R inputs, allowing a single data input. The circuit and working of the D-flip flop are shown, noting it will store and output the data input while the clock is high.
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D flip Flop
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Flip flop
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Memory elements
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Sequentialcircuits
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latches
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This document discusses sequential circuits and their analysis. It defines sequential logic as circuits whose outputs depend not only on current inputs but also past inputs, requiring some type of memory. There are two types of sequential circuits: synchronous use a clock for synchronization, while asynchronous can change output at any time. Analysis of sequential circuits involves obtaining a description of the input-output-state sequence over time using techniques like logic diagrams, state tables, characteristic tables, and state diagrams. Various flip-flop designs are presented, including the SR latch, D latch using transmission gates, and master-slave flip-flop. Timing considerations like clock period and setup time are also covered.
Flip flop
Flip flops are used to store digital data and can be triggered on either the rising or falling edge of a clock signal. The D flip flop stores the input data on the rising edge of the clock. Multiple flip flops can be used together to store parallel data from combinational logic circuits. Asynchronous reset inputs allow the flip flop output to be asynchronously cleared regardless of the clock. Flip flops are fundamental building blocks that enable the storage of data in digital circuits and computers.
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Sequential circuits are circuits whose outputs depend not only on present inputs but also on past inputs or states. There are two types: synchronous use a clock signal to synchronize state changes, asynchronous can change state at any time. Common memory elements are flip-flops including RS, D, JK, and T flip-flops. The master-slave flip-flop construction using two flip-flops avoids unpredictable states by separating the sampling and output functions.
Memory elements
- A latch is the simplest memory element that can be constructed from standard logic gates and allows information to be stored. It has two stable states: SET and RESET.
- NAND and NOR gates can be used to create SR (Set-Reset) latches that store a bit. The latches change state based on active-low or active-high signals on the SET and RESET inputs.
- Mechanical switches bounce upon contact, which can cause errors. Debouncing circuits use latches to hold the switch state until bouncing stops to avoid erroneous signals.
- Clocked flip-flops (FFs) add a clock input to synchronize state changes. D-type FFs sample the D
Sequentialcircuits
Sequential circuits have memory and their output depends on both the current inputs and past outputs. They contain combinational circuits and feedback loops using latches and flip-flops. There are two main types of sequential circuits - asynchronous which can change state anytime the inputs change, and synchronous which only change on a clock signal.
Latches continuously track inputs and can change output anytime, while flip-flops only change output on a clock signal. Common flip-flop types include SR, D, T, and JK. Counters are sequential circuits that cycle through a sequence of states on each clock pulse and are used to count events.
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This document discusses sequential circuits and various flip flop circuits. It defines non-clocked and clocked flip flops, and describes positive and negative edge triggering. It provides diagrams, truth tables, and excitation tables for SR, D, JK, and T flip flops. Sequential circuits have memory and their output depends on present and past inputs.
latches
Latches are asynchronous electronic logic circuits with two stable output states. There are four main types of latches: D, T, SR, and JK latches. An SR latch has two inputs - SET (S) and RESET (R) - and two complementary outputs (Q and Q'). The state of the latch depends on whether input S or R is activated. A D latch similarly has one data input and two complementary outputs, but removes invalid states that can occur in an SR latch. Latches can be either active-high or active-low, depending on whether a high or low input triggers a state change.
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- 3. COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT A Combinational Circuit is a compound circuit consisting of the basic logic gates such as NOT, AND, OR. Logic gates All operations within a computer are carried out by means of combinations of signals passing through standard blokes built in circuits that are known as logic gates.
- 4. OR GATE The OR gate is an electronic circuit that generate an out put signals of 1 if any of the input signals is also 1, OR gate has an output of 1 when either A and or both are 1.OR gate performs logical addition on its output. ‘’ and ‘+’ is sign. The symbolic diagram is. R OR P Q Input Output P Q R 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 (P V Q)=R
- 5. And Gate The and gate is logic circuit with two or more input signals and one out put signal. If both input signals are 1, the output signal is 1. Otherwise the output signal is 0.it is shown as symbolic represented. Sign is ‘’.’’ and ‘’ ’’. p AND Q R Input P Input Q Output R 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 P Q = R
- 6. Not Gate Or (inverter) An inverter is a gate with one input signal and one out put signal. Its input is not same as out put . The out put signal is always the opposite or complement of the input. The sign is ‘’ NOT P R ~ Input P Output R 1 0 0 1 ~P = R
- 7. Combination circuits A B A V B ~A ~B ~A V ~B (A V B) ^ (~A V ~B) or and not or not
- 8. Combination circuit (P Q) V (~P )=R R
- 9. (P V Q) ^ (S V R) = K K S Combination circuits
- 10. AND P Q R OR NOT P Q (P Q) ~R ~R (P Q) V ~R = S S
- 11. Combinational circuits AND P Q NOT R S OR ~(P ^ Q) v R=S -(P . Q) + R = S
- 12. . AND OR OR P Q R PQ PR (PQ) (PR) Combinational circuits (P V Q) ^ (P V R) = S S (P + Q) . (P + R) = S
- 13.