colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.
Gall bladder carcinoma seen in Indian popluation most common in women and presents at a very late stage .Survival is in months hence palliative treatment is being preferred .
Bladder cancer is a disease of urinary bladder in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. This is one of four parts of presentations on Bladder cancer. Please do go through the rest of the presentations too.
The stomach J-shaped. It has two surfaces (the anterior & posterior), two curvatures (the greater & lesser), two orifices (the cardia & pylorus). It has fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Blood supply
The left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years.
It could be:
malignant or benign
primary or secondary
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.
Gall bladder carcinoma seen in Indian popluation most common in women and presents at a very late stage .Survival is in months hence palliative treatment is being preferred .
Bladder cancer is a disease of urinary bladder in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. This is one of four parts of presentations on Bladder cancer. Please do go through the rest of the presentations too.
The stomach J-shaped. It has two surfaces (the anterior & posterior), two curvatures (the greater & lesser), two orifices (the cardia & pylorus). It has fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Blood supply
The left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years.
It could be:
malignant or benign
primary or secondary
CCSN welcomed back Helene Hutchings to discuss anal and colorectal cancer in this educational webinar. Helene discussed the symptoms & risk factors of these cancers, as well as treatment options that are available.
She also discussed prevention of anal and colorectal cancers and the benefits of peer-to-peer support groups.
For Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, CCSN welcomed back Helene Hutchings to discuss anal and colorectal cancer in this educational webinar. Helene discussed the symptoms & risk factors of these cancers, as well as treatment options that are available.
She also discussed prevention of anal and colorectal cancers and the benefits of peer-to-peer support groups.
There was a Q&A session following the webinar.
Please share this video with anyone who may be interested!
Watch all our webinars: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4dDQscmFYu_ezxuxnAE61hx4JlqAKXpR
In this webinar:
● Understanding colorectal and anal cancer, including symptoms, risk factors
● Treatment options, including chemotherapy, radiation and biologics
● Preventing colorectal and anal cancer
View the video: https://youtu.be/q0z8N1_L-JQ
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The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) launches its Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign in partnership with Medtronic.
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in men (following prostate cancer) and the third most common cancer in women (following breast and cervical cancer). An estimated 6 927 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in South Africa in 2018 which was about 6.5% of all cancers (1). More men (7.3% of all cancers) than women (5.7% of all cancers) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer in this same year.
The aim of the Medtronic and CANSA partnership aim is to provide Colorectal Cancer Awareness and education so patients can get treated at early stages and offered patient support through CANSA's patient care and support programmes.
https://www.cansa.org.za/adopt-a-balanced-lifestyle/
stomach cancer is the common melignancy in male and female can leads to death of patient this ppt help in knowing the condition and its management and help nurses for their knowledge, to improve academic performance and application in their clinical practice
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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4. Signs & Symptoms
• Change in bowel habits
• Blood in Stool
– Bright red
– Very dark red
– Black/Tarry Stool
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Does your bowel feel like
it emptied completely?
• General abdominal
discomfort
– Gas pains
– Bloating
– Fullness
– Cramps
• Weight loss w/ no
explained reason
• Constant tiredness
• Vomiting (coffee grounds)
6. Physical Exam
• General Medical History
– Includes self health habits
– Past self illnesses
– Various treatments used for previous issues
– Family health history
• If patient reports problems with respect to signs
and symptoms related to common bowel change
habits…
• Are symptoms affecting your everyday life?
7. Fecal occult blood test
• Check stool for evidence of blood
• Method
– Small samples of stool are placed on special
cards and returned to the Dr. or Lab for
testing under a microscope
• Potential harms
– False-positive & false negative results
(uncommon…serious
8. Digital Rectal Exam
• The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated,
GLOVED finger into the rectum to feel for
lumps or abnormal areas.
9. Barium Enema
• Barium is a liquid, that contains a silver-
white compound, inserted into the rectum
• The barium coats the lower GI tract and a
series of x-rays are taken of the lower GI
tract
• AKA = a lower GI series
10. What does a Barium Enema do?
• Detects
– Ulcers
– Narrowed areas (strictures)
– Growth of the lining (polyps)
– Small pouches in the wall of the intestine
• Diverticula
– Cancer
– abnormalities
11. How can one prepare for this test?
• Colon must be completely empty
– Prescribed laxatives or enema (pre-exam)
• Special Diet to follow (2 days prior)
– Clear liquids
– Tea or coffee without milk or cream
– Any juice without pulp (NO OJ or Tomato)
– Broth
– Carbonated beverages
12. Types of Barium Enemas
• Single Column
– Lie on side on Xray table
– Enema tube inserted into rectum
– Barium bag is delivered into colon
– May feel urge to have a bowel movement….DON’T
– Though, a small balloon will keep it inside you
– Take long deep breaths through mouth…helps relax
– May be asked to turn & rotate to evenly coat all colon
– Then the radiologist will take a number of X-ray images
from various angles
13. Air Contrast (Double contrast)
• Similar to single-column
• Big difference…Air is inflated with air in
addition to the barium to expand and
improve the quality of the images
• Polyps can be seen easier, among other
abnormalities
14. Post Barium Enema instructions
• You will be able to go to the restroom
immediately following the procedure to expell
the remaining barium
• Over next few days your stool will be white, gray,
or pink
• Might be given a cleansing enema, laxatives,
and told to drink a lot of liquids
• The remaining barium can cause constipation.
• Refer back to MD if you don’t return to normal in
3-4 days
15. Results
• Negative = no
abnormalities are
found
• Positive =
abnormalities found,
such as polyps.
• If positive you may
be scheduled for
further testing.
16. Pros of Barium Enema
• Pros
– No sedation, complications are slight
(perforation of colorectal wall)
– If 50+ Medicare covers this every four years
for colorectal cancer screening as an
alternative to colonoscopy
– If you are high risk, covered every two years,
though colonoscopy is preferred
17. Cons of Barium Enema
• miss small polyps or sometimes even
small cancers
• Biopsy and polyp removal cannot be done
during testing
• you may need to follow up with a
colonoscopy
• Preparing for the procedure (emptying the
colon) and the procedure itself can be
unpleasant
18. Sigmoidoscopy
• Views the rectum and
sigmoid colon areas for
polyps, abnormalities, or
cancer
• A sigmoidoscope is a thin
lighted tube is inserted into
rectum & up through the
sigmoid colon
• May remove polyps or
tissue samples for biopsy
19. Procedure Detection
• The cause of diarrhea, abdominal pain, or
constipation
• Detect early signs of cancer in descending
(sigmoid) colon and rectum
• can see bleeding, inflammation, abnormal
growths, and ulcers
• not sufficient to detect polyps or cancer in
the ascending or transverse colon (two-
thirds of the colon).
20. Preparation Complications
• Liquid diet
• Most likely given an
enema pre-procedure
• Air is pumped into
colon to help expand
and see more surface
area
• Duration is 10-20
minutes
• Though very
uncommon
• It is likely that
bleeding or a
puncture of the colon
could result during
procedure
22. Colonoscopy
• Procedure to look into entire length of
large intestine (colon) to detect
abnormalities
• Preparation, procedure, & results same as
sigmoidoscopy
• New virtual colonoscopy as alternative
procedure
23. Virtual or (CT) Colonography
• a series of x-rays called computed
tomography to make a series of pictures of
the colon
• Computer then puts these pictures
together to create a detailed image that
shows polyps, etc.
24. Prognosis (chances of recovery)
• Depends on
– Stage : in the inner lining of colon only, whole
colon? Spread to other places in body
– Has it blocked or created a hole in the colon?
– Blood levels of carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA); a substance in the blood that may be
increased when cancer is present, before
treatment begins.
– Has cancer recurred?
– Patient’s general health?
25. Treatment Options
• Surgery (main treatment)
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Newer targeted therapies
– Monoclonal antibodies
• Depending on stage of cancer, it is likely
that 2-3 types of treatment may be utilized
at the same time or one after the other
26. Surgery
• Removal of cancer and normal area of
colon on either side, as well as nearby
lymph nodes
• Then sewn back together
• Colostomy (bag to catch the waste kept
outside the body)
• If cancer is found early, a colonscope can
be used without cutting the abdomen
27. Surgery for Rectal Cancer
• Surgery is main treatment, along with a combination of
radiation therapy
• Polypectomy, local excision, and local transanal
resection) can be done with instruments placed into the
anus,
• Stage I, II, & III rectal cancers, other types of surgery
may be done
• A low anterior resection is used for cancers near the
upper part of the rectum, close to where it connects with
the colon.
• Abdominoperineal resection is done for cancers located
close near the lower rectum-anal conjunction. After this
surgery, a colostomy is needed
28. • Pelvic Exenteration:
– the surgeon removes the rectum as well as
nearby organs such as the bladder, prostate,
or uterus if the cancer has spread to these
organs. A colostomy is needed after this
operation. If the bladder is removed, a
urostomy (opening to collect urine) is needed
29. Radiation Therapy
• high-energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill or shrink
cancer cells
• external radiation
• internal or implant radiation; placed directly into
tumor
• Radiation can also be used to ease symptoms of
advanced cancer such as intestinal blockage,
bleeding, or pain
• Main uses is for those where cancer had
attached to an internal organ or the lining of the
abdomen
• can be aimed through the anus and reaches the
rectum without passing through the skin of the
abdomen
30. Chemotherapy
• use of anticancer drugs injected into a vein or
given by mouth
• treatment useful for cancers that have spread to
distant organs
• increase the survival rate for patients with some
stages of colorectal cancer (will kill normal cells
also)
• Side effects depend on amount, length, & type of
drugs given (i.e. diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, loss
of appetite & hair, mouth sores, increased
chance of infections, bruising & bleeding after
minor cuts or injuries & overall increased fatigue
31. Risk Factors
• Age 50 or older
• Obesity (fat in waist area increases)
• 30%-40% of smokers diagnosed with cancer will die
• A family history of cancer of the colon or rectum.
• A personal history of cancer of the colon, rectum, ovary,
endometrium, or breast.
• A history of polyps or ulcerative colitis (ulcers in the lining
of the large intestine) or Crohn’s disease.
• Certain hereditary conditions, such as familial
adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis
colon cancer (HNPCC; Lynch Syndrome)
• Heavy use of Alcohol has been linked to this cancer
32. Dietary Risk Factors
• eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain
foods
• to limit high-fat foods (especially from animal
sources) and limit excessive alcohol
consumption
• studies suggest that taking a daily multivitamin
containing folic acid or folate can lower risk
• Other studies suggest that getting more calcium
with supplements or low-fat dairy products can
help
• Getting enough exercise is important as well 30
min of physical activity on 5+ days per week.
33. Survival Rates
• 9 of 10 people whose cancer is found & treated
at early stage (before spreading) will live at least
5 years
• Spread to nearby organs/lymph nodes= 5years
– 66% survival rate
• Spread to lungs/liver= 5 year – 9%
• (5 yr is based on percentage of patients that
were alive 5 yrs after diagnosis. Leaving out
those who died of other causes)
34. Closing Points
• These numbers provide an overall picture, but keep in
mind that every person’s situation is unique and the
statistics can’t predict exactly what will happen in your
case.
• Don’t “strain” yourself…use more fiber in your diet
(supplements work well when you can’t get it through
your food intake ~ just drink lots of water & not within 1
hour of laying down)
• Eat healthy food when on the run pack your
lunch/snacks
• Increase your Healthy lifestyle potential
• Parents/Grandparents
• Increase awareness that it is ok to get screened
• Mark it on your to do list in 25-30 years as a birthday
present to yourself and family.
35. Dedicated to
• FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK
•
• 1962 Nobel Laureate in Medicine
• for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer
in living material.
• Background
• Born: 1916
• Died: 7/29/2004 Died Today of Colon Cancer (88 yrs old)
• Residence: Great Britain
Affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, Cambridge