collaborative activity for translation techniques

1. SMART ENERGY
Translation techniques – Group 551033_2
Angela Janet Marin Code.
Johanna Carolina Velez. Code. 52.833.173
Laura Verónica Medina. Code.
Leidy Johanna Buitrago. Code.
Winston Alejandro Jácome. Code.
Angie Xiomara Pinto
Tutor
Bogotá. October - 2018

2. Smart Energy Tecnología Energetica Inteligente
PARAGRAPH 1
The next few decades will see great changes in the way
energy is supplied and used. In some major oil
producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached,
and there are increasing fears of global
warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on
the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will
lead to major changes in the supply and use of
electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall
demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to
electricity to power their homes and vehicles. Secondly,
there will be an increase in power generation, not only in
terms of how much is generated, but also how it is
generated, as there is growing electricity generation
from renewable sources. To meet these challenges,
countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. This
system aims to provide the electricity industry with a
better understanding of power generation and demand,
and to use this information to create a more efficient
power network.
PARRAFO 1
En las próximas décadas se verán grandes cambios en la
forma en que la energía es suministrada y usada. En algunos
de los países con mayor producción de petróleo, ya se ha
alcanzado “un pico de petróleo” y el miedo al calentamiento
global ha aumentado. Como consecuencia, muchas naciones
se están centrando en cambiar a una economía baja en
carbono. Esta transición nos llevara a cambios significativos
en el suministro y uso de la electricidad. En Primer lugar
habrá un aumento de la demanda global, ya que los
consumidores cambiaran el petróleo y gas por la electricidad
para dar energía a sus casas y vehículos. En segundo lugar
habrá un aumento en la generación de energías, no solo en
términos de cuanto se produce sino en cómo se produce, ya
que incrementara la energía proveniente de recursos
renovables. Para afrontar estos desafíos, los países están
invirtiendo en sistemas de tecnología de redes inteligentes.
Este Sistema pretende proveer a la industria energética un
mejor entendimiento de la demanda y producción de
electricidad y usar esta información para crear una red
eléctrica más eficiente.
By: Johanna Vélez

3. Paragraph 2
Smart Grid technology basically involves the
application of a computer system to the
electricity network. The computer system
can be used to collect information about
supply and demand and improve engineer's
ability to manage the system. With better
information about electricity demand, the
network will be able to increase the amount
of electricity delivered per unit generated,
leading to potential reductions in fuel needs
and carbon emissions. Moreover, the
computer system will assist in reducing
operational and maintenance costs.
Parrafo 2
La tecnología de Smart Grid básicamente
involucra la aplicación de un sistema
tecnológico a una red eléctrica. El sistema
tecnológico se puede usar para recoger
información de suministro y demanda para
mejorar la abilidad de los ingenieros para
manejar elsistema. A mejor información de
la demanda eléctrica mejor capacida de
incrementar la cantidad de electricidad que
se usa por unidad generada, Llevandonos a
reducir las emisiones de combustible y
carbón. Ademas el sistema tecnológico
ayudará a reducir los gastos operacionales y
de mantenimiento.

4. PARAGRAPH 3
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the
consumer too. They will be able to collect real-
information on their energy use for each
appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will
give customers the incentive to use appliances at
times when supply greatly exceeds demand,
leading to great reductions in bills. For example,
they may use their washing machines at
night. Smart meters can also be connected to the
internet or telephone system, allowing customers
to switch appliances on or off
remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with
apparatus to generate their own power,
can be set to run directly from the on-site power
source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
PARRAFO 3
La tecnología Smart Grid también ofrece
beneficios para el consumidor. Podrán recopilar
información en tiempo real sobre su uso de
energía para cada aparato. La variación de las
tarifas a lo largo del día dará a los clientes el
incentivo de usar electrodomésticos en momentos
en que la oferta exceda en gran medida la
demanda, lo que dará lugar a grandes
reducciones en las facturas. Por ejemplo, pueden
usar sus lavadoras por la noche. Los medidores
inteligentes también se pueden conectar a
Internet o al sistema telefónico, lo que permite a
los clientes encender o apagar aparatos de forma
remota. Además, si las casas están equipadas con
el aparato para generar su propia energía, los
dispositivos se pueden configurar para que
funcionen directamente desde la fuente de
energía en el sitio, y cualquier exceso se puede
vender a la red..
By: Laura Veronica Medina

5. .
PARAGRAPH 4
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The
first involves managing the supply and
demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind,
wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and
nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations
switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With
oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply
of energy to match the increasing demand during peak
times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this
is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or
system collapse. Potential solutions include
investigating new and efficient ways to store energy
and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-
peak times.A second problem is the fact that many
renewable power generation sources are located
in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal
regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical
infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be
built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this
can be done more efficiently by reducing the
reinforcement or construction costs.
PARRAFO 4
Con estos cambios viene una serie de desafíos. Primero que todo,
implica gestionar la oferta y la demanda. Las fuentes de energía
ronovable como el viento, las olas y la energía solar, son
notoriamente impredecibles, y la energía nuclear, la cuál también
se espera que aumente a medida que las naciones cambian a
fuentes de enrgía alternativas, es inflexible. Con el petroleo y el
gas, es relativamente simple aumentar el suministro de energía
satisfacer la creciente demanda durantes las horas pico del día o
del año. Con fuentes alternativas, esto es mucho más difícil y
puede provocar apagones o colapso del sistema, Las soluciones
potenciales incluyen investigación de nuevas y eficientes maneras
de almacenar energía y alentar a los consumidores a usar la
electricidad en los horarios de menor actividad. Un segundo
probelam es el hecho de que muchas de las fuentes generadoras
de energía renovable esta´n localizadas in areas remotas, donde
actualmente hay una falta de infrastructura eléctrica. Por lo tanto
nuevas infrastructuras deben ser construidas. Afortunadamente
con una tecnlogoía inteligente mejorada, esto se puede hacer de
manera más eficiente reduciendo los costos de refuerzo o
construcción.
By: Winston Jacome

6. PARAGRAPH 5
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot
schemes to promote and test it are
already underway. Consumers are currently testing
the new smart meters which can be used in their
homes to manage electricity use. There are also a
number of demonstrations being planned to show
how the smart technology could practically work, and
trials are in place to test the new electrical
infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be
in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will
provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more
advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime
candidates for investment into smart energy, due to
the high population density and high energy use. It
here where Smart Technology is likely to be
first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources,
transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging
electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is
already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in
the energy supply will have transformed our homes,
our roads and our behaviour.
PARRAFO 5
A pesar de que la tecnología inteligente aún está en su
infancia, los esquemas piloto para promoverla y probarla
están en marcha. Los consumidores están haciendo pruebas
a los nuevos contadores inteligentes que podrían ser usados
en sus hogares en sus hogares para manejar el uso de la
electricidad. Aquí además están un número de
demostraciones siendo planeadas para enseñar como la
inteligencia tecnológica, prácticamente que puede funcionar,
y existen pruebas para poner a prueba la nueva
infraestructura eléctrica. Es probable que esta tecnología sea
incluida en capas, comenzando con métodos de ganancia
rápida que proporcionan ahorros iniciales de carbono. Para
ser seguida por sistemas avanzados en una fecha posterior.
Las ciudades son las principales candidatas para la inversión
en la energía inteligente debido a la alta densidad de
población y alto consumo de energía. Es aquí donde la
energía inteligente será promocionada primero dando uso a
una gama de fuentes de energía sostenible, soluciones de
transporte y una infraestructura para la carga de vehículos
eléctricos.
La infraestructura ya está cambiando rápidamente. Para el
año 2050, los cambios en el suministro de energía habrán
transformado nuestros hogares, nuestras carreteras y
nuestro comportamiento.
By: Angela Janeth Marin

7. Method
Translation methods relate to whole texts.Some of them are:
Word-for-word translation: as its name says it keeps SL word
and the words are translated by their most common meaning, the
context is not taken into account. For Example:
Personnel Officer To personal official.
Literal translation: here the grammatical constructions are
to a near equivalent in the TL, but we keep on translating isolated
words without context Example:He was laughing as She was
pushing His leg.
Se estaba riendo mientras ella le empujaba la pierna
Faithful translation: here the translator tries to produce a
contextual meaning without taking into account the TL
grammatical structures. Example He was laughing as She was
pushing His leg .Mientras lo molestaba, el reía.
Semantic translation: it cares more about the aesthetic value of
text.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg
Como bromeaba con él, el reía.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation culture
the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg
Mientras le tomaba del pelo, el reía.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form,
or content of the original. Example: She ate it all. Ella se devoró
todo porque estaba muy delicioso.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original
tends to distort meaning.
People in glass houses shouldn´t throw stones.
Las personas que habitan casas de vidrio no deberían lanzar
piedras.
Communicative translation: it tries to render the exact
meaning of the content and language.
People in glass houses shouldn´t throw stones.
Strategy
Translator’s plans for solving translation problems.
Set of rules or principles used by translators to reach the
goals. Leppihalme (1997:79) proposes a set of strategies
Such as:
Retention of the name. Example:
Cristopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Cristopher Columbus descubrió América en 1492.
Replacement of the name by another:
Cristopher Columbus Discovered America in 1492
Cristóbal Colon descubrió América en 1492.
Omission of the name:
Cristopher Columbus Discovered America in 1492
America fue descubierta en 1492.
Other strategies:
Use of a standard translation.
Minimum change or literal translation, where meaning is
not as important as shape.
The soldiers dressed the rank
Los soldados vistieron la fila.
The use of footnotes, when explaining cultural expressions.
Thanks giving dinner was turkey in cranberry sauce
La cena de *thanks giving fue pavo en salsa de arándano.
Nota. * Festividad celebrada el segundo jueves de
noviembre.
Technique
forward the following four major techniques.
Functional Equivalence: It means using a referent in the TL
whose function is similar to that of the source language.
FDA = Food and Drug Administration (US)
FDA = Departamento de Control de Alimentos y Medicamentos
Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word
word' translation.
FCE: First Certificate in English
FCE: primer certificado en ingles
Transcription or 'borrowing'
she had a déjà vu
Ella tuvo un déjà vu.
Descriptive or self-explanatory translation:
The ajiaco was delicious.
La sopa típica Bogotana estuvo deliciosa.
By: Johanna Vélez.

8. Method Strategic Technical
It refers to translates the text in its
entirety,
Literal method: word by word
translation
Interpretive-communicative
method: retains the originality of the
original text
Free method: it is when the
translator interprets in a free way that
is to say with his words.
Philological method: it is a critical
translation.
These are the mechanisms used by
the translator to solve translation
problems; it is carried out at the time
of re-exportation that is applied in
paragraphs, texts, sentences or
paragraphs.
This varies depending on the text
depending on the verbal arguments,
there are two types
The direct one enters what we have:
Loan.
Tracing
Oblique Translation Technique: is
when the words can not be translated
directly, among these we have:
Transposition
Compensation.
Modulation
Adaptation
Reformulation or equivalence
By: Laura Veronica Medina

10. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation
procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to
refer to the following methods of translation:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated
singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest
TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more
account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies)
and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to
the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances
of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original
in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to
the readership (1988b: 45-47).
Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's
potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation
problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"
Seguinot (1989) believes that there are at least three global
strategies employed by the translators: (i) translating without
interruption for as long as possible; (ii) correcting surface
errors immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative
or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage.
Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a
potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced
translating a text, or any segment of it." As it is stated in this
definition, the notion of consciousness is significant in
distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or
translators. In this regard, Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the
element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies
these processes that are not strategic."
Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation strategies "involve
the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated
and developing a method to translate it." He employs the
concepts of domesticating and foreignizing to refer to
translation strategies.
Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a series of
competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the
acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information." He
maintains that strategies are "heuristic and flexible in nature,
and their adoption implies a decision influenced by
amendments in the translator's objectives."
Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following four major techniques for
translating CBTs:
Functional Equivalence: It means using a referent in the TL culture whose
function is similar to that of the source language (SL) referent. As Harvey
(2000:2) writes, authors are divided over the merits of this technique:
Weston (1991:23) describes it as "the ideal method of translation," while
Sarcevic (1985:131) asserts that it is "misleading and should be avoided."
Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word-for-
translation.
Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. reproducing or, where necessary,
transliterating the original term): It stands at the far end of SL-oriented
strategies. If the term is formally transparent or is explained in the
it may be used alone. In other cases, particularly where no knowledge of
the SL by the reader is presumed, transcription is accompanied by an
explanation or a translator's note.
Descriptive or self-explanatory translation: It uses generic terms (not
to convey the meaning. It is appropriate in a wide variety of contexts
where formal equivalence is considered insufficiently clear. In a text
at a specialized reader, it can be helpful to add the original SL term to
avoid ambiguity.
By: Wiston Jacome

11. To start honestly I've been memorizing a lot of vocabulary, which in this
case, I think helped me to understand the subject, which was a bit
complicated, with a little more ease. But sometimes one feels like lost with
some terms since it seems that they change the meaning of the text but in
the end the idea is understood; I was doing it phrase by phrase, since this
way it was understood and worked faster and safer, then all the sentences
were connected and that was how the message that the text that in my
concept was transmitted to me was understood:
Indicates that today's intelligent technology is still very basic but thanks to
the tests and work of the people in charge, it is a technology that will soon
change our lives for the good of human beings.
By: Angela marin
The translation technique for this paragraph was the
literal translation,
Translation problems: They will be able to collect,
Smart meters, the on-site power source,
there are many words that are not translated
textually this sometimes hinders the interpretation of
the paragraph.
By: Laura Medina
There are many difficulties a translator must find, the first one is the ignorance
of the topic he/she will translate, so the translator must get at least some
information that could provide him/her an idea of what it is about. Another
difficulty is whether to translate a word or not, for example the word Smart Grid
starts with capital letters what gives us an idea of a proper name, so it wouldn´t
be correct to translate it, as long as it doesn’t have an equivalent in Spanish, but
searching for it, it doesn’t have one. It is a good idea to read the text first,
doing a skimming and then a scanning to get the general idea of the text first.
Then I started looking for few words which were unknown for me.
By: Johanna Vélez
The translation was relatively simple, I found
some diificult expresions like "off-peak" but
I think the text context include by itself
what it mean the expresion. I found very
helpful the translation technique word by
word translation, Formal Equivalence or
linguistic equivalence.
By: Wisnton Jacome

12. Bibliography
 Popovic, R. (n.d.). The place of translation in Language Teaching [PDF].
Retrieved from
 https://www.sueleatherassociates.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/01/Article_translationinlanguageteaching.pdf
 Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and
methods. Translation Journal, 11(3). Retrieved
from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm
 Posen Liao1, posen@mail. ntpu. edu. t. (2006). EFL Learners’ Beliefs about
and Strategy Use of Translation in English Learning. RELC Journal, 37(2),
191–
215. http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=21903965&lang=es&site=eds-
live
 Guerra, A. (2014, enero).The usefulness of Translation in Foreign Language
Learning: students’ attitudes.
Retrieved from http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/1345
05/62499.pdf