Translation Techniques

1. UNIT 1: TASK 3 - COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY 1
SANDRA KATHERINE CASTRO
JULIAN YECID GARCÍA ROZO 1121847004
CRISTHIAN EVERLY TORO 1121893467
CRISTHIAN GUILLERMO URUEÑA 11121871520
JENIFER PAOLA VALENCIA 1121875221
TUTOR
KELLY MARITZA FAJARDO
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y ADISTANCIA UNAD
BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 551037_23
ACACÍAS META
2018

2. UNIT 1: TASK 3 - COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY 1
Task 1. Translation
Written by Cristhian Urueña
The next few decades will see great
changes in the way energy is supplied
and used. In some major oil producing
nations, 'peak oil' has already been
reached, and there are increasing fears of
global warming. Consequently, many
countries are focusing on the switch to a
low carbon economy. This transition will
lead to major changes in the supply and
use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an
increase in overall demand, as consumers
switch from oil and gas to electricity to
power their homes and vehicles.
Secondly, there will be an increase in
power generation, not only in terms of
how much is generated, but also how it is
generated, as there is growing electricity
generation from renewable sources. To
meet these challenges, countries are
investing in Smart Grid technology. This
system aims to provide the electricity
industry with a better understanding of
power generation and demand, and to use
this information to create a more efficient
power network.
En las siguientes décadas se apreciarán
cambios significativos en la forma en la
que se suministra y consume la energía.
En la mayor parte de las naciones
productoras de petróleo, las que están en
la “cúspide petrolera” ya han sido
alcanzadas y hay temor frente al
calentamiento global. Por consiguiente,
muchos países están concentrados en
cambiar por la baja industria del
carbón. Esta transición conducirá
mayores cambios en el suministro y
consumo de electricidad. En primer
lugar, habrá un incremento en la
demanda global debido a que los
consumidores cambiarán de petróleo y
gas a electricidad para proveer de energía
sus hogares y vehículos. En segundo
lugar, habrá un incremento en la
generación de electricidad no sólo en
términos de cuánto cuesta ser generada
sino en cómo se genera, aunque exista un
crecimiento eléctrico de la generación de
los recursos renovables. Para encontrar
estos cambios, los países están
invirtiendo en la red tecnológica
inteligente. Este sistema pretende proveer
de electricidad industrial con una mejor
comprensión de la generación de energía
y demanda y el uso de la información
para crear una fuente de energía más
eficiente.

3. Written by Cristhian Toro
Smart Grid technology basically involves
the application of a computer system to
the electricity network. The computer
system can be used to collect information
about supply and demand and improve
engineer's ability to manage the system.
With better information about electricity
demand, the network will be able to
increase the amount of electricity
delivered per unit generated, leading to
potential reductions in fuel needs and
carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer
system will assist in reducing operational
and maintenance costs.
La tecnología de “Smart Grid” (Red
Inteligente) básicamente implica la
aplicación de un sistema de computadora a
la red de electricidad. El sistema de
computadora puede ser utilizado para
recoger información acerca de la oferta y la
demanda, y mejorar las habilidades de los
ingenieros para administrar el sistema.
Con una mejor información sobre de la
demanda de electricidad, la red podrá
aumentar la cantidad de electricidad
entregada por unidad generada, conllevando
a una reducción potencial en las
necesidades de combustible y emisiones de
carbono. Además el sistema de
computadora ayudará en la reducción de los
costos de operación y mantenimiento.
Written by Sandra Castro
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the
consumer too. They will be able to collect real-
time information on their energy use for each
appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day
will give customers the incentive to use
appliances at times when supply greatly
exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in
bills. For example, they may use their washing
machines at night. Smart meters can also be
connected to the internet or telephone system,
allowing customers to switch appliances on or
off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted
with the apparatus to generate their own power,
appliances can be set to run directly from the
on-site power source, and any excess can be
La tecnología Smart Grid ofrece
también beneficios al consumidor.
Ellos pueden recolectar información en
tiempo real sobre el consumo de su
energía para el uso de cada aparato.
Las tarifas varían todos los días y dan
a los consumidores el incentivo para
usar aparatos a tiempo cuando la
oferta excede en gran medida a la
demanda, reduciendo la factura. Por
ejemplo, ellos podrían usar sus
lavadoras en la noche. Los contadores
inteligentes pueden también ser
conectados a la internet o sistema
telefónico, permitiendo a los

4. sold to the grid. consumidores cambiar los accesorios
de encendido o apagado remoto.
Además si las casas están equipadas
con aparatos que generan su propia
energía, los accesorios pueden ser
conectados directamente desde una
fuente de poder, y cualquier exceso
puede ser vendido en la red.
Written by Julian Garcia
With these changes comes a range of
challenges. The first involves managing
the supply and demand. Sources of
renewable energy, such as wind, wave and
solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and
nuclear power, which is also set to increase
as nations switch to alternative energy
sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it
is relatively simple to increase the supply
of energy to match the increasing demand
during peak times of the day or year. With
alternative sources, this is far more
difficult, and may lead to blackouts or
system collapse. Potential solutions
include investigating new and efficient
ways to store energy and encouraging
consumers to use electricity at off-peak
times. A second problem is the fact that
many renewable power generation sources
are located in remote areas, such as windy
uplands and coastal regions, where there is
currently a lack of electrical
infrastructure. New infrastructures
therefore must be built. Thankfully, with
improved smart technology, this can be
done more efficiently by reducing the
reinforcement or construction costs.
Con estos cambios viene una serie de retos.
El primero implica manejar la oferta y la
demanda. Fuentes de energía renovable
tales como el viento, las olas y la energía
solar, son notoriamente impredecibles, y la
energía nuclear, la cual también está
destinada a aumentar en la medida en que
las naciones cambian a fuentes de energía
alternativas, es ciertamente incontrolable.
Con el petróleo y el gas, es relativamente
simple aumentar el suministro de energía
para satisfacer la demanda creciente
durante las horas pico del día o del año,
mientras que, con las fuentes alternativas,
esto es mucho más difícil, y podría
conllevar a apagones o colapsos en el
suministro de energía. Soluciones
potenciales incluyen investigar formas de
almacenar energía nuevas y más
eficientes, además de alentar a los usuarios
a usar electricidad en las horas menos
congestionadas. Un segundo problema, es
el hecho de que muchas fuentes de
generación de energía renovable están
ubicadas en áreas remotas, como lo son las
zonas altas con fuertes vientos y regiones
costeras, donde actualmente falta la
infraestructura eléctrica y por lo tanto se
hace necesario construir una nueva.
Afortunadamente, con la mejora en la
tecnología inteligente, esto se puede hacer

5. de manera más eficiente, reduciendo los
costos de mejoras o construcción.
Written by Jennifer Paola Valencia
Although Smart Technology is still in its
infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it
are already underway. Consumers are
currently testing the new smart meters
which can be used in their homes to manage
electricity use. There are also a number of
demonstrations being planned to show how
the smart technology could practically
work, and trials are in place to test the new
electrical infrastructure. It is likely that
technology will be added in 'layers', starting
with 'quick win' methods which will provide
initial carbon savings, to be followed by
more advanced systems at a later date.
Cities are prime candidates for investment
into smart energy, due to the high
population density and high energy use. It is
here where Smart Technology is likely to be
promoted first, utilising a range of
sustainable power sources, transport
solutions and an infrastructure for charging
electrically powered vehicles. The
infrastructure is already changing fast. By
the year 2050, changes in the energy supply
will have transformed our homes, our roads
and our behaviour.
Aunque la tecnología inteligente todavía
está en su infancia, los planes piloto para
promover y probarlo ya están en marcha.
los consumidores están probando
actualmente los nuevos medidores
inteligentes que pueden ser usados en sus
hogares para manejar el uso de electricidad.
También hay una serie de demostraciones
que se están planeando para mostrar como
la tecnología inteligente podría funcionar
prácticamente, y se han puesto en marcha
pruebas para probar la nueva infraestructura
eléctrica. Es probable que la tecnología se
añada en “capas”. Comenzando con
métodos de “ganancia rápida “que
proporcionaran ahorros iniciales de
carbono, para ser seguido por sistemas más
avanzados en una fecha posterior. Las
ciudades son candidatos principales para la
inversión en energía inteligente, debido la
elevada densidad de población y el
consumo de energía. Es aquí donde es
probable que la tecnología inteligente sea
promovida primero. Utilizando una gama de
fuentes de fuentes de energía sostenibles,
soluciones de transporte y una
infraestructura para carga de vehículos
eléctricos. La infraestructura ya está
cambiando rápidamente. Para el año 2050,
los cambio en el suministro de energía
habrán transformado nuestros hogares,
nuestras carreteras y nuestro
comportamiento.

6. Task 2. Reflections
Written by Jennifer Valencia
The problems that I confronted with regard to the words or expressions were the following:
I Had words, that if I tried to translate one by one. they did not have a consistent translation
and that had nothing to do with the context of the topic. Also had words that had never used
and I was then made it difficult to adapt synonyms of these words to its proper translation
within the text.
Written by Sandra Castro
Since my English level is not that high, I had to use a translator to understand parts of the
text that, even though I was searching word for word, I did not know what meaning they
had.
This text for me was complex because it has words and expressions that I did not know and
I did not know how to translate or what they meant, there are up to three words that only
with its meaning can not give a meaning to the sentence it is necessary to find a way to
know that They want to tell the reader. As it is a text of technology is not so easy to
understand, you must have a language level quite high in my concept to be able to translate
it. I am honest and with only the dictionary I was not able to translate and understand so I
had to resort to an internet translator and write complete sentences that by themselves can
not find meaning.
Written by Cristhian Urueña
First of all, I can only say that to get a good translation I took into account 2 techniques
trying to get the best results in this paragraph
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the
original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
And in some parts of the texts I used Literal Translation “A word-for-word translation can
be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure” this
paragraph had some sentences that can be translated literally.
So ,after making a complete reading of the PARAGRAPH 1 and in order to obtain a
general idea of the work, I may advise don’t trust the dictionary alone! One of the
elementary errors we make is choosing the wrong translation from a dictionary entry. This
typically happens when the translator doesn’t know the meaning of one of the words they
are working with. To remedy this, you may want to check a monolingual dictionary as they
usually offer more complete definitions. Also, try looking up the likely translation to make

7. sure that it “translates back” to the source language correctly. If we are still unsure, ask the
organization or a native speaker.
For what we learned from this exercise is a literal word for word rendering of the text is not
really a translation. We should always strive not only to convey meaning as precisely as
possible, but also tone, and to make sure the translation reads well We must rearrange or
rebuild sentences – well-expressed ideas are far more important than consistent grammar.
This is an art form, there is always room for improvement (and debate!).
Written by Julian Garcia
I think this exercise was really appropriate for this activity because it was a simple text but
also has certain challenges, I say it was simple because I could do the majority of the
translation through literal translation and transposition but in lines such as “Potential
solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy” it was kind of tricky
to use transposition because there was more than one adjective and the subject was
composed by more than one word which made it kind of hard to translate. Also I think is
needed to add even some more words to the current translation in Spanish because as far as
I concern (and risking not to be objective) I feel the original text is written in a way that
uses so many periods so it looks like a lot of small ideas stuck together by punctuation; but
in Spanish it’s more common to use more conjunctions to make the text more fluid when
reading, due to that, I decided to add some words into my translation exercise because I
thought it was necessary to reach a more natural translation, but still, I think they were not
enough; as I mentioned previously, I might not be objective but also I wonder if that was
compensation what I used, because I had to find a way to express ideas in the TL by
translating words and expressions from the SL that do not mean the same in the TL. When
translating the words inflexible, match, peak times, system collapse, off peak, windy
uplands, I had to use modulation and equivalence because, although there is an accurate
translation for those words, it was necessary to find a better option that helped me to keep
the same meaning on the text without changing the main idea of it.
Written by Cristhian Toro
During the translation, I had some difficulties at moment to translate some unknown words
(synonyms), for example the words: leading and moreover. The first I tried to related with
liderar and I translated it according to the development of the text. The other word it was a
bit complicated because I did not remember its meaning and I had to search in a dictionary
but I saw that moreover is a synonymous of also (además, por otro lado) and I continued
with the translation.
I used the borrowing method when I wrote “Smart Grid” because I have taken this word as
a product name, for example an app, some program or a government strategy. Sometimes I
used the calque method, for example: per unit generated (por unidad generada). The
transposition method was used when I needed to translate carbon emissions to Spanish

8. language: emisiones de carbono. And the literal transcription method was the most used
during all the translation.
I need to review technicality words and synonyms to can deep and internalize better a
document.
Task 3. Charts
Made by Julian Garcia
COMPARISON CHART
Method Strategy Technique
Definiti
on
(google)
a particular
procedure for
accomplishing or
approaching
something,
especially a
systematic or
established one.
a plan of action designed to
achieve a long-term or overall
aim.
a way of carrying out
a particular task,
especially the
execution or
performance of an
artistic work or a
scientific procedure.
Definiti
on
(Cambri
dge
dictiona
ry)
a particular way of
doing something
a detailed plan for achieving
success in situations such as
war, politics, business, industry,
or sport, or the skill of planning
for such situations
a way of doing an
activity that needs
skill
Definiti
on in
educatio
n
The term teaching
method refers to the
general principles,
pedagogy and
management
strategies used for
classroom
instruction. Your
choice of teaching
method depends on
what fits you —
your educational
philosophy,
classroom
Teaching strategies refer to the
structure, system, methods,
techniques, procedures and
processes that a teacher uses
during instruction. These are
strategies the teacher employs to
assist student learning. Learning
activities refer to the teacher
guided instructional tasks or
assignments for students.
(https://www.nwmissouri.edu/ed
ucation/peu/pdf/studentteach/mo
pta/Task3Definition.pdf)
Not found

9. demographic,
subject area(s) and
school mission
statement.
(https://teach.com/w
hat/teachers-
know/teaching-
methods/)
Exampl
es
 Personalized
learning.
 Project based
learning.
 Place based
education.
 Formative
assessment.
 Maker education.
 Natural
approach.
http://www.gettings
mart.com/2017/10/5-
new-teaching-
methods-improving-
education/
 Vocabulary building.
 Peer response and editing.
 Cooperative learning.
https://education.cu-
portland.edu/blog/classroom-
resources/teaching-strategies-
for-english-teachers/
 Flipped
classroom.
 Case method.
 Self-learning.
 Gamification.
https://www.goconqr
.com/en/examtime/bl
og/teaching-
techniques/
Analysis At the beginning of this part of the activity I thought these three concepts had a
hierarchical order from method on the top and technique at the bottom, but once
I found the definitions, I realize that strategy is the concept that contains the
other ones because it involves a set or methods and techniques to achieve goals
efficiently; regarding to method, it refers to a procedure supported by a theory
that includes techniques to achieve a goal (or goals) stablished by the needs of a
specific context, organized consequently by the strategy itself.
On the other hand, one interesting thing I found is that, regardless the
definitions (in general and in education) the examples do not follow the same
logic, because the methodologies found as examples in this topic correspond to
elaborated strategies that include specific techniques as we can see in the project
based learning which is shown as a method but it has got characteristics of a
strategy because it tends to achieve long-term or overall aims which in turn
corresponds to the definition of strategy. Thus, I can highlight the fact that

10. something as the project based learning might include vocabulary building, and
this one, as a result, might include gamification; which at the end would give us
the order: method – strategy – technique, which is opposite to the ideas we can
infer from the definitions.
Made by Jennifer Valencia
Method Strategy Technique
It Is a process regulated on
the basis of and is more
global and runs the whole
text. When refers to
guidelines, orientations,
guides of research. Rigid
and independent of the
objective
 Unlike the method the
strategy is flexible and
can take shape based on
the goals to where you
want to get.
 It is an action guide that
gives meaning and
coordination to
everything that is done
to reach the goal.  The
strategy must be based
on a method, being the
strategy a planning
system applied to some
actions that allow you to
achieve an objective
 The strategy can use of a
number of techniques to
achieve the goal.
 The technique
determines in an orderly
way to carry out a
process, to achieve the
proposed objectives.
 The technique is the
particular resource that a
person is worth to
achieve the goal under
what has been planned
from the strategy.
 The technique is limited
to the orientation of
learning in delimited
areas of the outcome of
the translation.
examples
deductive method (inferior
something observed from a
general law of the general to
the specific)
examples
 collaborative learning
 individual learning
examples
reading,
underlining,
discussion,
round table,
forums,

11. Made by Cristhian Urueña
DIFFERENCE
S ON
TRANSLATIO
N
TECHNIQUES
TRANSLATIO
N STRATEGIE
TRANSLATION
METHOD
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES
Strategy is a set
of skills, a set of
steps or
processes that
favor
acquisition,
storage and use
of information
according to the
process and
product of
translation are:
Translation method refers
to the way a particular
translation process that is
carried out in terms of
the translator’s objective,
a global opinion that
affects the whole text.
The direct translation
techniques are used
when structural and
conceptual elements of
the source language can
be transposed into the
target language, this
include
The strategies
relate to what
happens with the
text, strategies
relate to what
happens in the
process.
The methods proposed
are:
 Borrowing
 Calque
 Literal
translation
According
Hervey and
Higgins (1986)
there are some
strategies for
translating
proper names:
Exoticism,
where the name
can be taken
over unchanged
from the original
text to the target
text. Transcript,
where the name
can be adopted
 Word for a word
translation.
 Literal
translation.
 Faithful
translation.
 Semantic
translation.
 Adaptation
 Free translation
 Idiomatic
translation
 Communicative
translation
Oblique translation
technique are used
when the structural or
conceptual elements of
the source language
can’t be directly
translated without
altering meaning or
upsetting the
grammatical and
stylistics elements of
the target language, this
include:
 Transposition
 Modulation
 Reformulation
or equivalence

12. Made by Cristhian Toro
STRATEGY TECHNIQUE METHOD
The strategy is the plan to
do something. It is the step-
by-step for the develop of
anything.
The technique is the way
how you are doing
something or how you are
developing specific
activities to reach an
objective. In all cases the
technique is the procedure
to solve some situation in
the act. (immediatly).
The method is the way that
we have done something.
The procedures’
compilation that allow us
obtaining an objective.
Examples
When you go to translate
you need review the paper
to translate and you need
stablish what is the best
way to do it, how you going
to translate, what kind of
After you define your step-
by-step, you select the best
strategy to translate and you
can use one strategy or
various strategies according
with the specific situation
The procedures used to be
able the translation.
The specific route used to
achieve a good translation.
to suit the
phonetic
conventions,
graphics target
language. The
cultural
transplant, where
the names are
replaced by SL
TL names.
 Adaptation and
compensation.

13. tools you can use to achieve
a good translation.
(plan, resources, objectives
to reach)
during the translation.
(techniques to use during
the translation: calque,
literal translation,
borrowing, transposition,
etc)
It can be used in future
situations.
(The organization of the
information and the
establishment of the sources
or resources to be possible
the translation and the reach
of the objectives)

14. REFERENCES
 Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from
http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
 Preciado, P. D., & Silva, M. (2007). English Translation Techniques [Ebook].
Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from
https://books.google.com.co/books?id=5MG8xLyZOYkC&lpg=PP1&dq=petra%20tran
s
lations%20techniques&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=petra%20translations%20techniques&
=false Umbral Digital