It is a presentation where you can see the different translation techniques reflected in the work of each student of the collaborative group for the subject of translation techniques.

1. SMART ENERGY
Translation techniques – Group 551033_2
Angela Janet Marin Code.
Johanna Carolina Velez. Code. 52.833.173
Laura Verónica Medina. Code.
Leidy Johanna Buitrago. Code.
Winston Alejandro Jácome. Code.
Angie Xiomara Pinto
Tutor
Bogotá. November 4 - 2018
Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD

2. Smart Energy Tecnología Energetica Inteligente
PARAGRAPH 1
The next few decades will see great changes in the way
energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing
nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are
increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many
countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy.
This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and
use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall
demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to
power their homes and vehicles. Secondly, there will be an
increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much
is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing
electricity generation from renewable sources. To meet these
challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid
technology. This system aims to provide the electricity
industry with a better understanding of power generation and
demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient
power network.
PARRAFO 1
En las próximas décadas se verán grandes cambios en la forma
en que la energía es suministrada y usada. En algunos de los
países con mayor producción de petróleo, ya se ha alcanzado “un
pico de petróleo” y el miedo al calentamiento global ha
aumentado. Como consecuencia, muchas naciones se están
centrando en cambiar a una economía baja en carbono. Esta
transición nos llevara a cambios significativos en el suministro y
uso de la electricidad. En Primer lugar habrá un aumento de la
demanda global, ya que los consumidores cambiaran el petróleo y
gas por la electricidad para dar energía a sus casas y
vehículos. En segundo lugar habrá un aumento en la generación
de energías, no solo en términos de cuanto se produce sino en
cómo se produce, ya que incrementara la energía proveniente de
recursos renovables. Para afrontar estos desafíos, los países están
invirtiendo en sistemas de tecnología de redes inteligentes.
Este Sistema pretende proveer a la industria energética un mejor
entendimiento de la demanda y producción de electricidad y usar
esta información para crear una red eléctrica más eficiente.
By: Johanna Vélez

3. Paragraph 2
Smart Grid technology basically involves the
application of a computer system to the
electricity network. The computer system can
be used to collect information about supply and
demand and improve engineer's ability to
manage the system. With better information
about electricity demand, the network will be
able to increase the amount of electricity
delivered per unit generated, leading to potential
reductions in fuel needs and carbon
emissions. Moreover, the computer system will
assist in reducing operational and maintenance
costs.
Parrafo 2
La tecnología Smart Grid implica básicamente la
aplicación de un sistema informático a la red
eléctrica. El sistema informático se puede
utilizar para recopilar información sobre la
oferta y la demanda y mejorar las habilidades
del ingeniero para administrar el sistema. Con
una mejor información sobre la demanda de
electricidad, la red podrá aumentar la cantidad
de electricidad entregada por unidad generada,
lo que dará lugar a posibles reducciones en las
necesidades de combustible y las emisiones de
carbono. Además, el sistema informático
ayudará a reducir los costos operativos y de
mantenimiento.
By: Leidy Johanna Buitrago

4. PARAGRAPH 3
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer
too. They will be able to collect real-time information
on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs
throughout the day will give customers the incentive to
use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds
demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For
example, they may use their washing machines at
night. Smart meters can also be connected to the
internet or telephone system, allowing customers to
switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if
houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their
own power, appliances can be set to run directly from
the on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to
the grid.
PARRAFO 3
La tecnología Smart Grid también ofrece beneficios para
el consumidor. Podrán recopilar información en tiempo
real sobre su uso de energía para cada aparato. La
variación de las tarifas a lo largo del día dará a los
clientes el incentivo de usar electrodomésticos en
momentos en que la oferta exceda en gran medida la
demanda, lo que dará lugar a grandes reducciones en las
facturas. Por ejemplo, pueden usar sus lavadoras por la
noche. Los medidores inteligentes también se pueden
conectar a Internet o al sistema telefónico, lo que
permite a los clientes encender o apagar aparatos de
forma remota. Además, si las casas están equipadas con
el aparato para generar su propia energía, los
dispositivos se pueden configurar para que funcionen
directamente desde la fuente de energía en el sitio, y
cualquier exceso se puede vender a la red..
By: Laura Veronica Medina

5. .
PARAGRAPH 4
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first
involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of
renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are
notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also
set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy
sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple
to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing
demand during peak times of the day or year. With
alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to
blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include
investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and
encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.A
second problem is the fact that many renewable power
generation sources are located in remote areas, such as windy
uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of
electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must
be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this
can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement
or construction costs.
PARRAFO 4
Con estos cambios viene una serie de desafíos. Primero que todo, implica
gestionar la oferta y la demanda. Las fuentes de energía ronovable como
el viento, las olas y la energía solar, son notoriamente impredecibles, y la
energía nuclear, la cuál también se espera que aumente a medida que las
naciones cambian a fuentes de enrgía alternativas, es inflexible. Con el
petroleo y el gas, es relativamente simple aumentar el suministro de
energía satisfacer la creciente demanda durantes las horas pico del día o
del año. Con fuentes alternativas, esto es mucho más difícil y puede
provocar apagones o colapso del sistema, Las soluciones potenciales
incluyen investigación de nuevas y eficientes maneras de almacenar
energía y alentar a los consumidores a usar la electricidad en los horarios
de menor actividad. Un segundo probelam es el hecho de que muchas de
las fuentes generadoras de energía renovable esta´n localizadas in areas
remotas, donde actualmente hay una falta de infrastructura eléctrica. Por
lo tanto nuevas infrastructuras deben ser construidas. Afortunadamente
con una tecnlogoía inteligente mejorada, esto se puede hacer de manera
más eficiente reduciendo los costos de refuerzo o construcción.
By: Winston Jacome

6. PARAGRAPH 5
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot
schemes to promote and test it are
already underway. Consumers are currently testing the
new smart meters which can be used in their homes to
manage electricity use. There are also a number of
demonstrations being planned to show how the smart
technology could practically work, and trials are in place
to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that
technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick
win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings,
to be followed by more advanced systems at a later
date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into
smart energy, due to the high population density and
high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is
likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of
sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an
infrastructure for charging electrically powered
vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing
fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply
will have transformed our homes, our roads and our
behaviour.
PARRAFO 5
A pesar de que la tecnología inteligente aún está en su infancia, los
esquemas piloto para promoverla y probarla están en marcha. Los
consumidores están haciendo pruebas a los nuevos contadores
inteligentes que podrían ser usados en sus hogares en sus hogares
para manejar el uso de la electricidad. Aquí además están un número
de demostraciones siendo planeadas para enseñar como la
inteligencia tecnológica, prácticamente que puede funcionar, y
existen pruebas para poner a prueba la nueva infraestructura
eléctrica. Es probable que esta tecnología sea incluida en capas,
comenzando con métodos de ganancia rápida que proporcionan
ahorros iniciales de carbono. Para ser seguida por sistemas
avanzados en una fecha posterior.
Las ciudades son las principales candidatas para la inversión en la
energía inteligente debido a la alta densidad de población y alto
consumo de energía. Es aquí donde la energía inteligente será
promocionada primero dando uso a una gama de fuentes de energía
sostenible, soluciones de transporte y una infraestructura para la
carga de vehículos eléctricos.
La infraestructura ya está cambiando rápidamente. Para el año 2050,
los cambios en el suministro de energía habrán transformado
nuestros hogares, nuestras carreteras y nuestro comportamiento.
By: Angela Janeth Marin

8. By: Johanna Vélez.
METHOD METHOD
Translation methods relate to whole texts.
Some of them are:
Word-for-word translation: as its name says it keeps SL word order and the words are
translated by their most common meaning, the context is not taken into account. For
Example:
Personnel Officer To personal official.
Literal translation: here the grammatical constructions are transformed to a near
equivalent in the TL, but we keep on translating isolated words without context.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg.
Se estaba riendo mientras ella le empujaba la pierna
Faithful translation: here the translator tries to produce a precise contextual meaning
without taking into account the TL grammatical structures.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg.
Mientras lo molestaba, el reía.
Semantic translation: it cares more about the aesthetic value of the SL text.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg
Como bromeaba con él, el reía.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation culture converted to the TL culture
and the text is rewritten.
He was laughing as She was pushing His leg
Mientras le tomaba del pelo, el reía.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the
original.
She ate it all.
Ella se devoró todo porque estaba muy delicioso.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort
meaning.
People in glass houses shouldn´t throw stones.
Las personas que habitan casas de vidrio no deberían lanzar piedras.
Communicative translation: it tries to render the exact contextual meaning of the
content and language.
People in glass houses shouldn´t throw stones.
El que tiene rabo de paja que no se arrime a la candela.

9. STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Translator’s plans for solving translation problems.
Set of rules or principles used by translators to reach the goals. Leppihalme (1997:79) proposes a set of
strategies Such as:
Retention of the name. Example:
Cristopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Cristopher Columbus descubrió América en 1492.
Replacement of the name by another:
Cristopher Columbus Discovered America in 1492
Cristóbal Colon descubrió América en 1492.
Omission of the name:
Cristopher Columbus Discovered America in 1492
America fue descubierta en 1492.
Other strategies:
Use of a standard translation.
Minimum change or literal
translation, where meaning is not as important as shape.
The soldiers dressed the rank
Los soldados vistieron la fila.
The use of footnotes, when explaining cultural expressions.
Thanks giving dinner was turkey in cranberry sauce
La cena de *thanks giving fue pavo en salsa de arándano.
Nota. * Festividad celebrada el segundo jueves de noviembre.
forward the following four major techniques.
Functional Equivalence: It means using a referent in the TL culture whose function is
similar to that of the source language.
FDA = Food and Drug Administration (US)
FDA = Departamento de Control de Alimentos y Medicamentos
Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word-for-word' translation.
FCE: First Certificate in English
FCE: primer certificado en ingles
Transcription or 'borrowing'
she had a déjà vu
Ella tuvo un déjà vu.
Descriptive or self-explanatory translation:
The ajiaco was delicious.
La sopa típica Bogotana estuvo deliciosa.

11. METHOD STRATEGIC TECHNICAL
It refers to translates the text in its
entirety,
Literal method: word by word
translation
Interpretive-communicative
method: retains the originality of the
original text
Free method: it is when the
translator interprets in a free way that
is to say with his words.
Philological method: it is a critical
translation.
These are the mechanisms used by
the translator to solve translation
problems; it is carried out at the time
of re-exportation that is applied in
paragraphs, texts, sentences or
paragraphs.
This varies depending on the text
depending on the verbal arguments,
there are two types
The direct one enters what we have:
Loan.
Tracing
Oblique Translation Technique: is
when the words can not be translated
directly, among these we have:
Transposition
Compensation.
Modulation
Adaptation
Reformulation or equivalence

13. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
* Greek: Meto: throughout
Odos: road
* Systematic and orderly way of
reaching a result.
* Procedure that is followed to get
something.
* The theory is put into practice.
* The content that is taught and the
order.
* It is between theory and reality.
* Steps that lead us to the truth of a
procedure or knowledge.
* The way to order an activity.
* System of thought that guides the
educational action.
* Actions planned or planned
previously, aimed at a specific
purpose.
* The level at which the theory is put
into practice.
* Set of procedures supported by
teaching techniques that aim to
achieve learning objectives.
* Flexible and goal oriented.
* Skill and ability of a person in an
art, sport, activity that requires
using these procedures or
resources, which are developed by
learning and experience.
* Tools that we use to get to know.
* Didactic procedures that are used
to perform a part of the learning
that is pursued with the strategy.
Example: debate, feedback, self-
learning, deductive and indicative.
Example: Collaborative learning,
knowledge environment, etc.
Example: laboratory, project.

15. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and
translation procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to
whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the
words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to
their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out
of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the
original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it
must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays
(comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL
culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the
original.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these
do not exist in the original.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of
the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable
and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as
"translator's potentially conscious plans for solving
concrete translation problems in the framework of a
concrete translation task," and Seguinot (1989) believes
that there are at least three global strategies employed by
the translators: (i) translating without interruption for as
long as possible; (ii) correcting surface errors
immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative
or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage.
Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy
as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a
problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it."
As it is stated in this definition, the notion of
consciousness is significant in distinguishing strategies
which are used by the learners or translators. In this
regard, Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of
consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these
processes that are not strategic."
Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation strategies
"involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be
translated and developing a method to translate it." He
employs the concepts of domesticating and foreignizing
to refer to translation strategies.
Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a series of
competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the
acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information."
He maintains that strategies are "heuristic and flexible in
nature, and their adoption implies a decision influenced
by amendments in the translator's objectives."
Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following four major
techniques for translating CBTs:
Functional Equivalence: It means using a referent in the TL culture
whose function is similar to that of the source language (SL)
referent. As Harvey (2000:2) writes, authors are divided over the
merits of this technique: Weston (1991:23) describes it as "the ideal
method of translation," while Sarcevic (1985:131) asserts that it is
"misleading and should be avoided."
Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word-
for-word' translation.
Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. reproducing or, where necessary,
transliterating the original term): It stands at the far end of SL-
oriented strategies. If the term is formally transparent or is
explained in the context, it may be used alone. In other cases,
particularly where no knowledge of the SL by the reader is
presumed, transcription is accompanied by an explanation or a
translator's note.
Descriptive or self-explanatory translation: It uses generic terms
(not CBTs) to convey the meaning. It is appropriate in a wide
variety of contexts where formal equivalence is considered
insufficiently clear. In a text aimed at a specialized reader, it can be
helpful to add the original SL term to avoid ambiguity.

17. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Method is a way something is done. Perhaps used for routine tasks.
Refers to a series of systematic action by teachers in order to achieve short
term teaching objectives.
A series of systematic and sequential action by teachers.
Strategy usually requires some sort of planning.
A plan of action designed to achieve an overall aim.
Involves planning, organizing and implementing of teaching method,
technique and activity.
Technique is a procedure or skill for completing a specific task.
These are the little sneaky tricks we all know and use to get the job done in
the classroom.
Refers to the teacher’s application skills in implementing the selected
teaching method.
Examples:
Direct Instruction
Interactive Teaching
Demonstration
Problem Solving
Simulation
Project
Inclusion
Examples:
Expository and discovery teaching.
Guided discovery teaching.
Problem- based- learning.
Examples:
Revision Work
Group discussion
Drawing
Painting

19. To start honestly I've been memorizing a lot of vocabulary, which in this
case, I think helped me to understand the subject, which was a bit
complicated, with a little more ease. But sometimes one feels like lost with
some terms since it seems that they change the meaning of the text but in
the end the idea is understood; I was doing it phrase by phrase, since this
way it was understood and worked faster and safer, then all the sentences
were connected and that was how the message that the text that in my
concept was transmitted to me was understood:
Indicates that today's intelligent technology is still very basic but thanks to
the tests and work of the people in charge, it is a technology that will soon
change our lives for the good of human beings.
By: Angela marin
The translation technique for this paragraph was the literal
translation,
Translation problems: They will be able to collect, Smart
meters, the on-site power source,
there are many words that are not translated textually this
sometimes hinders the interpretation of the paragraph.
By: Laura Medina
There are many difficulties a translator must find, the first one is the
ignorance of the topic he/she will translate, so the translator must get at least
some information that could provide him/her an idea of what it is about.
Another difficulty is whether to translate a word or not, for example the
word Smart Grid starts with capital letters what gives us an idea of a proper
name, so it wouldn´t be correct to translate it, as long as it doesn’t have an
equivalent in Spanish, but searching for it, it doesn’t have one. It is a good
idea to read the text first, doing a skimming and then a scanning to get the
general idea of the text first. Then I started looking for few words which
were unknown for me.
By: Johanna Vélez
The translation was relatively simple, I found some
diificult expresions like "off-peak" but I think the
text context include by itself what it mean the
expresion. I found very helpful the translation
technique word by word translation, Formal
Equivalence or linguistic equivalence.
By: Wisnton Jacome
In this activity, the amount of vocabulary that I know
in English Language. Also, it was a little difficult, but
you need to organize all the vocabulary in phrases
and then I was adding the next sentences and finally I
built all text. This was incredible because I could do it
By: Leidy Johanna Buitrago

20. REFERENCES
 Popovic, R. (n.d.). The place of translation in Language Teaching [PDF]. Retrieved from
 https://www.sueleatherassociates.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/01/Article_translationinlanguageteaching.pdf
 Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation Journal, 11(3).
Retrieved from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm
 Posen Liao1, posen@mail. ntpu. edu. t. (2006). EFL Learners’ Beliefs about and Strategy Use of
Translation in English Learning. RELC Journal, 37(2), 191–
215. http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=eue&AN=21903965&lang=es&site=eds-live
 Guerra, A. (2014, enero).The usefulness of Translation in Foreign Language Learning: students’
attitudes. Retrieved from http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/134505/62499.pdf