renewable energy

1. & utilization of Smart Grids for decreasing
Losses

3.  What is Renewable Energy?
 What is Non-renewable energy?
 Why renewable energy sources are going to
consider?
 Why not Non-renewable energy? And what are
the reasons?
 What are the losses taking place in present
system of Power transmission?
 What are the losses taking place while power
generation?
 How the losses can be reduced?
 Etc……………?

4. Renewable Energy :
Renewable Energy is energy
generated from natural resources-such as
Sunlight, Wind, Rain, Tides and Geothermal
heat-which are renewable{naturally
replenished}.

5.  Non-Renewable Energy:
Non-renewable
energy is energy generated from resources
that cannot be reproduced such as coal, oil,
natural gas etc.

6.  Coal: good for base-load
◦ significant domestic reserves
 proven reserves of 105 billion tonnes
 could last 200 years at current level of production
 Not good for environment
 Natural gas share up from 4.4% to 10% in last 15
years
◦ emit half as much CO2 per kWh as compared to coal-
based plants
 Hydroelectric potential of 600 billion kWh per
annum
◦ Capacity of 148.7 GW
◦ only 23% realised so far
◦ High initial costs and developmental risks
 Nuclear: small

7. India’s Fuel-Wise generation capacity(MW):
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES Total

8. • Generation capacity continues to increase
• Keeping pace with country’s rapid (8 to 9%) economic
growth
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Energy Generated (BU)

9. • By 2012 to go up to 23,476 MW
• Wind power to contribute 74%
• Amongst five largest in world
• Constraint: High Initial Cost
High Potential: Achievements small
perennial energy source
lower reliance on imported fossil
fuels
lower CO2 emissions
Source Potential (MW) Achieved (MW)
Bio-mass 62,000 866
Wind-power 45,000 11,807
Small Hydro-power 15,000 2,735
Co-generation - Bagasse 5000 1334
Waste to energy 5000 65
Rural Distributed Power 30,000
405Captive Distributed: industrial /
commercial
20,000
Total 182,000 17,222
Solar Power 4-7 kWh/sq m/day 10

11.  To avoid larger CO2 release;
 To prepare effeciant amount of energy;
 To decrease the cost;
 To overcome the losses of feauture;
 As the fossile fuels are going to reduce due
to larger utilization ,for overcoming on these
kind of problems, etc we how to go for
renewable energy sources.

12. • Varies between 20% to 45%
• Average in between 30 to 35%
• Combination of leakage and losses
• Requires technology and processes to plug this
• Transmission Losses are indeed measured in real time
• Reasons for losses can be figured out
• Measure power at distribution transformer output line as well as the
consumer-meters in real time?
• An unusual difference implies something is wrong
• Requires electronic meters with communications
• Indian homes uses mechanical meters: cost reasons

13. 50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Plant Load Factor (%)

14. • Known technologies could result in huge electrical power
savings
• Constraints
• Low affordability in the nation
• High Investment on new appliances, better processes
• Today’s estimated saving potential: 183.5 billion kWh
Require new
Low cost soln
2007-08 Consumption
(B kWh)
Conservative
Savings
Agricultural Pumping 92.3 27.8
Commercial Buildings 9.9 2.0
Municipalities 12.5 2.9
Domestic 120.9 24.2
Industry (including
SMEs)
265.4 18.6
Total (Billion kWh) 501 75.4

15. • India can certainly use solar energy, as capital goods prices fall
• Solar photo-voltaic provides DC power for about six hours a day
• Rs 100 per Wh capital cost: with 10% interest and payback in 20 years,
amounts to Rs 12 per year(not computing costs of land)
• Costs a little over Rs 7.25 / kWh assuming 10% losses
• As opposed to Rs 3 to 5 per kWh for grid power
• If not used immediately, would require feeding to grid
• dc to ac conversion loss + grid T&D losses
• Expensive energy being wasted
• Or Energy Storage Systems
• Just like several other renewable energy solutions like wind-power, power
from ocean-waves
• Off-grid (local usage) in day-time would make a lot of sense

16.  Solar PV power price computation
 investment per kWh
 Rs. 1,00,000.00
 sun-hours/day
 6
 interest rate
 10%
 number of days /year
 300
 depreciation (years)
 20
 total power in Kwh gen/yr
 1800
 yearly payment
 Rs. -11,745.96
 Losses
 10%
 price per kWh
 Rs. 7.25

17. • Batteries are expensive proposition for back-up
• Lead acid battery: 1500 cycles if operated between 60 to 100%
capacity
• 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs 16.3/ kWh assuming single charge
/ discharge per day
• Assuming Rs 6000 per kWh battery and 10% interest rate
• Li Ion battery: 5000 cycles if operated between 10% to 90%
capacity
• 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs 20 per kWh assuming single charge
per day
• Assuming Rs 25000 per kWh battery and 10% interest
Batterycost(perkWh) Rs.6,000.00 Batterycost(todeliver1kWh) Rs.15,000.00
discharge 40% depreciation(years) 4.11
Numberofcycles 1500 Storagecostperunit Rs.16.27
interestrate 10%
cyclesusedperday 1
Losses 10%
Leadacidbattery

18. • Power-Sources:
• Grid: Rs 5 per kWh: ram-bharose (as per god’s will)
• Diesel generator: Rs 17 per kWh when diesel is
subsidized visavis petrol, when generator runs at 80%
efficiency: instantaneous
• Costs will go over Rs 25 per kWh without subsidy
• Primary use today in organizations / offices
• Solar PV: Rs 7.50 per kWh when dc is used: day six hours
• Electrical battery back-up: storage costs over Rs 15 per
kWh
• Ice-storage: ?
• Usage
• Electrical Load: lighting, motor and electronics
• Cooling Load
• What should one use when? How to optimize?
• What to optimize? – costs, energy consumption, CO2

19.  Rural Schools are used only during day time
◦ Primarily fan, some light and some electronics
 Solar PV with a small battery (grid-connected) would be a great
solution
◦ When sun-light is poorer, it is cooler and fan usage is lower
◦ Why not use dc fans?
◦ Why not use LEDs / CFL
 What should be DC line voltage?
◦ 48V: Losses in line a consideration
◦ What will be dc-dc conversion losses?

20. A smart grid is an evolved grid system that manages electricity demand
in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced
infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved.

21.  The future belongs to smart grids
 Smart grids will provide more electricity to meet rising demand, increase
reliability and quality of power supplies, increase energy efficiency, be
able to integrate low carbon energy sources into power networks.
Smart grids possess demand response capacity to help balance electrical
consumption with supply, as well as the potential to integrate new
technologies to enable energy storage devices and the large-scale use of
electric vehicles.
Electrical systems will undergo a major evolution, improving reliability
and reducing electrical losses, capital expenditures and maintenance
costs. A smarter grid will provide greater control over energy costs and a
more reliable energy supply for consumers. Environmental benefits of a
smarter grid include reduced peak demand, integration of more
renewable power sources, and reduced CO2 emissions and other
pollutants.
Engineers believes the smart grid is the future for electrical systems, as
it is designed to meet the four major electricity requirements of our
global society: capacity, reliability, efficiency and sustainability

22. Smart Grid refers to an improved electricity supply chain that runs
from a major power plant all the way inside your home

23.  In short, there are thousands of power plants
throughout the United States that generate electricity
using wind energy, nuclear energy, coal, hydro,
natural gas, and a variety of other resources.These
generating stations produce electricity at a certain
electrical voltage.This voltage is then “stepped-up”
(increased) to very high voltages, such as 500,000
volts, to increase the efficiency of power transmission
over long distances. Once this electrical power gets
near your town or city, the electrical voltage is
“stepped-down” (decreased) in a utility substation to
a lower voltage for distribution around your town or
city. As this electrical power gets closer to your
home, it is stepped-down by another transformer to
the voltage you use in your home. This power enters
your home through your electrical meter. The voltage
in your home is typically 110-120 volts for most
appliances, but may also be 220-240 volts for an
electric range, clothes dryer, or air conditioner.

24.  In many areas of the United States, the electricity delivery
system described above is getting old and worn out. In
addition, population growth in some areas has caused the
entire transmission system to be over used and fragile. At the
same time, you have probably added more electronic devices
to your home, such as computers, high-definition TV’s,
microwave ovens, wireless telephones, and even electronic
controls on refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers. These new
appliances are more sensitive to variations in electric voltage
than old appliances, motors, and incandescent light bulbs.
Unfortunately, the entire electrical grid is becoming more
fragile at the same time the appliances in your home are
getting more sensitive to electrical variations. In short, the
reliability of electrical power in the United States will decline
unless we do something about it now

25.  Adding new transmission lines will help the utilities get
more power from the power plants to your home.
However, many communities don’t want new power lines
in their areas. In addition, adding new capacity, although
needed, will not increase the reliability of all the old
electrical equipment reaching the end of its useful life.
What is needed is a new approach that significantly
increases the efficiency of the entire electrical delivery
system. This approach will not only increase reliability, but
will also reduce energy in the delivery process and thereby
reduce greenhouse house emissions. We call this new
approach Smart Grid.

26.  The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis,
control, and communication capabilities to the national electrical
delivery system to maximize the throughput of the system while
reducing the energy consumption. The Smart Grid will allow
utilities to move electricity around the system as efficiency and
economically as possible. It will also allow the homeowner and
business to use electricity as economically as possible. You may
want to keep your house set at 75 degrees F in the summer time
when prices are low, but you may be willing to increase your
thermostat to 78 degrees F if prices are high. Similarly, you may
want to dry your clothes for 5 cents per kilowatt-hour at 9:00
pm in stead of 15 cents per kilowatt-hour at 2:00 pm in the
afternoon. You will have the choice and flexibility to manage
your electrical use while minimizing your costs.

27.  Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies
already used by electric utilities but adds
communication and control capabilities that will
optimize the operation of the entire electrical
grid. Smart Grid is also positioned to take
advantage of new technologies, such as plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles, various forms of
distributed generation, solar energy, smart
metering, lighting management systems,
distribution automation, and many more.

28.  Has to do much more than what is done
elsewhere
 Smart-grids in India is to be used to
 Reduce Distribution losses
 Enable decentralized power-generation and optimize
usage
 Explore alternate methods of storage, including storage
of heat (cool)
 Handle peak-demand better
 Manage demand and supply to meet creatively at all
points of time, by using storage and high-cost
instantaneous power-sources
 At local level
 At neighborhood level
 At district level, at state level, at national level
 Intelligently decide where to do load shedding if no
other options
 enable time of day metering with remote monitoring

29. • Possible to come up with new low cost appliances
• Help increase usage efficiency and reduce wastage
• Come with new devices and appliances, may be dc powered
• Come up with better methods of cooling / heating and
cooling / heating locally if required
• Figure out where dc can be used
• what should be the DC line-voltage
• Always watch for costs / investments required
• Smart-grids must help India move away from coal
and oil to renewable resources as its economy
grows

30. Heart
The
By