Cold chain refers to the process of maintaining optimal temperature conditions for vaccines from manufacturer to administration. It involves receipt, storage, and delivery of vaccines using various equipment like cold boxes, vaccine carriers, refrigerators, and freezers. Temperature must be monitored daily and vaccines discarded if exposed to unsuitable temperatures as this impacts potency. Proper estimation, documentation, and emergency procedures are important for ensuring vaccine quality during transportation and storage in the cold chain.
This presentation contains Complete cold chain system, Importance and requirement of cold chain, detail of each equipment of cold chain system.
This presentation contain brief detail of THE SHAKE TEST, Reverse cold chain.
This is fully equipped with knowledge of Field facts of cold chain system.
This presentation contains Complete cold chain system, Importance and requirement of cold chain, detail of each equipment of cold chain system.
This presentation contain brief detail of THE SHAKE TEST, Reverse cold chain.
This is fully equipped with knowledge of Field facts of cold chain system.
Cold chain is defined as the series of actions and equipment applied to maintain a product within a specified low-temperature range from harvest/production to consumption.
the ppt describes the pentavalent and trivalent according to the national immunisation program,india in an easy to understand and interactive form.useful for students and tutors.
also has a FAQ section.
Cold chain is defined as the series of actions and equipment applied to maintain a product within a specified low-temperature range from harvest/production to consumption.
the ppt describes the pentavalent and trivalent according to the national immunisation program,india in an easy to understand and interactive form.useful for students and tutors.
also has a FAQ section.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL DRUG STORES.pptxArchana Chavhan
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL DRUG STORE
*COLD CHAIN
*COLD CHAIN EQUIPMENTS
*STORAGE CONDITIONS AS PER IP
*DISPOSAL METHOD OF NARCOTIC DRUGS
*DISPOSAL METHOD OF PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
Cold Chain System & Proper Vaccination By Rajesh Das.pptxRajesh Das
Cold Chain Logistics & Management. Cold Chain System and Proper Immunization Schedule in INDIA. Safe Vaccination is build our immune system and protect us from disease. Polio is a dangerous disease we can safe from polio by taking Polio Vaccine. Also we can safe from many disease by taking vaccine. To store, To Transport, To Distribute need a system by maintaining proper temperature which is Cold Chain.
about air pollution , definition, types . effects and measures to be taken
environmental & occupational health course, master of community medicine university of Khartoum , batch 2
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Objectives :
• Define cold chain.
• Cold chain system.
• Cold chain equipment and its use.
• Maintenance of cold chain equipment.
• Control and monitoring of temperatures.
• Cold chain during immunization sessions.
• Breakdowns and emergencies.
3. What is the cold chain?
• Is the process used to maintain optimal conditions during the
transport, storage and handling of vaccines, starting at the
manufacturer and ending with the administration of the vaccine to
the client.
4. Cold Chain System Activities
in Vaccine Facilities
1. Receipt
2. Storage
3. Delivery
Storage
Receipt Delivery
5. Vaccine stability
• All vaccines are sensitive biological substances.
• Lose potency if exposed to temperature outside the recommended
range.
• Once potency lost, it is irreversible .
7. WHO Policy on use of opened vials of
vaccines
• Opened vials can be used in subsequent immunization sessions and
should be discarded at the end of each day.
• Measles, yellow fever and BCG vaccines discarded after 6 hrs.
• Opened vials discarded immediately if there is any suspicion of
contamination.
8. The cold chain system- elements
1. Personnel: who use and maintain the equipment and provide the
health service.
2. Equipment: for safe storage and transportation of vaccines.
3. Procedures: to manage the programme and control distribution and
use of vaccines.
9. Vaccine potency
• If vaccine loses some potency, appearance doesn’t change.
• Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM):
a small indicator attached to each vial and records exposure to heat.
If temperature above +8 C, it changes color, i.e. vaccine damaged.
10. Vaccine stock
•Correct quantity should be kept at each stage of the cold chain.
•Not too little, not too much.
•So how much vaccine is needed?!!
11. Estimation of the quantity of vaccine needed:
•Number of children to be immunized during the next 12 months.
•Number of doses needed per child for each vaccine.
•Estimated index of vaccine use (wastage factor i.e. No. of
immunizations given & amount of vaccine used- from previous
records).
12. Estimation of the quantity of vaccine needed:
•Number of vaccine deliveries planned during the next 12 months
(fewer deliveries,, larger and costive cold chain).
•Amount of reserve vaccine stock to be kept in the main store (for
outbreaks, delay in arrival of vaccine delivery).
•Balance of vaccine stock remaining in the main store (stock remaining
should be added to the amount needed, balanced to avoid
overcrowding & expiry of vaccines).
13. Vaccine stock records
• All vaccine storage units must keep Complete & updated stock record.
• Information to be recorded:
1. Name of vaccine, batch number, expiry date & vial size.
2. Quantity received and source of supply.
3. Quantity issued & to whom sent.
4. For BCG, measles & mumps: quantities of diluent received & issued.
5. Balance in stock after each transaction.
6. Date of transaction.
7. Physical stock check at the end of each page.
14. Cold chain equipment & its use
•Equipment for vaccine transportation.
•Equipment for vaccine storage.
15. Equipment for vaccine transportation – cold box
•Isolated container with a tight fitting lid.
•Temperature inside is maintained by icepacks.
•Uses :
•Collection & transport large quantities of vaccine.
•Storage during maintenance periods (cleaning).
•Emergency storage (breakdown of cold chain, power failures).
16. •Cold box is loaded by icepacks.
•Diphteria, pertussis , tetanus vaccines, isolated from ice to not freeze,
put in the centre.
•Vaccines, thermometers, cold chain monitors put.
•OPV, measles,BCG at the bottom and closest to icepacks.
18. Vaccine carriers
•Insulated box with a tight fitting insulated lid.
•uses:
•transportation of small quantities during working day.
•storage of small quantities during working day to avoid frequent
opening of refrigerators .
•storage of small quantities for emergencies .
•same loading instructions.
20. Ice packs
rectangular plastic containers.
to be filled with plain water.
Maintain temperature between 0 to 8 degrees cent. in cold boxes
and vaccine carries .
22. Equipment for vaccine storage- cold room
Is a store where a refrigerating unit generates and maintain
temperature conditions between 0 - 8 degrees cent.
Uses:
Storage of very large quantities of vaccine.
Secure facility for reserve stocks.
Provide distribution point.
24. Equipment for vaccine storage - freezer room
Generates temperature between -15 to - 25 degrees cent.
Designed to keep very large quantities of polio, measles and
pumps vaccines in a frozen state .
29. Control & monitoring of temperature
• Should be a routine activity.
• At the start and end of each working day.
• Monitoring devices include:
1. Thermometers.
2. Temperature record sheets.
3. Refrigerator or freezer thermostat.
4. Cold chain monitor card (CCM).
5. Vaccine vial monitor (VVM).
6. Freeze watch indicator.
7. Vaccine shake test.
30. Thermometers
• Every piece of cold chain should be fitted with a thermometer.
• Different types may be used, commonly mercury thermometer.
32. Temperature record sheets
• Record temperature of refrigerator or freezer.
• Twice daily: in the morning and afternoon.
• Any malfunctions then should be reported.
33.
34. Refrigerator or freezer thermostat
• Used to control storage temperature.
• Thermostat is set to a suitable temperature.
35. Cold chain monitor card
• Designed to follow the vaccines from the point of manufacture to the end.
• Kept together with the vaccine batch.
• Four windows containing indicators, their color change consequently when
temperature rises.
40. Freeze watch indicator
•Shows if the vaccine exposed to temperature below 0 C.
•For Diphteria, pertussis , tetanus vaccines, and hepatitis B vaccines.
•Indicator burst and release red liquid when exposed bellow 0 C.
42. Vaccine shake test
• To determine whether vaccines (Diphteria, pertussis , tetanus vaccines,and
hepatitis B vaccines) has been frozen, sedimentation occurs faster.
• After freezing, vaccine is no longer a uniform cloudy liquid, forms flakes.
• “frozen control sample” is used for comparison.
• Both “tested” and “control” vaccine vials should be produced by the same
manufacturer.
43.
44. Cold chain during immunization sessions
• Vaccines are most vulnerable at this level.
• Precautions should be taken:
1. At the beginning of the working day.
2. During immunization session.
3. At the end of the working day.
4. During outreach immunization session.
45. At the beginning of the working day:
• Check refrigerator temperature.
• Estimate number of vials needed.
• Prepare vaccine carrier loaded with icepacks, do not work directly
from the refrigerator.
• Replace used icepacks by new filled ones for the next day.
46. During immunization session:
• Open vials only after calling the first child.
• Put remaining vaccine back into carrier as quickly as possible.
• Vaccines should be kept out of direct sunlight.
47. At the end of the working day:
• Opened vials returned to refrigerator for the next session Except for
measles and BCG.
• Unopened vials returned to be used first during the next session.
• Record quantity used during the day.
• Record refrigerator temperature on the record sheet.
48. During outreach immunization sessions:
• Same instructions, plus,,,
• Sufficient stock, sufficient icepacks.
• Extra cold box (if no electric supply for a refrigerator).
49. Breakdowns and emergency:
• Any interruption of the cold chain is an emergency.
• Technical faults in refrigerator:
• If refrigerator stops, transfer vaccines to a cold box.
• Check plugs, thermostat, appliances,..
• Call for help.
• Plan for cold chain emergencies:
• Always prepare your plan.
• Define at least two people who know what to do and when.