Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence
Derivational and inflectional morphemesDewi Maharani
Provide the explanation how words are formed by adding morpheme(s) and how the addition of morpheme affect the word (meaning or class). beside\s, this also provide the explanaton of kinds of derivational and inflectional mor[pheme
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisMeagan Louie
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
Slides for a LING 100 tutorial class geared towards a explicitly identifying a process one can take to answer the question "Are these separate phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?"
Derivational and inflectional morphemesDewi Maharani
Provide the explanation how words are formed by adding morpheme(s) and how the addition of morpheme affect the word (meaning or class). beside\s, this also provide the explanaton of kinds of derivational and inflectional mor[pheme
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisMeagan Louie
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
Slides for a LING 100 tutorial class geared towards a explicitly identifying a process one can take to answer the question "Are these separate phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?"
UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
How do we generate spoken words This issue is a fasci-natin.docxwellesleyterresa
How do we generate spoken words? This issue is a fasci-
nating one. In normal fluent conversation we produce two
to three words per second, which amounts to about four syl-
lables and ten or twelve phonemes per second. These words
are continuously selected from a huge repository, the men-
tal lexicon, which contains at least 50–100 thousand words
in a normal, literate adult person1. Even so, the high speed
and complexity of word production does not seem to make
it particularly error-prone. We err, on average, no more
than once or twice in 1000 words2. This robustness no
doubt has a biological basis; we are born talkers. But in ad-
dition, there is virtually no other skill we exercise as much as
word production. In no more than 40 minutes of talking a
day, we will have produced some 50 million word tokens by
the time we reach adulthood.
The systematic study of word production began in the
late 1960s, when psycholinguists started collecting and ana-
lyzing corpora of spontaneous speech errors (see Box 1).
The first theoretical models were designed to account for
the patterns of verbal slips observed in these corpora. In a
parallel but initially independent development, psycholin-
guists adopted an already existing chronometric approach
to word production (Box 1). Their first models were de-
signed to account for the distribution of picture naming la-
tencies obtained under various experimental conditions.
Although these two approaches are happily merging in
current theorizing, all existing models have a dominant kin-
ship: their ancestry is either in speech error analysis or it is
in chronometry. In spite of this dual perspective, there is a
general agreement on the processes to be modeled.
Producing words is a core part of producing utterances; ex-
plaining word production is part of explaining utterance
production3,4. In producing an utterance, we go from some
communicative intention to a decision about what infor-
mation to express – the ‘message’. The message contains one
or more concepts for which we have words in our lexicon,
and these words have to be retrieved. They have syntactic
properties, such as being a noun or a transitive verb, which
we use in planning the sentence, that is in ‘grammatical en-
coding’. These syntactic properties taken together, we call
the word’s ‘lemma’. Words also have morphological and
phonological properties that we use in preparing their syl-
labification and prosody, that is in ‘phonological encoding’.
Ultimately, we must prepare the articulatory gestures for
each of these syllables, words and phrases in the utterance.
The execution of these gestures is the only overt part of the
entire process.
This review will first introduce the two kinds of word
production model. It will then turn to the computational
steps in producing a word: conceptual preparation, lexical
selection, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding and
articulation. This review does not cover models of word
reading.
Two kinds of model ...
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Signage is the design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message to a specific group, usually for the purpose of marketing or a kind of advocacy. A signage also means signs collectively or being considered as a group. The term signage is documented to have been popularized in 1975 to 1980.
Signs are any kind of visual graphics created to display information to a particular audience. This is typically manifested in the form of way finding information in places such as streets or on the inside and outside buildings. Signs vary in form and size based on location and intent, from more expansive banners, billboards, and murals, to smaller street signs, street name signs, sandwich boards and lawn signs. Newer signs may also use digital or electronic displays.
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The word highway goes back to the elevated Roman roads that had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches thrown toward the center, thus high way. The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially, “paved”) and later strata via (“a way paved with stones”).
On June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The bill created a 41,000-mile “National System of Interstate and Defense Highways” that would, according to Eisenhower, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of “speedy, safe transcontinental travel.”
Everyone knows what bridges is, particularly for the engineer. A civil engineer can design a bridge that used to cross from point A to point B etc. Below is the history of bridges.
Bridge is not a construction but it is a concept, the concept of crossing over large spans of land or huge masses of water, and to connect two far-off points, eventually reducing the distance between them. The bridge provides passage over the obstacle of small caverns, a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the nature of the terrain and the function of the bridge and where it is constructed.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from German root brugj?.
Giving instruction is a way when we order or ask someone to do something for us. This is very closely related to one type of text that is used to give members a step in the making or process of something. In this topic, we will use Procedure text. The procedure which we are going to discuss is the way explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. A procedure is a specified series of actions or operations which have to be executed in the same manner in order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for example, emergency procedures).
Under this topic title, we will learn how to ask for directions and how to give directions to someone who asked us.
When you need to go to somewhere, sometimes you don’t know the way how to get there. This is the purpose of this topic. While, if someone asks you about the direction to go to somewhere, you know how to explain the way.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language,
considered as opposite of performance that is special
utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a
sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a
sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of
a sentence
4. Flying planes can be dangerous
The panda chase the man
The man was chased by the panda.
7. Word Formation Rules
(WFR)
Apply to Stems
and Form the
Linear Sequences
( STEM + one or
more morpheme)
Examples :
[STEM + some] Adj
hand + some
[STEM+ther] N
Fa+ther
[be+STEM]
Be+lieve
Word Formation
Rules Which
Apply to Words
Examples :
[VERB + er] N
Teach + er
[NOUN+ish] adj
Child + ish
[ADJECTIVE+en]v
Dark + en
8. WFR Specify Sequences in which morphemes
must be arranged to form words of a language
{ Allow Grammatical Sequences Un+drink+able}
{Exclude the Ungrammatical sequence
drink+un+able}
WFR Specify
a. The Syntactic category of the base { Noun , Verb}
b. The Syntactic Category of the output { Noun, Verb}
c. The internal boundary in the output “+”
d. Reguler semantic information
Examples [un + VERB + able]adj
Un+drink+able
WFR Specify the semantic and syntactic features of
the derived words that are not in accord with the
features of the base.WFR operate in the same ways as
derivational morphology and inflectional
morphology.
WFR are more powerful than
phonological rules.
9.
10. Scalise (1984:34) states that the
researches carried out later shows a
number of problems concerning
generative morphology of Halle’s
model. The problems are related to
every subcomponent of this model,
namely the List of Morphemes, Word
Formation Rules, Filter, and Dictionary.
12. The List of Morphemes
In relation to this subcomponent, there are
two kinds of problem namely, the general
problem and specific problem. The general
problem that the basic units of the system
are morphemes, a choice oriented to
“English”, because in English, words and
morphemes are nearly always the same.
13. Word Formation Rules
A general observation
that can be made in respect to
the Word Formation Rules of
Halle’s model is they are
unrestricted. As stated before,
the Word Formation Rules of
Halle’s model have access to the
information contained in the
final steps in a derivation. As a
matter of fact, the dictionary
functions as a kind of global
condition to the input and
output of the Word Formation
Rules.
(i) constitutionlism (ii) *dogmatismal
capitalism *fatalismal
14. The main objection to the filter is that it is not a
restricted mechanism. A set of words that are
possible but non-existent are not restricted in the
sense that there are no principles that restrict the
complexity level of derived words and compound
words. As an example, a very complex compound
word in English is given below :
Junior high school teachers association
curriculum planning committee.
15. The dictionary and the List of
Morphemes introduce redundancy
into the system. Word-based
morphology does not require two
different levels of representation.
17. Each of these components elaborated into
hypothesis:
1). Word-Based Hypothesis
All word formation processes are based
on words. A new word is formed by
applying a regular rule to an existing
word. Both the new word and the
existing word are the members of the
major lexical categories (Aronoff 1976:22)
18. A. The bases of the Words Formation Rules
are words;
B. These words are the existing words. Thus,
possible but non-existent words cannot
be the bases of the Word Formation Rules;
C. The Word Formation Rules can take single
words as bases, not more (e.g. Phrases)
and not less (e.g. Bound forms);
D. The input and output of the Word
Formation Rules must be the members of the
members of the major lexical categories
19. A specific mechanism that creates new words
in a language that lies wholly in the lexicon
A. read v read v + able A
+tran +tran
= readable “ capable of being read”
20. B. Boy N boy N +hood N
-abstr -abstr +abstr
= boyhood “ the quality of being a boy”
21. Truncation rules
Truncation rules are the rule that delete
morphemes or formatives to the roots or
bases when the suffixes are added
Allomorphy rules
Allomorphy rules are the rule that add
morphemes or formatives to the roots or
bases when the suffixes are added