The cognitive theory is based on concepts of thinking, remembering, and decision making. It views these activities as behaviors that can be analyzed to understand their effects on learning. Key figures in cognitive theory include Paivio, Gagne, Gardner, and Bloom. Paivio's dual coding theory proposes that combining verbal and visual information enhances recall. Gagne identified different types and domains of learning. Gardner proposed multiple intelligences like linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal. Bloom defined cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, and his taxonomy has six levels of cognition from knowledge to evaluation.

1. COGNITIVE THEORY
Amanda and Rebecca – Elem. Ed. Team 2

2.  Important cognitivists:
 Allan Paivio
 Robert Gagne
 Howard Gardner
 Benjamin Bloom
 The cognitive theory is based on traditional psychological concepts that deal with
thinking, remembering, and deciding.
 Cognitive psychologists view activities such as thinking, remembering, and
deciding by how they relate to behavior.
 The cognitive theory asserts that thinking and remembering are more of a
behavior and that the use of behavior analysis is needed to assess their effects
on learning.
 Cognitivists objected to behaviorists’ beliefs that learning is simply a reactionary
phenomenon.

3.  Paivio proposed that when information is presented both visually and verbally,
it enhances recall and recognition .
 Dual Coding Theory
 This theory proposes that people process information in two separate
ways:
1. Processing of images
2. Processing of language
 There are three sub processes identified in this
theory:
1. Representational
 Verbal or nonverbal representations are directly
influenced.
2. Referential
 Verbal system is activated by nonverbal communication or vice-versa.
3. Associative
 Text-based systems and graphic representations trigger mental associations.

4.  Gagne developed his theories based somewhat on the behaviorist’s and information-
processing point of view.
 He listed five areas of learning outcomes:
1. Verbal information
2. Intellectual skills
3. Cognitive strategies
4. Motor skills
5. Attitudes
 He also identified nine events if instruction
for developing lesson plans:
1. Gain attention of the learners
2. Inform learners of the objective
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning
4. Present the stimulus or lesson
5. Elicit performance
6. Provide feedback
7. Assess performance
8. Enhance retention and transfer

5.  Gardner developed a theory of multiple intelligences,
starting with eight and modifying it to eleven, but it is the
original eight intelligences that continue to endure.
 The original eight intelligences are:
1. Linguistic-verbal
2. Logical-mathematical
3. Spatial-visual
4. Body-kinesthetic
5. Musical
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalist
 These eight intelligences can be used to determine the
type of instruction and technology that will work best for
a student.

6.  Bloom defined three learning domains:
1. Cognitive -
 Intellectual level; organization of ideas and thoughts
2. Affective -
 Emotions, interests, attitude, attention, awareness
3. Psychomotor -
 Motor skills and physical abilities
 He identified six levels for acquiring knowledge within the
cognitive domain. These levels are known as Bloom’s
Taxonomy:
1. Knowledge
2. Comprehension
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation

7.  Provides teachers with guidelines for developing
lessons.
 Offers teachers insight into students’ learning
styles and needs.
 Gives teachers different levels of cognitive
domains to work with.
 Aids teachers when selecting technology and
software.

8.  Allows students to determine how they learn
best.
 Can help students determine their most
effective way to study.
 Helps students work to their full potential.
 Aids students in deciding what technology or
software to choose.
 Provides students with a better learning
environment due to more informed teachers and
comprehensive lesson plans.

9.  After having a team discussion, we felt that:
 We thought that this theory is very relevant for teachers, and we know we will
use its principles when creating lesson plans. Paivio's dual coding theory is
important to visual learners because it provides visual stimulus as well as
verbal. Gagne's five areas of learning outcomes can help when creating
lesson assessments, and his nine events of instruction is basically the model
we would use in order to create our lesson plans. Gardner's eight multiple
intelligences will help us understand how students learn and what
technology/software will benefit them. Bloom's Taxonomy will help determine
what is needed in order to make lessons more thorough so they address as
many of the six comprehension levels as possible.
 Some lessons and activities that would be presented in our classrooms:
 Memory games- such as flash cards and puzzles
 Problem solving- crossword puzzles
 Critical thinking worksheets- reading analysis logs

10.  Shelly, Gary B., Glenda A. Gunter, and Randolph E. Gunter. "Chapter 6." Teachers Discovering
Computers: Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the Classroom. Boston, MA: Course
Technology, 2010. 371-376. Print.
 "Google Image Result for Http://blogs.wsd1.org/etr/files/blooms_taxonomy.jpg." Google. 30 May 2008.
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 "Multiple Intelligences." New Oceans and the World of NLP. Ed. New Oceans. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.new-oceans.co.uk/new/education/multi7.htm>.
 “Dual Coding Theory (A. Paivio).” Web. 22 Nov. 2010 <http://tip.psychology.org/paivio.html>.