This document discusses brain-based learning and cognitive development theory. It summarizes the theories of Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, Robert Gagne, David Merrill, and Charles Reigeluth. Piaget's theory of cognitive development included four stages from birth to adulthood. The document advocates for progressive teaching methods like hands-on activities, small group work, and role play to actively engage students in solving problems and developing long-term memory.